Rudolf Rademacher

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Rudolf Rademacher
JG 7
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

Rudolf "Rudi" Rademacher (19 June 1913 – 13 June 1953) was a German

fighter ace, he was credited with 97, potentially up to 126, aerial victories—that is, 97 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in over 500 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front, with sixteen claims over the Western Front, all of which were achieved while flying the Messerschmitt Me 262
jet fighter.

Rademacher was born on 19 June 1913 in Lüneburg, Province of Hanover, a province of the Kingdom of Prussia. He served in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) in 1941, operating on the Eastern Front. He claimed his first aerial victory on 9 January 1942. In March 1943, Rademacher joined Schwarm, flight of four aircraft, headed by Walter Nowotny, the most successful fighter pilot team in the Luftwaffe. In September 1944, he served as a fighter pilot instructor and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 30 September 1944. In January 1945, Rademacher was posted to Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing), the first jet fighter wing. Rademacher died in a glider aircraft crash on 13 June 1953 in Lüneburg.

World War II

On 1 December 1941, Rademacher, holding the rank of

ground attack aircraft shot down.[6]

On 14 February, Eckerle was shot down behind enemy lines. Initially reported as missing in action, he was replaced by Hauptmann Hans Philipp as commander of I. Gruppe on 17 February.[7] In late February, I. Gruppe predominately flew missions in the area of the Volkhov where Rademacher claimed a Lend-Lease Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter shot down on 25 February.[8][Note 1]

Eastern Front

As of 1 March 1943, Rademacher transferred to 1. Staffel where joined Walter Nowotny, his wingman Karl Schnörrer, and Anton Döbele, forming a team known as the "chain of devils" (Teufelskette) or the Nowotny Schwarm, which during the course of the war was credited with 524 combined kills, making them the most successful team in the Luftwaffe.[10][11] In late March, Rademacher fell ill, grounding him for an extensive period. During this time, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 30 April.[12] On 1 April, the Gruppenkommandeur (group commander), Major Hans Philipp, was transferred and temporarily replaced by Hauptmann Gerhard Koall until Major Reinhard Seiler took command on 1 May.[13]

Operation Citadel

In early July, I. Gruppe of JG 54 was ordered to move to

ace-in-a-day".[15]

The next day, I. Gruppe of JG 54, led by Major Reinhard Seiler, encountered several Lavochkin La-5 and Yakovlev Yak-9 fighters, and Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft, as well as Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters from the 30 GvIAP (Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment—Gvardeyskiy Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk). In the encounter, Rademacher shot down two of the La-5 fighters.[16] In morning of 7 July, Rademacher claimed a Yakovlev Yak-7 fighter shot down.[17] On 13 July, I. Gruppe intercepted a flight of Il-2 ground attack aircraft escorted by Yak-7 fighters of the 20 IAP (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk). In this encounter, Rademacher shot down three Il-2 ground attack aircraft.[18] On 29 July, Rademacher claimed two Yak-9 fighters shot down, taking his total to 75 and included I. Gruppe's 3,000th claim.[19]

On 1 September 1944, Rademacher was transferred to the 1. Staffel of Jagdgruppe Nord, a fighter pilot training unit later renamed to

General der Jagdflieger (General of Fighters).[20]

Flying the Messerschmitt Me 262

Following a period of convalescence, he joined 11. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 7 (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing) on 30 January 1945.[21] 11. Staffel was part of III. Gruppe of JG 7 under the command of Major Erich Hohagen.[22] Depending on source, Rademacher claimed between eight and sixteen aerial victories flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 first operational jet fighter, making him one of the top jet-aces of the war.[Note 2] According to Morgan and Weal, he was credited with eight aerial victories.[23] While Mathews and Foremann credit him with sixteen aerial victories on the Me 262 jet-fighter.[24]

A color photo of a twin engine jet-fighter aircraft standing in a hangar.
An Me 262 of JG 7 similar to those flown by Rademacher on display at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum.

On 1 February 1945, he claimed a

Hannover. Following the encounter, Rademacher claimed a P-51 shot down. This claim cannot be confirmed by Allied records as no P-51 loss was recorded in that area of operation.[30]

On 18 March, the Eighth Air Force headed for various railway stations and tank factories in the greater Berlin area with 1,329 heavy bombers, escorted by 632 fighter aircraft. Flying from Parchim Airfield, 37 Me 262 fighters led by Major Theodor Weissenberger took off to intercept the bombers. On this mission, Rademacher shot down a B-17 bomber.[31] The next day, 1,273 heavy bombers from the USAAF 3rd Air Division attacked the synthetic fuel factories. The bombers were intercepted by 28 Me 262 fighters north of Chemnitz. In this encounter, Rademacher claimed an escorting P-51 fighter.[32] On 24 March, the Eighth Air Force flew over 1,700 combat missions in support of Operation Plunder, the crossing of the Rhine. That day, approximately 250 heavy bombers also headed for Berlin to bomb the tank factories close by. The bombers were intercepted by 31 Me 262 fighters near Wittenberg. In this encounter, Rademacher claimed a B-17 bomber.[33] The Eighth Air Force attacked fuel storage sites in areas of Braunschweig, Hamburg and Lauenburg on 25 March. Unable to form a cohesive formation, the Me 262 fighter pilots attacked the bombers individually or in pairs. At 10:20, Rademacher claimed a Herausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory—over a Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber near Lauenburg.[34]

B-24M 44-50838 shot down by Rademacher on 4 April 1945.

On 31 March, 428

Rechlin-Lärz, Oranienburg, Neuruppin, Burg and Parchim.[40]

Later life

Rademacher was killed in a glider crash at Lüneburg on 13 June 1953.[12][41]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Rademacher was credited with 97 aerial victories.[42] Obermaier also list him with 97 aerial victories, 76 of which claimed over the Eastern Front, including 21 Il-2s and 7 Pe-2s. He also claimed 23 further victories on the Eastern Front without witnesses supporting his claim.[1] According to Spick however, Rademacher is credited with 126 aerial victories, 90 of which claimed over the Eastern Front and 36 in the western theatre of operations, including 10 heavy bombers.[43] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that he claimed at least 93 aerial victories, at least 77 of which claimed on the Eastern Front and 16 on Western Front, including over 11 four-engined bombers, plus further nine unconfirmed claims. He claimed eleven victories flying the Me 262. The claim that he is attributed with 126 aerial victories cannot be verified through the archives.[44]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 0025". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15

minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[45]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (
ace-in-a-day
", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Rademacher did not receive credit.
  This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an Herausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[46]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 30 April 1942
1 9 January 1942 10:30 Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Ostkaja[47] 7 20 March 1942 06:40 I-16[48]
2 25 February 1942 10:57 P-40[49]
—
 4 April 1942
—
 I-16[48]
—
 4 March 1942
—
 R-5[49] 8 5 April 1942 14:38 P-40[48]
3 5 March 1942 16:45 P-40[50]
—
 5 April 1942
—
 P-40[48]
4 8 March 1942 16:45 Pe-2[50] 9 18 April 1942 05:07 I-153[48]
5 13 March 1942 16:55 I-16[50]
—
 18 April 1942
—
 I-153[48]
6 15 March 1942 11:56 I-16[50] 10 30 April 1942 14:52 MiG-3[48]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[46]
Eastern Front — 1 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
11 29 May 1942 20:25 Yak-1[51] 21 11 September 1942 07:30 Pe-2 PQ 0025[52]
12 10 July 1942 07:05 P-40[53] 22 6 November 1942?[Note 3] 11:32 Il-2 PQ 00152
Leningrad
13 20 July 1942 15:26 Pe-2[56]
—
 7 November 1942
—
 P-40[55]
14 30 July 1942 15:07 I-153 PQ 71794[56]
vicinity of Bely Kolodez 		23 15 January 1943 09:36 La-5 PQ 10242[57]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Shlisselburg
15 19 August 1942 18:47 Pe-2 east of Zubtsov[58] 24 15 January 1943 12:47 La-5 PQ 10251[57]
30 km (19 mi) west-southwest of Shlisselburg
—
 19 August 1942
—
 Pe-2 east of Zubtsov[58] 25 15 January 1943 12:52 La-5 PQ 10124[57]
east of Shlisselburg
16 21 August 1942 06:35 I-16 PQ 47562[58]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Rzhev 		26 15 January 1943 13:03 Il-2 PQ 00244[57]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Shlisselburg
17 23 August 1942 06:25 I-16 PQ 47594[59]
north of Rzhev 		27 16 January 1943 12:40 Il-2 PQ 00293[57]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Mga
18 25 August 1942 17:38 I-16 PQ 47542[59]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Rzhev 		28 25 January 1943 10:17 Il-2 PQ 10144[60]
south of Shlisselburg
19 26 August 1942 06:10 MiG-3 PQ 47852[59]
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Zubtsov
—
 25 January 1943
—
 LaGG-3[60]
—
 26 August 1942
—
 MiG-3[59] 29 26 January 1943 13:30 P-40 PQ 10141[61]
south of Shlisselburg
20 8 September 1942 10:07?[Note 4] Yak-4 PQ 01821[52]
30 km (19 mi) northeast of Leningrad 		30 27 January 1943 10:26 LaGG-3 PQ 10143[61]
south of Shlisselburg
—
 11 September 1942
—
 LaGG-3[52]
—
 27 January 1943
—
 LaGG-3[61]
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[62]
Eastern Front — February 1943
31 10 February 1943 08:46 I-153 PQ 36 Ost 00283[63]
20 km (12 mi) west of Mga 		32 19 February 1943 15:25 Pe-2 PQ 36 Ost 10473[64]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Lyuban
—
?[Note 5] 		10 February 1943
—
 I-16[63] 33 22 February 1943 13:40 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 10322[64]
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Mga
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[62]
Eastern Front — March – 31 December 1943
34 7 March 1943 14:13 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 18354[65]
40 km (25 mi) south of Staraya Russa 		49 7 July 1943 18:11 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63734[66]
25 km (16 mi) south-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
35 7 March 1943 14:16 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 18232[65]
45 km (28 mi) north of Chełm 		50 8 July 1943 13:17 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63832[66]
40 km (25 mi) southeast of Maloarkhangelsk
—
?[Note 5] 		10 March 1943
—
 Il-2[65] 51 10 July 1943 10:53 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 63521[66]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Maloarkhangelsk
36 15 March 1943 07:55 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 18244[65]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa 		52 11 July 1943 18:37?[Note 6] P-39 PQ 35 Ost 63554[67]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
37 15 March 1943 10:58 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 18253[65]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Staraya Russa 		53?[Note 7] 13 July 1943 14:02 Il-2 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Bolkhov
38 22 March 1943 15:27 Il-2 PQ 36 Ost 00274[65]
vicinity of Gatchina 		54 13 July 1943 14:09 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 54442[67]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Bolkhov
39♠ 5 July 1943 07:10 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63411[68]
40 km (25 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		55 13 July 1943 14:14 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 54443[67]
30 km (19 mi) northwest of Bolkhov
40♠ 5 July 1943 09:52 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63742[68]
45 km (28 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
—
?[Note 5] 		14 July 1943
—
 Yak-9[67]
41♠ 5 July 1943 09:58 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63862[68]
45 km (28 mi) north-northwest of Kursk 		56 16 July 1943 08:16 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 54312[67]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Zhizdra
42♠ 5 July 1943 15:43 P-39 PQ 35 Ost 63581[68]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		57 17 July 1943 10:42 Il-2 m.H.[Note 8] PQ 35 Ost 63394[67]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Maloarkhangelsk
43♠ 5 July 1943 15:50 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63582[68]
35 km (22 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		58 20 July 1943 13:06 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 54872[67]
25 km (16 mi) south of Mtsensk
44♠ 5 July 1943 18:42 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63693[68]
30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Maloarkhangelsk 		59 14 October 1943 08:06 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 15542[69]
south of Lenin
45♠ 5 July 1943 18:53 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63534[68]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk
—
?[Note 5] 		10 November 1943
—
 Il-2[70]
46 6 July 1943 14:07 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63711[68]
40 km (25 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		60 11 November 1943 10:34 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 06734[71]
47 6 July 1943 14:25 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63583[68]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		61 29 November 1943 13:16 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 96664[71]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Gorodok
48 7 July 1943 08:40 Yak-7 PQ 35 Ost 63574[66]
35 km (22 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk 		62 8 December 1943 07:10 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 06562[71]
—
?[Note 5] 		7 July 1943
—
 Boston[66]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[62]
Eastern Front — 1 January – 31 December 1944
63 7 February 1944 07:45 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 06733[72]
—
?[Note 5] 		1 April 1944
—
 Il-2[73]
64 12 February 1944 11:07 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 05221[72]
—
?[Note 5] 		1 April 1944
—
 Il-2[73]
65 24 February 1944 14:50 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 70834[72]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Narva 		71 2 April 1944 11:48 Il-2 PQ 26 Ost 70353[74]
Baltic Sea, 35 km (22 mi) northeast of Kunda
66 8 March 1944 16:33 Il-2 PQ 26 Ost 60614[73]
southeast of Kunda 		72 3 April 1944 17:10 Pe-2 PQ 26 Ost 60439[74]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Dünaburg
—
?[Note 5] 		17 March 1944
—
 Yak-9[73] 73 26 May 1944 18:47 La-5 PQ 26 Ost 80315[75]
Gulf of Finland, north of Hungerburg
67 21 March 1944 09:25 Il-2 PQ 26 Ost 70451[73]
Baltic Sea, 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Hungerburg 		74 27 July 1944 15:54 Yak-9 PQ NH-3/8[76]
southeast of Telšiai
68 26 March 1944 14:28 Pe-2 PQ 26 Ost 70484[73]
Baltic Sea, 20 km (12 mi) northwest of Hungerburg 		75 29 July 1944 19:06 Yak-9 PQ ML-8/4[76]
69 26 March 1944 14:34 Il-2 PQ 26 Ost 70691[73]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Narva 		76 29 July 1944 19:09 Yak-9 PQ NL-2/2[76]
70 1 April 1944 15:16 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 88369[73]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Selo 		77 6 August 1944 17:50 P-39 PQ LK-7/2[76]
southeast of Bausha
– 11. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 7 –[24]
Defense of the Reich — February – April 1945
78 1 February 1945
—
 Tempest vicinity of Braunschweig 86 27 February 1945
—
 B-24 Halle-Leipzig
79 3 February 1945
—
 B-17 vicinity of Halle 87 18 March 1945 11:14 B-17[77] Salzwedel
80 3 February 1945
—
 B-24[78] vicinity of Magdeburg 88 19 March 1945
—
 P-51[79] vicinity of Chemnitz
81 9 February 1945
—
 B-17 vicinity of Berlin 89 24 March 1945
—
 B-17*[80] vicinity of Wittenberge
82 9 February 1945
—
 B-17 vicinity of Berlin 90 25 March 1945 10:20 B-24*[80] vicinity of Lauenburg
83 14 February 1945
—
 B-17[78] vicinity of Neumünster 91 31 March 1945
—
 P-51[36]
84 16 February 1945
—
 P-51[78] vicinity of Hannover 92 4 April 1945
—
 B-24[81] vicinity of Bremen
85 24 February 1945
—
 B-24 east of Lüneburg 93 10 April 1945
—
 P-51[82]

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ According to Bergström and Mikhailov, Rademacher claimed three Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters shot down on 25 February 1942.[9]
  2. ^ For a list of Luftwaffe Jet aces see List of German World War II jet aces
  3. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 8 November 1943.[54]
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:37.[12]
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h This unconfirmed claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[54]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:54.[54]
  7. ^ This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[67] Mathews and Foreman list this claim as Rademacher's 53rd aerial victory.[54]
  8. ^ The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c Obermaier 1989, p. 183.
  2. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 197.
  3. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 195.
  4. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 177.
  5. ^ Weal 2001, p. 54.
  6. ^ Prien et al. 2005, pp. 180, 199.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2005, pp. 184, 195.
  8. ^ Prien et al. 2005, pp. 184, 200.
  9. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 68.
  10. ^ Held 1998, p. 69.
  11. ^ Spick 1996, p. 197.
  12. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 996.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 165.
  14. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 127, 129.
  15. ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 129–130, 176.
  16. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 48.
  17. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 53.
  18. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 88.
  19. ^ Prien et al. 2022, pp. 385, 392.
  20. ^ Weal 2001, p. 113.
  21. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 30.
  22. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 17.
  23. ^ Morgan & Weal 1998, p. 88.
  24. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 998.
  25. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 32.
  26. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, pp. 560–561.
  27. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, p. 563.
  28. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, p. 566.
  29. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, p. 575.
  30. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, p. 577.
  31. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, p. 616.
  32. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, p. 618.
  33. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, pp. 627–628.
  34. ^ Boehme 1992, pp. 132–133.
  35. ^ Smith & Creek 2000, p. 638.
  36. ^ a b Boehme 1992, p. 139.
  37. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 147.
  38. ^ Swopes 2018.
  39. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 160.
  40. ^ Boehme 1992, pp. 158–159.
  41. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 151.
  42. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1613.
  43. ^ Spick 1996, p. 230.
  44. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 996–998.
  45. ^ Planquadrat.
  46. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 996–997.
  47. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 199.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2005, p. 202.
  49. ^ a b Prien et al. 2005, p. 200.
  50. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2005, p. 201.
  51. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 86.
  52. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 93.
  53. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 88.
  54. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 997.
  55. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 94.
  56. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 89.
  57. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 98.
  58. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 90.
  59. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 91.
  60. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 99.
  61. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 100.
  62. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 997–998.
  63. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 169.
  64. ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 170.
  65. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2012, p. 171.
  66. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2012, p. 177.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 178.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2012, p. 176.
  69. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 186.
  70. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 187.
  71. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2012, p. 188.
  72. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2022, p. 380.
  73. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2022, p. 381.
  74. ^ a b Prien et al. 2022, p. 382.
  75. ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 383.
  76. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2022, p. 385.
  77. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 111.
  78. ^ a b c Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 268.
  79. ^ Boehme 1992, p. 120.
  80. ^ a b Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 272.
  81. ^ Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 274.
  82. ^ Heaton & Lewis 2012, p. 275.
  83. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 150.
  84. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 165.
  85. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 364.
  86. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 348.
  87. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 610.

Bibliography
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