Franz Dörr
Franz Dörr | |
---|---|
JG 5 | |
Battles/wars | See battles |
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross |
Franz Dörr (10 February 1913 – 13 October 1972) was a German
Born in
Biography
Dörr was born on 10 February 1913 in
War on the Arctic Front
On 29 December 1941, Ergänzungsjagdgruppe 3 received the order from the
On 12 July 1943, Dörr lost his
Squadron leader
Dörr claimed his 20th victory on 18 August 1943. He was appointed
On 25 November, following ten days of relative quiet, the
Flying out of Pechenga on 2 April 1944, Dörr claimed two Yak-9 fighters shot down. These were his 32nd and 33rd aerial victories.[18] Parts of III. Gruppe were ordered to relocate from Pechenga to Svartnes at 17:17 on 25 May 1944. At 21:00, 19 Bf 109s under the leadership of Gruppenkommandeur (Group Commander) Major (Major) Heinrich Ehrler were scrambled from Svartnes to fend off approximately 80 Soviet aircraft attacking a German convoy. During this encounter, III. Gruppe claimed 33 aerial victories, including twenty "Boston" bombers, eight P-40s and five P-39s. However, Soviet records only account for five losses that day. Dörr claimed four aerial victories in this aerial combat. The next day, Ehrler again led 19 Bf 109s from III. Gruppe in defense of the German convoy. This time the Germans reported combat with approximately 100 Soviet aircraft and claimed 40 aerial victories, among them five by Dörr. Again, Soviet records do not match this figure, they document the loss of nine aircraft.[19]
On 1 June 1944, 9. Staffel was officially detached from III. Gruppe and subordinated to II. Gruppe which had left Finland in April 1944 and fought in Reichsverteidigung (
Group commander
On 1 August, Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of JG 5, Oberstleutnant Scholz was given the position of Jagdfliegerführer Norwegen. In consequence of this decision, Major Ehrler was appointed the new Geschwaderkommodore and Dörr replaced Ehrler as Gruppenkommandeur of III. Gruppe while Leutnant Walter Schuck was given command of 7. Staffel, redesignated to 10. Staffel on 6 August 1944.[21][22]
On 17 August, eight P-40 fighter aircraft of the 6 IAD (Istrebitel'naya Aviatsionnaya Diviziya—Fighter Aviation Division), accompanied by fourteen P-39 fighter aircraft, attacked the Luostari/Pechenga airfield. In parallel, further Soviet aircraft, including a number of Boston bombers, attacked the harbor at Kirkenes. First elements of III. Gruppe were scambled at 09:25, resulting in various aerial encounters. In this combat, Dörr claimed three victories.[23] Two days later, Dörr was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for 95 aerial victories and promoted to Hauptmann. The presentation of the Knight's Cross was made by Geschwaderkommodore Ehrler.[24][25] He claimed six further aircraft shot down on 23 August 1944, among them his 100th victory, taking his total to 106 aerial victories.[23] He was the 88th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[26]
In October 1944, Dörr claimed to have shot down 22 Russian aircraft, including six on 9 October and five on 21 October. On 9 October, the
Sinking of the Tirpitz
On 12 November 1944 the RAF sank the battleship
The command and control center at Bardufoss was informed shortly before 08:00 that three Lancasters had been sighted at 07:39 in the vicinity of Mosjøen heading east. Shortly later, a second bulletin informed that a further Lancaster was sighted heading northeast. The reason for this delay in communication was that the message had been routed from Mosjøen to Fauske and then to the Luftwaffe headquarters at Narvik. The communication officer in charge, Leutnant Leo Beniers, immediately forwarded this information to Tromsø. At 08:18 the Luftwaffe fighter control center was informed which issued an air alarm for the area of Bodø. At 08:34 further four Lancasters were reported but plotted in the wrong Planquadrat (PQ—grid reference) of the Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz). Due to this error, neither Ehrler nor Dörr were informed of the approaching bombers.[30]
That day, Ehrler had preemptively ordered 9. Staffel of JG 5 at Bardufoss airfield on three-minute readiness while the Kommandostaffel was still undergoing training and had been placed on 15-minute readiness. Ehrler, who had planned to fly to Alta, entered his command post at 08:50, unaware of the unfolding events. As he was just about to leave the command post, Tirpitz signaled that they heard aircraft engine noise of unknown origin and altitude, Tirpitz did not report approaching enemy bombers. At 09:18, Ehrler ordered cockpit readiness for 9. Staffel and placed the Kommandostaffel on three-minute readiness. The situation remained unclear for Ehrler until 09:21–09:23 when a second aircraft noise message arrived. He then at 09:23 sounded the alarm and scrambled 9. Staffel. In parallel, Dörr who was alarmed by the fighters taking off, arrived at the command post and took charge of the Kommandostaffel. Ehrler was airborne at 09:25 while takeoff of 9. Staffel was delayed by five minutes due to a landing Junkers Ju 52.[31][32] Adding to the confusion, when the British aircraft were detected by the German air defence staff at Tromsø, they asked the airfield command if any fighter aircraft were ready for takeoff. The question was affirmed, but the JG 5 staff thought the enquiry concerned the flight to Alta.[33][34] The naval officers on board Tirpitz were notified Erhler was airborne before the British began their attack at 09:38.[35] Dörr, who was in the command post and waited until further information became available, led the Kommandostaffel and took off at 09:36 heading for Tromsø.[36] According to Forsgren, Dörr may have intercepted and shot down an unidentified aircraft 20 kilometers (12 miles) northeast of Bardufoss that day. This aircraft may have been a Soviet Supermarine Spitfire aerial reconnaissance aircraft.[37]
When it finally became clear that the target was the Tirpitz, it was too late for the fighters to intercept, and the Tirpitz was destroyed with much loss of life. Neither 9. Staffel nor the Kommandostaffel found the bombers and returned to Bardufoss airfield.[38] Dörr and Ehrler were both made responsible for the loss and tried before the Reichskriegsgericht on 17, 18 and 20 December 1944. While Ehrler was found guilty, Dörr was acquitted from all charges.[39] He died on 13 October 1972 in Konstanz, West Germany.[40]
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Dörr was credited with 128 aerial victories.[41] Obermaier and Spick also list Dörr with 128 victories claimed in 437 combat missions.[1][42] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 122 aerial victory claims, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.[43]
Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
This and the ♠ (
ace-in-a-day ", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day. This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Mombeek, Mathews and Foreman.
| |||||||||
Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location |
– 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 5 –[44] | |||||||||
1 | 9 May 1942 | 18:20 | Hurricane | 25 km (16 mi) east of Pechenga[45] | 46 | 25 May 1944 | 21:45 | P-40 | 25 km (16 mi) north-northeast of Berlevåg[46] |
2 | 15 May 1942 | 18:11 | Hurricane | 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Murmansk[45] | 47 | 25 May 1944 | 21:49 | Boston | 25 km (16 mi) north-northeast of Berlevåg[46] |
3 | 28 May 1942 | 21:38 | Hurricane | east of Pechenga airfield[47] | 48 | 25 May 1944 | 21:50 | Boston | 25 km (16 mi) north-northeast of Berlevåg[46] |
4 | 19 July 1942 | 10:03 | P-40 | 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of Shonguy airfield[8] | 49 | 25 May 1944 | 21:52 | P-39 | 10 km (6.2 mi) north-northeast of Berlevåg[46] |
5 | 9 September 1942 | 10:39 | P-40 | southeast of Warlamovo[48] | 50♠ | 26 May 1944 | 05:01 | Boston | 14 km (8.7 mi) north of Hamningberg[46] |
6 | 31 December 1942 | 10:45 | P-40 | 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Murmansk[49] | 51♠ | 26 May 1944 | 05:02 | Boston | 16 km (9.9 mi) northeast of Hamningberg[46] |
7 | 23 January 1943 | 12:02 | Pe-2 | 30 km (19 mi) east of Vadsø[49] | 52♠ | 26 May 1944 | 05:02?[Note 1] | P-39 | 15 km (9.3 mi) east of Hamningberg[46] |
8 | 23 January 1943 | 12:07 | Pe-2 | 35 km (22 mi) east of Vadsø[49] | 53♠ | 26 May 1944 | 05:06 | P-39 | 14 km (8.7 mi) east of Hamningberg[46] |
9 | 5 February 1943 | 12:10 | Pe-2 | northwestern corner of Poluostrov Rybachiy[49] | 54♠ | 26 May 1944 | 05:13 | Boston | 17 km (11 mi) northeast of Vardø[46] |
10 | 13 March 1943 | 12:02 | Hurricane | 15–20 km (9.3–12.4 mi) northwest of Poluostrov Rybachiy[51] | 55 | 15 June 1944 | 03:06 | P-40 | 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Heinäsaari[52] |
11 | 29 April 1943 | 03:41 | P-39 | 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Murmashi[53] | 56 | 15 June 1944 | 19:16?[Note 2] | Il-2 | 6 km (3.7 mi) north-northeast of Pechenga fjord[52] |
12 | 4 July 1943 | 22:09 | Boston | 13 km (8.1 mi) northwest of Pummanki bight[54] | 57 | 15 June 1944 | 19:18?[Note 3] | Il-2 | 7 km (4.3 mi) west of Pummanki[52] |
13 | 22 July 1943 | 23:01 | Hurricane | 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Pummanki bight[54] | 58 | 15 June 1944 | 19:23 | P-40 | 9 km (5.6 mi) north-northeast of Pechenga fjord[52] |
14 | 18 August 1943 | 12:32 | P-39 | 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Eyna Guba[54] | 59♠ | 17 June 1944 | 07:47 | P-40 | 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Vardø[52] |
15 | 18 August 1943 | 14:44 | P-39 | 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Eyna Guba[55] | 60♠ | 17 June 1944 | 07:48 | P-40 | 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Vardø[52] |
16 | 18 August 1943 | 14:53 | P-40 | 12 km (7.5 mi) east of Eyna Guba[55] | 61♠ | 17 June 1944 | 08:04 | Boston | 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Svartnes[56] |
17 | 23 August 1943 | 04:49 | Pe-2 | little Poluostrov Rybachiy[55] | 62♠ | 17 June 1944 | 08:05 | P-39 | 18 km (11 mi) east of Svartnes[56] |
18 | 23 August 1943 | 04:58 | P-40 | 7 km (4.3 mi) west of Navolok airfield[55] | 63♠ | 17 June 1944 | 21:28 | P-40 | 13 km (8.1 mi) north of Kirkenes[56] |
19 | 28 August 1943 | 12:34 | Hurricane | northwestern tip of Poluostrov Rybachiy[55] | 64♠ | 17 June 1944 | 21:31 | P-40 | 17 km (11 mi) north of Taarnet[56] |
20 | 2 September 1943 | 17:39 | P-40 | 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Pummanki bight[55] | 65♠ | 17 June 1944 | 21:33 | P-40 | 18 km (11 mi) north of Taarnet[56] |
21 | 14 September 1943 | 18:38 | Il-2 | 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Pechenga bight[57] | 66♠ | 17 June 1944 | 21:35 | P-39 | 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Taarnet[56] |
22 | 14 September 1943 | 18:41 | Il-2 | 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Heinäsaari island[57] | 67♠ | 27 June 1944 | 16:42 | Boston | 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[56] |
23 | 14 September 1943 | 18:49 | P-40 | 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Kutowara[57] | 68♠ | 27 June 1944 | 16:43 | Boston | 12 km (7.5 mi) north-northeast of Kirkenes[56] |
24 | 18 September 1943 | 12:06 | Pe-2 | western Motka bight[57] | 69♠ | 27 June 1944 | 16:45 | Yak-9 | 31 km (19 mi) east-northeast of Kirkenes[56] |
25 | 13 October 1943 | 13:06 | Hampden | 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Kiberg[58] | 70♠ | 27 June 1944 | 16:47 | P-39 | 27 km (17 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[59] |
26 | 13 October 1943 | 13:10 | P-39 | 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Kiberg[58] | 71♠ | 27 June 1944 | 23:59 | Boston | 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[59] |
27 | 19 October 1943 | 14:37 | Il-2 | 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Poluostrov Rybachiy[58] | 72♠ | 27 June 1944 | 24:00 | Boston | 9 km (5.6 mi) east-northeast of Kirkenes[59] |
28 | 19 October 1943 | 14:40 | P-40 | 12 km (7.5 mi) north-northwestern tip of Poluostrov Rybachiy[58] | 73♠ | 28 June 1944 | 00:07 | P-39 | 36 km (22 mi) east-northeast of Kirkenes[59] |
29 | 3 November 1943 | 13:40 | P-51 | 25 km (16 mi) southeast of Cap Kekurskij[60] | 74♠ | 28 June 1944 | 00:10 | P-40 | 33 km (21 mi) east-northeast of Kirkenes[59] |
30 | 25 November 1943 | 11:58 | Il-2 | 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of lake Pou-Jawr[60] | 75♠ | 28 June 1944 | 00:12 | P-40 | 34 km (21 mi) east-northeast of Kirkenes[59] |
31 | 25 November 1943 | 12:02 | P-40 | 20 km (12 mi) west of Murmansk[60] | 76♠ | 28 June 1944 | 03:49 | P-39 | 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Heinäsaari[59] |
32 | 2 April 1944 | 16:41 | Yak-9 | 45 km (28 mi) west of Murmansk[61] | 77♠ | 28 June 1944 | 03:50 | P-39?[Note 4] | 17 km (11 mi) southwest of Heinäsaari[59] |
33 | 2 April 1944 | 16:43 | Yak-9 | 36 km (22 mi) west of Kola railroad station[62] | 78♠ | 28 June 1944 | 03:58 | P-39 | 17 km (11 mi) north-northwest of Heinäsaari[59] |
34 | 12 April 1944 | 14:20 | Yak-9 | 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Ara[62] | 79♠ | 4 July 1944 | 19:14 | Boston | 12 km (7.5 mi) north-northeast of Kirkenes[63] |
35 | 17 April 1944 | 08:43 | P-40 | northern tip of little Poluostrov Rybachiy[62] | 80♠ | 4 July 1944 | 19:16 | Boston | 12 km (7.5 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[63] |
36 | 23 April 1944 | 10:35 | P-40 | 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Vardø[64] | 81♠ | 4 July 1944 | 19:18 | P-40 | 24 km (15 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[63] |
37 | 23 April 1944 | 10:42 | P-40 | 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Vardø[64] | 82♠ | 4 July 1944 | 19:20 | P-40 | 17 km (11 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[63] |
38 | 23 April 1944 | 10:46 | Il-2 | 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Vardø[64] | 83♠ | 4 July 1944 | 19:24 | Yak-9 | 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Elvenes[63] |
39♠ | 16 May 1944 | 19:02 | Il-2 | 27 km (17 mi) north-northwest of Vayda-Guba[65] | 84 | 17 July 1944 | 18:36 | P-39 | 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Elvenes[63] |
40♠ | 16 May 1944 | 19:16 | P-39 | 27 km (17 mi) north of Vayda-Guba[65] | 85 | 17 July 1944 | 18:55 | Boston | 12 km (7.5 mi) north of Kikenes[63] |
41♠ | 16 May 1944 | 19:17 | P-39 | 20 km (12 mi) north-northeast of Vayda-Guba[65] | 86 | 17 July 1944 | 18:57 | Yak-9 | 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Kirkenes[66] |
42♠ | 16 May 1944 | 21:44 | Boston | 6 km (3.7 mi) south-southeast of Kralnes[65] | 87 | 17 July 1944 | 18:58 | Yak-9 | 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[66] |
43♠ | 16 May 1944 | 21:45 | Boston | 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Kralnes[65] | 88 | 21 July 1944 | 02:08 | P-40 | 33 km (21 mi) northeast of Hamningberg[66] |
44♠ | 16 May 1944 | 21:47 | Il-2 | 24 km (15 mi) east-southeast of Ekkero[65] | 89 | 28 July 1944 | 12:50 | P-40 | 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Bolschaja-Liza[67] |
45♠ | 16 May 1944 | 21:48 | P-39 | 23 km (14 mi) south of Kiberg[65] | 90 | 28 July 1944 | 12:51 | P-39 | 16 km (9.9 mi) southeast of Bolschaja-Liza[67] |
– III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 5 –[68] | |||||||||
91 | 17 August 1944 | 09:41 | P-39 | 35 km (22 mi) east-northeast of Salmiyarvi[67] | 107♠ | 9 October 1944 | 14:51 | P-39 | 40 km (25 mi) southeast of Pechenga[69] |
92 | 17 August 1944 | 10:08 | Boston | 9 km (5.6 mi) north-northeast of Kirkenes[67] | 108 | 12 October 1944 | 11:30 | Il-2 | 8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[69] |
93 | 17 August 1944 | 10:10 | Boston | 34 km (21 mi) east-northeast of Kirkenes[67] | 109 | 12 October 1944 | 11:33 | Il-2 | 18 km (11 mi) east-southeast of Kirkenes[69] |
94♠ | 23 August 1944 | 11:45 | P-40 | 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Pechenga airfield[67] | 110 | 12 October 1944 | 11:34 | P-39 | 27 km (17 mi) southeast of Kirkenes[69] |
95♠ | 23 August 1944 | 12:02 | P-39 | 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[67] | 111 | 16 October 1944 | 13:02 | Il-2 | 40 km (25 mi) north-northeast of Kirkenes[69] |
96♠ | 23 August 1944 | 12:04 | P-39 | 28 km (17 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[67] | 112 | 16 October 1944 | 13:03 | Il-2 | 39 km (24 mi) north-northeast of Kirkenes[69] |
97♠ | 23 August 1944 | 12:09 | Boston | 25 km (16 mi) east of Vadsø[70] | 113 | 16 October 1944 | 13:04 | P-39 | 33 km (21 mi) north-northeast of Kirkenes[69] |
98♠ | 23 August 1944 | 12:56 | P-39 | 25 km (16 mi) north of Pechenga fjord[70] | 114 | 17 October 1944 | 07:54 | Il-2 | 14 km (8.7 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[69] |
99♠ | 23 August 1944 | 13:00 | P-39 | 40 km (25 mi) north of Pechenga fjord[70] | 115 | 17 October 1944 | 07:55 | Il-2 | 14 km (8.7 mi) northeast of Kirkenes[71] |
100♠ | 23 August 1944 | 13:02 | P-39 | 32 km (20 mi) north of Pechenga fjord[70] | 116 | 20 October 1944 | 12:50 | P-39 | 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Kirkenes[71] |
101 | 8 October 1944 | 08:22 | P-39 | 27 km (17 mi) southeast of Pechenga airfield[69] | 117 | 20 October 1944 | 12:52 | P-39 | 13 km (8.1 mi) east-southeast of Kirkenes[71] |
102♠ | 9 October 1944 | 08:43 | P-39 | 28 km (17 mi) southeast of Pechenga airfield[69] | 118♠ | 21 October 1944 | 10:40 | P-39 | 10 km (6.2 mi) east-southeast of Kirkenes[71] |
103♠ | 9 October 1944 | 08:46 | P-39 | 27 km (17 mi) southeast of Pechenga airfield[69] | 119♠ | 21 October 1944 | 10:40 | Boston | 8 km (5.0 mi) southeast of Kirkenes[71] |
104♠ | 9 October 1944 | 08:52 | Yak-9 | 38 km (24 mi) southeast of Pechenga[69] | 120♠ | 21 October 1944 | 10:41 | Boston | 11 km (6.8 mi) east of Kirkenes[71] |
105♠ | 9 October 1944 | 09:58 | Pe-2 | 33 km (21 mi) southeast of Pechenga[69] | 121♠ | 21 October 1944 | 10:45 | Il-2 | 11 km (6.8 mi) east-southeast of Kirkenes[71] |
106♠ | 9 October 1944 | 09:59 | Pe-2 | 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Pechenga[69] | 122♠ | 21 October 1944 | 10:47 | P-39 | 11 km (6.8 mi) east-southeast of Kirkenes[71] |
Awards
- Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class[11]
- German Cross in Gold on 20 March 1944 as Leutnant in the 7./Jagdgeschwader 5[73]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 19 August 1944 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the III./Jagdgeschwader 5[74][Note 5]
Notes
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman at 05:04.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman at 19:11.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman at 19:16.[50]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Yakovlev Yak-9.[50]
- ^ According to Scherzer as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 7./Jagdgeschwader 5.[40]
References
Citations
- ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 102.
- ^ Prien & Stemmer 2002, p. 376.
- ^ Mombeek 2003, p. 101.
- ^ Mombeek 2003, p. 161.
- ^ Mombeek 2003, pp. 175–176.
- ^ Weal 2016, p. 41.
- ^ Bergström et al. 2006, pp. 91–92.
- ^ a b Mombeek 2011, p. 264.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 234.
- ^ Mombeek 2010, p. 33.
- ^ a b Dixon 2023, p. 144.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, pp. 295–296.
- ^ Mombeek 2010, p. 68.
- ^ Mombeek 2010, p. 91.
- ^ Mombeek 2010, p. 93.
- ^ Mombeek 2010, p. 95.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 235.
- ^ Mombeek 2010, p. 165.
- ^ Mombeek 2010, p. 180.
- ^ Mombeek 2010, p. 181.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, pp. 89, 296.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 138.
- ^ a b Mombeek 2011, p. 91.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 92.
- ^ Weal 2012, p. 84.
- ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 108.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 126.
- ^ Zetterling & Tamelander 2009, p. 307.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, pp. 126–127.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 127.
- ^ Sweetman 2000, p. 158.
- ^ Zetterling & Tamelander 2009, p. 308.
- ^ Hafsten 1991, p. 220.
- ^ Zetterling & Tamelander 2009, p. 309.
- ^ Ward, Lee & Wachtel 2009, Chapter Eighteen — Tirpitz Rounds Two and Three.
- ^ Forsgren 2014, Chapter 5: Operation Catechism.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, pp. 128–130.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, pp. 138–139.
- ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 277.
- ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
- ^ Spick 1996, p. 230.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 235–237.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 235–236.
- ^ a b Mombeek 2011, p. 260.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Mombeek 2011, p. 284.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 261.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 265.
- ^ a b c d Mombeek 2011, p. 267.
- ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 236.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 268.
- ^ a b c d e f Mombeek 2011, p. 285.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 270.
- ^ a b c Mombeek 2011, p. 272.
- ^ a b c d e f Mombeek 2011, p. 273.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Mombeek 2011, p. 286.
- ^ a b c d Mombeek 2011, p. 274.
- ^ a b c d Mombeek 2011, p. 275.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Mombeek 2011, p. 287.
- ^ a b c Mombeek 2011, p. 276.
- ^ Mombeek 2011, p. 280.
- ^ a b c Mombeek 2011, p. 281.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mombeek 2011, p. 288.
- ^ a b c Mombeek 2011, p. 282.
- ^ a b c d e f g Mombeek 2011, p. 283.
- ^ a b c Mombeek 2011, p. 289.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mombeek 2011, p. 290.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 236–237.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mombeek 2011, p. 292.
- ^ a b c d Mombeek 2011, p. 291.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mombeek 2011, p. 293.
- ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 68.
- ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 90.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 163.
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- ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Forsgren, Jan (31 July 2014). Sinking the Beast: The RAF 1944 Lancaster Raids Against Tirpitz. Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1-78155-318-3.
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