Heinz Schmidt (pilot)

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Heinz Schmidt
JG 52
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

Awards
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Heinz Schmidt (20 April 1920 – 5 September 1943) was a German

fighter ace credited with 173 enemy aircraft shot down in 712 combat missions. All of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front
.

Born in

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
on 16 September 1942 after 102 victories.

In July 1943, Schmidt was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of JG 52. Schmidt was posted as missing in action after aerial combat near Markor on 5 September 1943. It is believed that he was mistakenly shot down by Hungarian fighters operating in the same area. He was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) posthumously.

Early life and career

Schmidt was born on 20 April 1920 in

Kameradschaftsführer (Comrade Unit Leader) and learned to fly glider aircraft.[2]

After Schmidt completed his compulsory

pilot license) at Plauen, Saxony.[Note 1] There he was promoted to Gefreiter (lance corporal) on 1 December 1939. Upon completion, Schmidt attended the Jagdfliegerschule 3 (3rd Fighter Pilot School). He began his training on 17 May 1940 with 2. Staffel (2nd squadron). After completing these training courses, he was assigned to the 2. Staffel of the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg on 17 July 1940 for final fighter-pilot preparation.[2]

World War II

World War II in Europe had begun on 1 September 1939, when German forces

defense of the Reich missions over the German Bight. For a short time (13–26 September), Schmidt served as a pilot in 5./JG 52 (5th squadron) before returning to 4. Staffel on 27 September. There, he was promoted to Obergefreiter (senior lance corporal) on 1 October and received the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) on 22 October and the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) on 9 November.[2]

Emblem of 5./JG 52

In early November, JG 52 was withdrawn from combat operations and relocated to Germany to recuperate and replenish their aircraft. There, Schmidt was promoted to Unteroffizier (subordinate officer or lance sergeant) on 1 December. The Geschwader returned to active service where Schmidt flew further defense of the Reich missions over the Netherlands from 27 December 1940 to 8 February 1941. He then again flew missions against England from 9–24 February, and again defensive missions, now over Belgium, from 25 February to 6 June. On 1 April, Schmidt was promoted to Feldwebel (sergeant) and became a Fähnrich (officer candidate).[2]

Operation Barbarossa

On 9 June 1941, II. Gruppe of JG 52 was recalled from the Channel Front in preparation for

Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen and supported the northern wing of Army Group Centre.[5] Schmidt claimed his first victory on 26 June 1941, an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber shot down at 14:27 near Varėna.[6] He claimed a Polikarpov R-Z reconnaissance bomber on 3 July and two more DB-3 bombers, one on 3 and 4 July respectively.[7] His fifth claim was made on his 116th combat mission of the war.[2]

On 5 August, II. Gruppe was ordered to relocate to

Novgorod.[12] The next day at 08:56, he claimed another I-17 and on 27 August 1941, he was promoted to Oberfeldwebel (warrant officer second class).[13][11]

On 29 August, Schmidt claimed his seventh and eighth victory in quick succession when he shot down two

Leningrad.[15] Schmidt claimed his ninth victory, a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 referred to as I-18, at 11:55 on 7 September, and two DB-3 bombers at 17:25 and 17:32 on 8 September. His twelfth victory, another I-18, was then claimed at 07:50 on 11 September southeast of Lyby followed by one more I-18 at 09:56 the next day.[14] II. Gruppe subordination to JG 27 ended on 20 October 1941 and was subsequently again put under the command of the Stab of JG 52.[16] On 4 November, the Gruppe was moved to an airfield at Ruza, approximately 100 km (62 mi) west of Moscow and engaged in the Battle of Moscow.[17] Schmidt claimed his last two aerial victories in 1941 in late November. On 26 November at 13:55, he shot down a DB-3 bomber, followed by a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3, also referred to as a I-301 by the Germans, the next day at 13:04 100 km (62 mi) south of Klin.[18]

Eastern Front

On 22 December, JG 52 was withdrawn from combat operations for a period of recuperation and replenishment and was moved to Jesau near Königsberg, arriving on 16 January 1942. Following the relocation, Schmidt was posted to the infantry on 19 January. This assignment ended on 27 February and he was then sent to Germany (28 February – 7 May 1942). During this period, Schmidt was commissioned, attaining the rank of Leutnant (second lieutenant).[11] The infantry Kampfgruppe to which Schmidt had been assigned, consisted predominantly of ground personnel and a few pilots of II./JG 52. The unit was deployed in ground fighting at Dugino, approximately 200 km (120 mi) west of Moscow, where it suffered heavy casualties.[19]

At Jesau, the Gruppe began upgrading their aircraft to the Bf 109 F-4.[20] On 14 April 1942, II. Gruppe was ordered to Pilsen, where conversion to the Bf 109 F-4 completed. The unit then moved to Wien-Schwechat on 24 April before relocation to the Eastern Front on 4 May. Via multiple stopovers, the Gruppe was ordered to Zürichtal, present-day Solote Pole, a village near the urban settlement Kirovske in the Crimea. There, II. Gruppe engaged in combat in Operation Trappenjagd, a German operation in the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, launched on 8 May 1942.[21]

On the second day of the operation, Schmidt claimed his 16th victory, a MiG-1, at 08:45.

Stalingrad, Schmidt was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 20 August 1942. Three days later, he was also honored with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes). He had been nominated for these two awards following his 51st aerial victory and for having flown numerous ground attack missions.[11]

Stalingrad

The

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 16 September in Germany for 102 aerial victories claimed.[31][32] He was the 124th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[11]

Returning in late November, he was assigned to 6. Staffel, near Stalingrad, after the Soviets had launched Operation Uranus that encircled Axis forces fighting in and near the city. As the Germans were retreating back to Taganrog and Rostov, he scored his 125th victory on 7 January 1943. Eight days later, his Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 14556—factory number) fighter crashed after suffering engine problems.[33] He was shot down again behind Russian lines in mid-February, returning to friendly territory after a two-day trek across the frozen Sea of Azov minus one fur-lined flying boot and with a smashed shoulder and dislocated right arm.[34] Schmidt then spent five days at the field hospital before he was transferred to the Luftwaffen-Lazarett (military hospital) in Berlin, and was then sent to his hometown Reserve-Lazarett (reserve military hospital) in Bad Homburg.[35]

Kuban, Kharkov and death

Bf 109s of II./JG 52 at Anapa

Following his convalescence, Schmidt returned to the Eastern Front and was briefly assigned to 4. Staffel before he was transferred to 6. Staffel on 23 July.

Belgorod-Kharkov Offensive Operation resulting in another redeployment of JG 52. Now based at the Kharkov-Rogan airfield, southeast of Kharkov, Schmidt became an "ace-in-a-day" again. That day, he was credited with five aerial victories, an Il-2, three Yakovlev Yak-1 fighters and a Lavochkin La-5 fighter. On 11 August, the task force was ordered from Charkow-Rogan to Lebedyn. Here it provided fighter protection over the areas of operation between the 8th Army and 4th Panzer Army. This transfer detached the task force from the command of I. Gruppe, to which it had been assigned. Barkhorn, who at the time also served as acting Gruppenkommandeur (group commander), stayed with I. Gruppe. Command of the task force subsequently went to Schmidt. He achieved his 150th aerial victory the next day after claiming a pair of Yak-1s.[36]

On 1 September, II. Gruppe was made complete again, reuniting with all three Staffeln at a makeshift airfield named Karlowka located approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) east of Poltava.[37] On 5 September, Schmidt claimed his 172nd and 173rd victories, a La-5 and an Il-2.[38] These were his final claims before he was posted as missing in action after aerial combat near Markor, near Kotelva, that day. His Bf 109 G-6 aircraft 'Yellow 7' (Werknummer 15903—factory number) was possibly shot down in error by Hungarian fighters operating in the same area.[34][39] At the time of his death, he was the highest-scoring fighter pilot of II. Gruppe. Authors Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock state that the circumstances about his death remain unanswered. They further speculate that the story about him having been shot down by friendly fighters could be a myth, created to uphold the illusion that he was killed undefeated by the enemy.[40] Schmidt was posthumously promoted to Hauptmann.[35] Command of 6. Staffel again went to Lipfert.[41]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Schmidt was credited with 173 aerial victories.[42] Obermaier and Spick also lists him with 173 aerial victories claimed in over 700 combat missions.[1][43] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 173 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.[44]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 49241". The Luftwaffe grid map covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15

minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude
, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (
ace-in-a-day
", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
Claim Date Time Type Location Unit Claim Date Time Type Location Unit
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 52 on the Eastern Front –[45]
Operation Barbarossa — June – December 1941
1 26 June 1941 14:27 DB-3 4./JG 52 9 7 September 1941 14:35 I-18 4./JG 52
2 3 July 1941 19:03 R-Z 4./JG 52 10 8 September 1941 17:25 DB-3 4./JG 52
3 4 July 1941 12:02 DB-3 4./JG 52 11 8 September 1941 17:32 DB-3 Sologubowka 4./JG 52
4 5 July 1941 06:35 DB-3 4./JG 52 12 11 September 1941 07:50 I-18 southeast of Lyby 4./JG 52
5 25 August 1941 08:50 I-17 4./JG 52 13 12 September 1941 09:56 I-18 4./JG 52
6 26 August 1941 08:56 I-17 4./JG 52 14 26 November 1941 13:55 DB-3 4./JG 52
7 29 August 1941 15:10 I-15 4./JG 52 15 27 November 1941 13:04 I-301 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Klin. 4./JG 52
8 29 August 1941 15:11 I-15 4./JG 52
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 52 on the Eastern Front –[46]
7 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
16 9 May 1942 08:45 I-153 4./JG 52 71 22 August 1942 09:22 Pe-2[Note 2] PQ 40733 5./JG 52
17 9 May 1942 15:28 MiG-1 4./JG 52 72 23 August 1942 08:44 Il-2 PQ 49141 5./JG 52
18 11 May 1942 12:39 Pe-2 4./JG 52 73 23 August 1942 10:50 LaGG-3 PQ 49194 5./JG 52
19 18 May 1942 12:35 R-5 4./JG 52 74 23 August 1942 12:32 LaGG-3 PQ 49163 5./JG 52
20 25 May 1942 09:24 Il-2 4./JG 52 75 23 August 1942 12:51 I-180 PQ 49104 5./JG 52
21 25 May 1942 09:25 Il-2 4./JG 52 76♠ 24 August 1942 06:09 LaGG-3 PQ 49232 5./JG 52
22 25 May 1942 18:55 MiG-1 4./JG 52 77♠ 24 August 1942 06:12 LaGG-3 PQ 49262 5./JG 52
23 26 May 1942 11:37 Il-2 4./JG 52 78♠ 24 August 1942 06:14 LaGG-3 PQ 59172 5./JG 52
24 27 May 1942 15:27 Pe-2 east of Petrovskaya 4./JG 52 79♠ 24 August 1942 06:15 LaGG-3 PQ 59181 5./JG 52
25 27 May 1942 15:48 Pe-2 southeast of Petrovskaya 4./JG 52 80♠ 24 August 1942 08:42 LaGG-3 PQ 59442 5./JG 52
26 28 May 1942 18:38 Il-2 4./JG 52 81♠ 24 August 1942 08:52 LaGG-3 PQ 59282 5./JG 52
27 1 June 1942 18:35 Il-2 4./JG 52 82♠ 24 August 1942 12:01 LaGG-3 PQ 49243 5./JG 52
28 19 June 1942 05:36 I-16 4./JG 52 83 25 August 1942 07:27 LaGG-3 PQ 49274 5./JG 52
29 22 June 1942 06:25 LaGG-3 4./JG 52 84 25 August 1942 07:35 LaGG-3 PQ 49272 5./JG 52
30 22 June 1942 06:37 LaGG-3 4./JG 52 85 25 August 1942 16:10 LaGG-3 PQ 59174 5./JG 52
31 22 June 1942 11:49 LaGG-3 4./JG 52 86 27 August 1942 11:13 I-180 PQ 49284 5./JG 52
32 22 June 1942 11:53 LaGG-3 4./JG 52 87 27 August 1942 11:33 I-180 PQ 49452 5./JG 52
33 23 June 1942 12:52 Yak-1 4./JG 52 88 28 August 1942 07:12 I-180 PQ 49254 5./JG 52
34 24 June 1942 07:47 LaGG-3 4./JG 52 89 28 August 1942 07:21 I-180 PQ 49292 5./JG 52
35 24 June 1942 07:49 LaGG-3 4./JG 52 90 30 August 1942 09:14 Il-2 PQ 49134 5./JG 52
36 26 June 1942 10:28 LaGG-3 4./JG 52 91 30 August 1942 09:17 Il-2 PQ 40841 5./JG 52
37 26 June 1942 10:31 LaGG-3 4./JG 52 92 31 August 1942 05:06 LaGG-3 PQ 49384 5./JG 52
38 26 June 1942 13:10 LaGG-3 4./JG 52 93 31 August 1942 09:01 LaGG-3 PQ 49522 5./JG 52
39 28 June 1942 16:05 Hurricane 4./JG 52 94 7 September 1942 09:24 LaGG-3 PQ 44454 5./JG 52
40 30 June 1942 15:10 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 95 7 September 1942 09:28 LaGG-3 PQ 54531 5./JG 52
41 2 July 1942 06:07 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 96 8 September 1942 12:37 LaGG-3 PQ 49654 5./JG 52
42 2 July 1942 06:10 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 97 8 September 1942 14:41 LaGG-3 PQ 44257 5./JG 52
43 4 July 1942 06:30 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 98 8 September 1942 14:49 LaGG-3 PQ 44623 5./JG 52
44 4 July 1942 08:30 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 99 9 September 1942 05:24 Il-2 PQ 44423 5./JG 52
45 4 July 1942 14:28 Hurricane 5./JG 52 100 9 September 1942 05:29 Il-2 PQ 44442 5./JG 52
46 9 July 1942 12:14 Pe-2 5./JG 52 101 12 September 1942 16:45 LaGG-3 PQ 49412 5./JG 52
47 9 July 1942 15:47 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 102 14 September 1942 16:46 Su-2 PQ 44611 5./JG 52
48 10 July 1942 10:28 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 103♠ 17 September 1942 09:19 LaGG-3 PQ 54391 5./JG 52
49 16 July 1942 17:52 I-16 5./JG 52 104♠ 17 September 1942 09:25 LaGG-3 PQ 54471 5./JG 52
50 19 July 1942 06:06 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 105♠ 17 September 1942 13:44 LaGG-3 PQ 54543 5./JG 52
51 20 July 1942 10:16 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 106♠ 17 September 1942 16:39 LaGG-3 PQ 54362 5./JG 52
52 22 July 1942 06:31 LaGG-3 5./JG 52 107♠ 17 September 1942 16:41 LaGG-3 PQ 54474 5./JG 52
53 22 July 1942 06:39 R-5 5./JG 52 108 19 September 1942 11:04 LaGG-3 PQ 54371 5./JG 52
54 23 July 1942 12:52 Il-2 5./JG 52 109 1 December 1942 08:45 LaGG-3 PQ 49361 6./JG 52
55 23 July 1942 12:59 Il-2 5./JG 52 110 1 December 1942 10:47 Il-2 PQ 49152 6./JG 52
56 23 July 1942 16:01 Il-2 PQ 18532 5./JG 52 111 2 December 1942 13:42 Il-2 PQ 49393 6./JG 52
57 23 July 1942 18:19 Il-2 5./JG 52 112 8 December 1942 11:45 Il-2 PQ 49171 6./JG 52
58 24 July 1942 08:06 Pe-2 5./JG 52 113 8 December 1942 11:47 Il-2 PQ 39392 6./JG 52
59 24 July 1942 16:20 Il-2 5./JG 52 114 8 December 1942 12:03 LaGG-3 PQ 49331 6./JG 52
60 24 July 1942 16:21 Il-2 5./JG 52 115 10 December 1942 08:13 Il-2 PQ 49151 6./JG 52
61 25 July 1942 08:47 I-153 5./JG 52 116 10 December 1942 08:37 Yak-4 PQ 49123 6./JG 52
62 25 July 1942 08:49 I-153 5./JG 52 117 10 December 1942 09:56 Il-2 PQ 39262 6./JG 52
63 25 July 1942 08:56 I-153 5./JG 52 118 17 December 1942 11:16 La-5 PQ 3824 6./JG 52
64 28 July 1942 09:26 Il-2 5./JG 52 119 17 December 1942 13:01 Yak-1 PQ 39872 6./JG 52
65 21 August 1942 07:36 I-180 PQ 49243 5./JG 52 120 17 December 1942 13:16 Yak-1 PQ 49744 6./JG 52
66 21 August 1942 17:33 Il-2 PQ 39234 5./JG 52 121 18 December 1942 06:34 La-5 PQ 49744 6./JG 52
67 21 August 1942 17:35 Il-2 PQ 49192 5./JG 52 122 19 December 1942 06:46 Pe-2 PQ 38612 6./JG 52
68 21 August 1942 17:37 LaGG-3 PQ 49411 5./JG 52 123 19 December 1942 11:24 La-5 PQ 4958 6./JG 52
69 22 August 1942 09:17 Pe-2[Note 2] PQ 40743 5./JG 52 124 20 December 1942 06:44 Yak-1 PQ 39794 6./JG 52
70 22 August 1942 09:20 Pe-2[Note 2] PQ 40723 5./JG 52 125 7 January 1943 13:17 LaGG-3 PQ 28812 5./JG 52
– Claims with Jagdgeschwader 52 on the Eastern Front –[48]
4 February – 5 September 1943
126 10 February 1943 13:12 Boston PQ 34 Ost 96113 5./JG 52 150 12 August 1943 16:07 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51341 6./JG 52
127 11 February 1943 09:31 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 86733 5./JG 52 151 13 August 1943 17:46 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 51341 6./JG 52
128 11 February 1943 14:58 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 86561 5./JG 52 152 15 August 1943 07:26 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 51172 6./JG 52
129 12 February 1943 09:44 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 86671 5./JG 52 153 15 August 1943 10:46 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 51341 6./JG 52
130 12 February 1943 14:58 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 86691 5./JG 52 154 17 August 1943 07:29 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 41452 6./JG 52
131 28 July 1943 10:20 Airacobra PQ 34 Ost 76884 6./JG 52 155 17 August 1943 08:31 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 51171 6./JG 52
132♠ 4 August 1943 11:02 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 61374 6./JG 52 156 17 August 1943 08:35 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 41292 6./JG 52
133♠ 4 August 1943 11:09 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 61383, southeast of Orlowka 6./JG 52 157 20 August 1943 10:55 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51541 6./JG 52
134♠ 4 August 1943 13:35 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 61383 6./JG 52 158 20 August 1943 14:49 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51771 6./JG 52
135♠ 4 August 1943 13:39 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 61391 6./JG 52 159 21 August 1943 06:24 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 51543, northeast of Achtyrskaja 6./JG 52
136♠ 4 August 1943 17:26 Yak-1 PQ Ost 61481 6./JG 52 160 23 August 1943 15:58 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 88281 6./JG 52
137 5 August 1943 08:14 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 61471 6./JG 52 161 24 August 1943 06:09 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 88424 6./JG 52
138 5 August 1943 08:22 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 61483 6./JG 52 162 24 August 1943 14:58 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 88332 6./JG 52
139 5 August 1943 14:26 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 61441 6./JG 52 163 24 August 1943 17:57 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 88413 6./JG 52
140 6 August 1943 08:40 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 61643 6./JG 52 164 28 August 1943 11:21 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 40222 6./JG 52
141 6 August 1943 08:43 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 61643 6./JG 52 165 29 August 1943 06:49 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51894 6./JG 52
142 6 August 1943 10:53 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 61471 6./JG 52 166 29 August 1943 16:04 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 Ost 60273 6./JG 52
143 6 August 1943 11:07 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 61581 6./JG 52 167 29 August 1943 16:10 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 60321 6./JG 52
144 7 August 1943 18:28 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 60834 6./JG 52 168 30 August 1943 16:51 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 34 Ost 88734 6./JG 52
145 8 August 1943 10:15 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 60481 6./JG 52 169 30 August 1943 16:54 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 88732 6./JG 52
146 10 August 1943 08:54 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 51851 6./JG 52 170 1 September 1943 16:51 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 60342 6./JG 52
147 10 August 1943 13:29 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 60252 6./JG 52 171 3 September 1943 10:45 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 50113 6./JG 52
148 11 August 1943 11:46 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 41262 6./JG 52 172 5 September 1943 08:55 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 71741 6./JG 52
149 12 August 1943 15:51 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51511 6./JG 52 173 5 September 1943 09:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 3] PQ 35 41592 6./JG 52

Awards

Dates of rank

1 December 1939: Gefreiter[2]
1 October 1940: Obergefreiter[2]
1 December 1940: Unteroffizier[2]
1 April 1941: Feldwebel[2]
27 August 1941: Oberfeldwebel[11]
1 February 1942: Leutnant (war officer)[11]
1 August 1942: Oberleutnant[11]

Notes

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[3]
  2. ^ a b c From 86th Bomber Aviation Regiment[47]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  4. ^ According to Stockert, the Präsidialkanzlei (Presidential Chancellery) awarded the German Cross in Gold on 17 November 1942 while his pay book states that it was awarded on 20 August 1942.[11]
  5. ^ According to Scherzer on 15 September 1942.[52]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 53.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stockert 2012, p. 75.
  3. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 37.
  5. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 26.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 27, 41.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 41.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 28–29.
  9. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 58.
  10. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 49.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Stockert 2012, p. 76.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 31, 44.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 44.
  14. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 45.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 31.
  16. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 38.
  17. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 33.
  18. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 46.
  19. ^ Prien et al. 2005, pp. 137–138.
  20. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 446.
  21. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 447.
  22. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 481.
  23. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 485.
  24. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 485–486.
  25. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 486.
  26. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 459, 488.
  27. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 488–489.
  28. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 489–490.
  29. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 490.
  30. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  31. ^ Weal 2004, p. 84.
  32. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 90.
  33. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 506.
  34. ^ a b Weal 2004, p. 99.
  35. ^ a b c d Stockert 2012, p. 77.
  36. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 326, 346, 350–351, 375, 386–87, 506.
  37. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 132.
  38. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 388.
  39. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 399.
  40. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 353.
  41. ^ Weal 2001, p. 71.
  42. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  43. ^ Spick 1996, p. 228.
  44. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1140–1143.
  45. ^ Prien et al. 2003, pp. 41, 44–46.
  46. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 481–491, 495–498.
  47. ^ Bergström et al. 2006, p. 65.
  48. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 378, 386–388.
  49. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 269.
  50. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 182.
  51. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 413.
  52. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 670.
  53. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 381.
  54. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 61.

Bibliography

Military offices
Preceded by
Oblt Karl Ritzenberger
 Squadron Leader of 6./JG 52
27 July 1943 – 5 September 1943 		Succeeded by
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