Gerhard Barkhorn
Gerhard Barkhorn | |
---|---|
Nickname(s) | Gerd |
Born | Königsberg, Free State of Prussia | 20 March 1919
Died | 11 January 1983 Frechen/Cologne, West Germany | (aged 63)
Buried | |
Allegiance | |
Service/ | |
Years of service |
|
Rank | |
Unit | JaboG 31 Boelcke |
Battles/wars | See battles
|
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords |
Gerhard "Gerd" Barkhorn (20 March 1919 – 11 January 1983) was a German military aviator who was a renowned
Born in the Weimar Republic in 1919, Barkhorn joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 and completed his training in 1939. Barkhorn flew his first combat missions during the "
Barkhorn flew 1,104 combat sorties and was credited with 301 victories on the Eastern Front piloting the Messerschmitt Bf 109. In January 1945, he left JG 52 on the Eastern Front and joined Jagdgeschwader 6 (JG 6—6th Fighter Wing) as Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander), defending Germany from Western Allied air attack. In April 1945, he joined Galland's Jagdverband 44 (JV 44—44th Fighter Detachment) and surrendered to the Western Allies in May 1945 and was released later that year. After the war, Barkhorn joined the German Air Force of the Bundeswehr, serving until 1975. On 6 January 1983, Barkhorn was involved in a car crash with his wife Christl. She died instantly and Barkhorn died five days later on 11 January.
Early life and career
Barkhorn was born on 20 March 1919 in
On 1 April 1937, Barkhorn started his compulsory
In December 1938, Barkhorn and the other flight students transferred from Dresden to the
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces
World War II
Upon completion of his training, he was posted to 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) in Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing), named after the World War I fighter pilot Manfred von Richthofen, on 10 January 1940.[13][14] At the time, the squadron was based at Frankfurt-Rebstock Airfield and commanded by Hauptmann Henning Strümpell. The squadron was subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 2 headed by Hauptmann Jürgen Roth.[Note 3] The Gruppe was equipped with the Bf 109 E and flew combat air patrols along Germany's western border during the "Phoney War" period of World War II.[15] In total, Barkhorn flew on 22 such missions with JG 2.[14]
From 1 April until 30 June, Barkhorn was posted to Fliegerausbildungs-Regiment 10 (10th Aviators Training Regiment) based in
On 27 October, Barkhorn flew a further mission, escorting bombers of LG 2 to England. Two days later, on his 38th combat mission, Barkhorn encountered Supermarine Spitfires over the English Channel. His Bf 109 E-7 (Werknummer 5922—factory number) took numerous hits, forcing him to make an emergency landing in the English Channel.[19][21][22] Floating in a small inflatable dinghy for two hours, he was rescued by the Seenotdienst, the German air-sea rescue service. Barkhorn flew again on 2 November. This was also the last day of operations for II. Gruppe before it relocated to Germany again.[23] That day, II. Gruppe had also lost its commanding officer, Hauptmann Wilhelm Ensslen, who had led the Gruppe since 26 August and was killed in action. Ensslen was replaced by Hauptmann Erich Woitke.[17] On 5 November, II. Gruppe moved to München Gladbach, present-day Mönchengladbach, for a period of rest and replenishment.[24] On 3 December 1940, Barkhorn was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse).[20]
On 22 December, II. Gruppe was ordered to
Operation Barbarossa
In preparation of
On 22 June, the German forces launched the attack on the Soviet Union which opened the
On 5 August, II. Gruppe was ordered to relocate to
On 2 September, II. Gruppe moved to
On 24 January 1942, having been withdrawn from the Eastern Front, II. Gruppe arrived in Jesau near Königsberg, present-day Kaliningrad in Russia, for a period of recuperation and replenishment.[42] In Jesau, the Gruppe received many factory new Bf 109 F-4 aircraft. On 14 April, II. Gruppe received orders to move to Pilsen, present-day Plzeň in the Czech Republic, for relocation to the Eastern Front.[43]
Squadron leader
While II. Gruppe was based at Jesau, Barkhorn was appointed Staffelkapitän of 4. Staffel of JG 52 on 1 March 1942. He succeeded Steinhoff in this capacity who had been given command of II. Gruppe of JG 52.[44] The unit then moved to Wien-Schwechat on 24 April before flying to Zürichtal, present-day Solote Pole, a village near the urban settlement Kirovske in the Crimea. There, II. Gruppe participated in Operation Trappenjagd, a German counterattack during the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, launched on 8 May.[43] On 16 May, II. Gruppe relocated to Artyomovsk, present-day Bakhmut where JG 52 supported the German forces fighting in the Second Battle of Kharkov.[45][46]
On 22 June, German forces launched Operation Fridericus II, the attack on
On 22 July, II. Gruppe moved to an airfield named Nowy Cholan, approximately 200 kilometers (120 miles) northeast of Rostov-on-Don.[50] On 24 July, Barkhorn transferred to an airfield named Nikolajewskaja, approximately 15 minutes flying time closer to front lines. During this day, Barkhorn claimed three further aerial victories, increasing his total to 64. The following day, he flew on an escort mission for a Fieseler Fi 156 Storch heading for the front lines.[49] His Bf 109 F-4/R1 (Werknummer 13388—factory number) took a hit from anti-aircraft artillery, resulting in a forced landing near Morosow.[51] Although the damage to the aircraft was only minor, Barkhorn was severely injured in his lower leg and had to be flown out. He was taken to a makeshift hospital installed at the Olympiapark Berlin.[52] During his convalescence, Barkhorn was temporarily replaced by Semelka who was killed in action on 21 August. Command was then given to Leutnant Otto Leicher who was also killed in action. In consequence, Krupinski was transferred from 6. Staffel, taking command of 4. Staffel on 10 September.[44] In July 1942, Barkhorn had destroyed 30 Soviet aircraft.[53] While hospitalized, on 21 August 1942, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) and two days later the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes).[52][54][55]
In late September, following his convalescence, Barkhorn returned to his 4. Staffel.[56] By this time II. Gruppe, having made several relocations, had been based at Maykop since 21 September.[57] On 2 October, he logged his first brief maintenance flight after returning to the front. On 7 October, Barkhorn, with Unteroffizier Werner Quast as his wingman, claimed a LaGG-3 fighter shot down north of Tuapse. Later that day, he claimed three further LaGG-3 fighters destroyed.[58] On 19 December 1942, Barkhorn had raised his score to 101 victories.[59] That day, he became the 32nd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[60] Barkhorn came to respect the Soviet pilots. On one occasion he was involved in a forty-minute dogfight with a LaGG-3. "Sweat was pouring off me just as though I had stepped out of the shower", he recalled: despite having a faster aircraft he was simply unable to get a bead on the Russian pilot.[61]
On 9 January 1943, Barkhorn claimed his 105th aerial victory. His victims included Lieutenant Vasiliyev, and
Barkhorn returned to his unit on 23 April.[64] At the time, II. Gruppe was based at Anapa located on the northern coast of the Black Sea near the Sea of Azov and was fighting in the Battle of the Caucasus.[65] During his absence, Steinhoff as commander of II. Gruppe had been replaced by Hauptmann Helmut Kühle.[66] On 28 April, Barkhorn claimed his 121st aerial victory, a LaGG-3 fighter.[64] Barkhorn's 157 aerial victory, claimed on 23 August, was also II. Gruppe's 2,000th aerial victory in total.[67] From 4 to 30 August, Barkhorn temporarily led I. Gruppe of JG 52. The acting commander of I. Gruppe, Hauptmann Johannes Wiese had fallen ill on 1 August and needed to be replaced during his recovery.[68]
Group commander
Barkhorn was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe of JG 52 on 1 September 1943. He replaced Kühle who was transferred. Command of 4. Staffel was passed on to Leutnant Heinrich Sturm.[66] On 5 September, he shot down Hero of the Soviet Union and Soviet fighter ace Nikolay Klepikov, an ace with 10 personal and 32 shared victories. This was offset by the loss of II. Gruppe's 173-victory ace Oberleutnant Heinz Schmidt. The two Lavochkin La-5s shot down by Barkhorn were his 165th and 166th aerial victories.[69] Barkhorn reached the 200 mark on 30 November 1943.[70] This achievement earned him a named reference in the Wehrmachtbericht on 2 December.[71] That day, he also became an "ace-in-a-day" for the fourth time in combat near Tuzla Island.[72] On 28 December, he yet again became an "ace-in-a-day", taking his total number of aerial victories to 222.[73] The following day, he claimed II. Gruppe's 2,500th aerial victory in total.[67] On 23 January 1944, Barkhorn became the first German pilot to fly 1,000 combat missions.[13] At the time, Barkhorn's regular wingman was Heinz Ewald.[74]
The main German fighter unit covering the Crimea and Kuban was his II. Group of JG 52 and in the three months between December 1943 and 13 February 1944 the unit claimed 350 victories, of which 50 were claimed by Barkhorn personally.[75] On 13 February 1944, he reached 250 aerial victories.[76][Note 5] Barkhorn was the third pilot to reach this total,[13] earning him a second named reference in the Wehrmachtbericht on 14 February.[78] For several days, Barkhorn was grounded and did not fly any further combat missions. He claimed his next aerial victory on 25 February over a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber.[79]
On 2 March 1944, he was awarded the
Barkhorn was credited with shooting down three
During his convalescence, Barkhorn had temporarily been replaced Hauptmann Helmut Lipfert until September, and by Hauptmann Heinrich Sturm until Barkhorn's return to II. Gruppe in October.[89] Returning to his unit, the psychological damage and combat stress on Barkhorn became apparent; sitting in his cockpit he became overcome with anxiety, and even when flying with friendly aircraft behind him he felt intense fear. It took several weeks for him to overcome this condition.[87] Barkhorn claimed his 275th victory on 14 November. Over the next few weeks Barkhorn added another 26 victories, scoring his 301st and final aerial victory on 5 January 1945.[90]
Defense of the Reich
On 1 January 1945, the Luftwaffe launched
Barkhorn led this unit until the end-March 1945. During his ten weeks tenure as Geschwaderkommodore of JG 6, he did not claim any aerial victories.[93] He had difficulties adjusting to the Fw 190 D-9. He later stated that he would have needed 50 more flights to master the aircraft. It is unclear whether Barkhorn flew the Fw 190 D-9 in combat. Nevertheless, on 11 February, he was presented the Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant "1,100" (Frontflugspange in Gold mit Anhänger "1,100"). Shortly after 23 March, Barkhorn was relieved of command. His wingman later stated that Barkhorn was forced to leave out of medical reasons. At the time he was suffering from severe physical and mental strain after four years of combat.[92]
Following the dismissal of Generalleutnant
Later life and service
Barkhorn was released as a prisoner of war on 3 September 1945. He then returned to Tegernsee to be reunited with his family. There, he was also joined by his mother who had managed to escape from Königsberg.[101] In October, Barkhorn's first employment as an auxiliary worker was with Linhof, a manufacturer of cameras, based in Munich. A year later, he found employment in Grünwald. His employment in Grünwald ended in 1949. Following a brief period of unemployment, he took a course at Volkswagen in November 1949. In December, he was hired by Auto Junk, a Volkswagen dealership in Trier, at first as head of technical field services. Four years later, Barkhorn was promoted to head of facility and service management.[100]
With the German Air Force
Following the decision of the
The three pilots were welcomed by the
In 1964, Barkhorn was posted to the staff of Luftwaffen-Erprobungskommando (Air Force Test Command).
In April 1968, Barkhorn became a member of the Air Force Staff. He was then transferred to the Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force (4 ATAF) and the AIRBALTAP, Allied Forces Baltic Approaches at the headquarters in Karup, Denmark. On 10 September 1969, with the permission of the President of Germany, he was given the temporary rank of Brigadegeneral (brigadier general), the official promotion followed on 14 May 1970, effective as of 1 April.[113] In February 1972, Barkhorn was informed that his assignment to AIRBALTAP would have to be extended until 1 October 1973 because there were no vacant positions for a Brigadegeneral in Germany at the time.[114] As of 1970, the first generation senior Bundesluftwaffe officers started going into retirement. Steinhoff, who had advanced in career to Inspector of the Air Force, had defined a small group of second generation leaders, among them Krupinski, Rall, Gerhard Limberg and Friedrich Obleser. At first, Barkhorn was also a member of this inner circle. However, Rall, who succeeded Steinhoff as Inspector of the Air Force in 1971, attested that Barkhorn lacked the toughness and ability to work under pressure required for a higher command position in the Bundesluftwaffe.[115]
In early 1973, Rall had promised Barkhorn command of the 1st Luftwaffe Division, an offer that was later withdrawn. Following his assignment to AIRBALTAP, Barkhorn was promoted to
Accident and death
On 6 January 1983, Barkhorn was driving his wife Christl and their friend
On 14 January, Barkhorn and his wife were buried in Tegernsee.[119] He was given a military funeral, with many senior officers of the Bundesluftwaffe in attendance. Oberst Gert Overhoff, the Geschwaderkommodore of JaBoG 31 "Boelcke", carried his military decorations pillow. Generalleutnant Obleser, the Inspector of the Air Force, and Steinhoff gave a eulogy.[117]
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Barkhorn claimed 301 victories in 1,100 combat missions. He was shot down nine times, bailed out once and was wounded twice.[13] Author Spick states his total number of combat missions was 1,104.[120] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 300 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. All of his aerial victories were claimed on the Eastern Front.[121]
Awards
- Pilot's Badge (3 May 1939)[20]
- Iron Cross (1939)
- Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant "1,100"[124]
- Combined Pilots-Observation Badge[124]
- Wound Badge in Black (25 July 1942)[124]
- German Cross in Gold on 21 August 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 4./Jagdgeschwader 52[127]
- Eastern Medal (31 August 1942)[20]
- Crimea Shield (15 March 1943)[20]
- Slovakian Medal of Valor in Silver 2nd Class (17 August 1943)[20]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
- Knight's Cross on 23 August 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader 52[118][128]
- 175th Oak Leaves on 11 January 1943 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader 52[118][129]
- 52nd Swords on 2 March 1944 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the II./Jagdgeschwader 52[118][130]
With an unknown date of presentation, Barkhorn was also awarded the Hungarian Cross of Valor, the Croatian Medal of Valor in Silver, and the Wehrmacht Long Service Award for four years of service.[20]
Dates of rank
Wehrmacht | |
---|---|
27 August 1939: | Leutnant (second lieutenant)[20] |
1 November 1941: | Oberleutnant (first lieutenant)[20] |
1 April 1943: | Hauptmann (captain)[20] |
1 April 1944: | Major (major)[20] |
Bundeswehr | |
19 June 1956: | Major[20] |
12 May 1958: | Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel)[20] |
28 September 1960: | Oberst (colonel)[20] |
10 September 1969: | Brigadegeneral (brigadier general; TR—temporary rank)[20] |
1 April 1970: | Brigadegeneral (brigadier general)[20] |
1 October 1973: | Generalmajor (major general)[20] |
Notes
- Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service). His brother Helmut was killed in action as a Fahnenjunker-Feldwebel on the first days of the Battle of France when his vehicle ran on a land mine.[4] His younger brother Dieter was killed in 1943 as Leutnant and pilot on the Western Front.[5] His father was conscripted into the Volkssturm (people's militia) and went missing in action in the Battle of Königsberg.[6]
- ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[7]
- ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
- ^ IAP—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Истребительный Авиационный Полк)
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed on 12 February 1944.[77]
References
Citations
- ^ Zabecki 2014, pp. 19, 479.
- ^ a b c d Barbas 2014, p. 6.
- ^ Stockert 2012, pp. 302, 306.
- ^ a b Stockert 2012, p. 302.
- ^ Stockert 2012, p. 303.
- ^ a b c d Stockert 2012, p. 306.
- ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
- ^ Meimberg 2002, p. 28.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 8.
- ^ Makos & Alexander 2012, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Zabecki 2014, p. 117.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 10.
- ^ Prien et al. 2001, pp. 56–57.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 10, 14.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2002, p. 151.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 14.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Barbas 2014, p. 203.
- ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 161.
- ^ Weal 2004, p. 35.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 19.
- ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 147.
- ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2002, p. 149.
- ^ a b c Barbas 2014, p. 20.
- ^ Braatz 2010, pp. 40.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 20, 203.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 26.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 28.
- ^ Weal 2001, p. 25.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 27–28.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 30.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 28.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2003a, p. 11.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 29.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 32, 203.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003b, pp. 31, 33.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 36.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 38.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 446.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 447.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 475.
- ^ Barbas 2005, p. 103.
- ^ Schreier 1990, pp. 75–76.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 452.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 49.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 50.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 456.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 503.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 52.
- ^ Bergström 2008, p. 55.
- ^ Weal 2001, p. 59.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 40.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 55.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 462.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 55–56.
- ^ Bergström 2007, pp. 102–103.
- ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
- ^ Harvey 2018, p. 25.
- ^ Bergström 2007, pp. 110–111.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 6, 83.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 84.
- ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 375.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 374.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 395.
- ^ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 249, 278.
- ^ Bergström 2008, p. 27.
- ^ Weal 2001, p. 72.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 141.
- ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 393.
- ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 394.
- ^ Heaton et al. 2011, p. 27.
- ^ Bergström 2008, pp. 45–46.
- ^ Weal 2001, p. 73.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 45.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 160.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 160, 206.
- ^ Braatz 2010, p. 118.
- ^ Braatz 2010, p. 119.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 163, 203.
- ^ Bergström 2008, pp. 50–51.
- ^ Prien & Stemmer 2003, p. 328.
- ^ Barbas 2005, p. 160.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 168.
- ^ a b Bergström 2008, p. 56.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 171.
- ^ Prien et al. 2022, p. 187.
- ^ Bergström 2008, p. 86.
- ^ Manrho & Pütz 2004, p. 224.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 190.
- ^ Weal 1998, p. 80.
- ^ Braatz 2010, p. 159.
- ^ Braatz 2010, p. 160.
- ^ Weal 2006.
- ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 71.
- ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 118–120.
- ^ Braatz 2010, p. 168.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 195.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 6, 195.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 195–196.
- ^ Braatz 2010, p. 194.
- ^ Braatz 2010, p. 195.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 196.
- ^ a b c d Barbas 2014, p. 197.
- ^ Braatz 2010, p. 199.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 197, 203.
- ^ Rall 2007, pp. 283–284.
- ^ Der Spiegel Volume 26/1962.
- ^ Der Spiegel Volume 36/1962.
- ^ Carlin 2017, pp. xvi, 8, 36, 48, 73–74, 87, 88, 99–100, 102.
- ^ Barbas 2014, pp. 199, 203.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 199.
- ^ Braatz 2010, pp. 273–274.
- ^ Barbas 2014, p. 201.
- ^ a b Barbas 2014, p. 202.
- ^ a b c d Scherzer 2007, p. 202.
- ^ Stockert 2012, p. 307.
- ^ Spick 1996, p. 227.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 40–46.
- ^ a b MacLean 2007, p. 223.
- ^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 22.
- ^ a b c Berger 1999, p. 20.
- ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 45.
- ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 35.
- ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 24.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 122.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 65.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 42.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Forsyth, Robert (2008). Jagdverband 44 Squadron of Experten. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 27. Oxford, UK: ISBN 978-1-84603-294-3.
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- ISBN 978-3-9807935-1-3.
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- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5.
- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
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