Herbert Ihlefeld

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Herbert Ihlefeld
JG 1
Battles/wars
See battles
Awards
  • Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords
  • Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords

Herbert Ihlefeld (1 June 1914 – 8 August 1995) was a German

fighter ace listed with 130 enemy aircraft shot down in over 1,000 combat missions. Depending on source, he claimed seven to nine aerial victories in the Spanish Civil War, and during World War II, 67 on the Eastern Front and 56 on the Western Front, including 15 four-engined bombers and 26 Supermarine Spitfires. He survived being shot down eight times during his 1,000 combat missions.[1]

Born in

Heer (Army), he transferred to the Luftwaffe (Air Force) in 1935. Following flight training, he volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War where he was assigned to Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group). From February–July 1938, he claimed nine aerial victories, two remained unconfirmed. For his service in Spain he was awarded the Spanish Cross
in Gold with Swords.

Following service in Spain, Ihlefeld was posted to

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
on 24 April 1942.

On 22 June 1942, Ihlefeld was appointed

Defense of the Reich. This unit failed to achieve its objective and Ihlefeld was assigned to the Stab (headquarters unit) of the 30th Fighter Division. On 20 May 1944, he took command of Jagdgeschwader 1 "Oesau" (JG  1—1st Fighter Wing) and participated in Operation Bodenplatte. Ihlefeld died on 8 August 1995 in Wennigsen, Lower Saxony
.

Early life and career

Ihlefeld was born on 1 June 1914 in

Stettin and in 1934 was posted to the aviation technical school at Jüterbog.[3] In March 1937, he was assigned to the I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 132 "Richthofen" (JG 32—132nd Fighter Wing).[4][Note 2]

2. Staffel insignia

With the outbreak of the

Nationalists and asked for volunteers which organized in the Condor Legion (Legion Condor). Unteroffizier (Staff Sergeant) Ihlefeld joined 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group) in late 1937. Flying with this unit until July 1938, he claimed nine and was credited with seven aerial victories over Spain and was awarded the Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (Spanienkreuz in Gold mit Schwertern). There, he was issued one of the first Messerschmitt Bf 109 B-1's sent to the Condor Legion.[5] A Polikarpov I-16 fighter aircraft shot down on 21 February 1938 was his first aerial victory of the war.[6] On 13 March 1938, Ihlefeld was credited with his second victory, a Polikarpov I-15 biplane fighter aircraft followed by his third, an I-16, on 11 May 1938. A week later, on 18 May, he claimed another I-16, the victory was unconfirmed. A Tupolev SB-2 bomber from a force attacking La Sénia, shot down on 2 June 1938, became his fifth victim.[7] He claimed another unconfirmed victory on 25 June 1938 over an I-16. On 12 July 1938, he was credited with a victory over an I-15. Two I-15s shot down on 15 July 1938 were his last victories in Spain.[8]

On 1 August 1938, he was assigned to I. (Jäger) Gruppe (I.(J)—1st fighter group) of Lehrgeschwader 2 (LG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing), an operational training unit tasked with the evaluation of new types of aircraft and tactics. The unit was later redesignated to I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing). On 20 August 1938, he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant).[3]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces

Armée de l'air (French Air Force) Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 fighter aircraft. Ihlefeld was credited with shooting one of them down at 20:15, the other Morane was credited to Hauptmann (Captain) Hanns Trübenbach.[9] On 30 June, he was credited with two victories over Bristol Blenheim light bombers shot down at 12:45 and 15:30, his second and third of the war.[10] Although Ihlefeld was unhurt, damage to his Bf 109 E sustained in one of these encounters, resulted in a forced landing near Saint-Omer.[11]

Ihlefeld received an early promotion to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 June 1940 followed by his appointment to Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 2 Staffel in I.(J)/LG 2.[Note 3] He was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz erster Klasse) on 4 July 1940.[3] On 9 July, I.(J)/LG 2 was tasked with flying escort fighter missions for Kampfgeschwader 2 (KG 2—2nd Bomber Wing) attacking British shipping in the English Channel. These types of missions were referred to as Kanalkampf by the Germans and resulted in a series of air battles between the Luftwaffe and the British Royal Air Force (RAF). On the third mission of the day (16:25 – 17:20), escorting a flight of Dornier Do 17 bombers to their targets, Ihlefeld claimed his fourth victory of the war, a Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft shot down at 16:30.[13]

Battle of Britain and Channel Front

On 10 July 1940, seven RAF bombers attacked the Amiens – Glisy Aerodrome, all of which were shot down by the Luftwaffe. On this day, 47 Do 17 bombers from I. and III. Gruppe of KG 2, supported by one Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter and two single-engined fighter Gruppen attacked British shipping in the English Channel. In the resulting aerial combat, Luftwaffe pilots initially claimed 23 victories, 10 of these were later confirmed by the Luftwaffe. Actual RAF losses that day were three aircraft shot down, further seven made forced landings and were severely damaged. RAF pilots claimed the destruction of 16 German aircraft, actual losses were four Do 17s and three Bf 110s shot down plus further four damaged aircraft. These events marked the beginning of the Battle of Britain (10 July – 31 October 1940).[14]

On 11 July 1940, I.(J)/LG 2 was ordered to relocate to

Flying Officer P.F.Mc Davies was badly burned, Flying Officer R.E.P Brooker bailed out unhurt while Sergeant P. Hillwood bailed out and swam 2.5 miles (4.0 kilometers) to shore. The first two men were shot down over Rochfort.[18]

On 22 August 1940, I.(J)/LG 2 flew a combat air patrol over

Fighter Command on this day.[19] Weather conditions improved over Southern England on 24 August 1940 and I.(J)/LG 2 was ordered to fly a combat air patrol over Kent.[20] The Gruppe flew three missions that day and claimed ten aerial victories, all of which over Spitfires, two of which were credited to Ihlefeld. Ihlefeld's first victory was claimed at 12:30 and the second at 17:00.[21] Fighter Command lost five Spitfires and one damaged on 24 August. Two losses roughly match Ihlefeld's claim. No. 54 Squadron lost one; Pilot Officer C. Stewart bailed out in the afternoon, the time unknown. Pilot Officer D. Mc Gray was shot down at 11:15 GMT and bailed out of the No. 610 Squadron Spitfire X4067. Both men were shot down near Dover.[22]

On 30 August 1940, Ihlefeld claimed his tenth victory of the war, another Spitfire probably shot down over the English Channel near Calais. On this day,

No. 303 Polish Fighter Squadron on the second mission. The Germans claimed four victories, one of which by Ihlefeld, for the loss of two in combat.[24] 303 Squadron, if engaged during this day, suffered no fighters damaged or destroyed on this day. Their likely opponents were from No. 17 Squadron which lost one Hurricane. The pilot Sergeant G.A Steward was unhurt. I./LG 2 lost one Bf 109 destroyed and one sixty percent damaged. Oberleutnant von Perthes was shot down and killed by Flying Officer T. Bird-Wilson.[25]

On 2 September 1940, he increased his total to 13 aerial victories, claiming two Spitfires, on a mission against the Hornchurch airfield.[26] No Spitfires were lost in the battle over Hornchrch though two Spitfires belonging to No. 222 Squadron were damaged.[27] Three day later, Detling airfield was the target, and Ihlefeld again claimed two Spitfires shot down.[28] On 6 September, I.(J)/LG 2 escorted Erprobungsgruppe 210 to various airfields in the greater London area. Again Ihlefeld claimed two victories, two Hurricanes shot down took his total to 17 aerial victories.[29] 19 Hurricanes were destroyed to all causes and two damaged on this date in intensive air battles.[30]

Heinkel He 111 bomber over the Surrey docks and Wapping in the East End of London on 7 September 1940

On 7 September 1940, I.(J)/LG 2 participated in

docks in the East End of London. On this mission, Ihlefeld claimed a Hurricane shot down at 18:05 and another one at 18:10.[31] 17 Hurricanes were destroyed and 7 damaged this day. Up to 19 of these aircraft were hit or destroyed in the time-frame of the claim.[32] The Luftwaffe flew another large scale attack on 11 September. In total, 280 bombers, 96 of which headed for London, supported by 750 fighter aircraft, headed for England. Ihlefeld claimed a Spitfire destroyed at 17:05 and a Hurricane at 17:10 that day.[33] This took his total to 21 aerial victories in World War II, for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 13 September 1940. The presentation was made by Hitler personally on 16 September 1940.[3] One day before the presentation, the Battle of Britain Day, Ihlefeld had claimed the 22nd aerial victory, a Hurricane.[34] At 10:00 on 24 September 1940, Ihlefeld engaged Spitfires in combat over Maidstone, claiming one shot down.[35] There were four Spitfires lost and two damaged in combat on this date. None were shot down at the time of the claim or in this district.[36] Three days later, on a fighter escort to mission to London, he claimed two Hurricanes, taking his total to 25 aerial victories. On this mission, Ihlefeld lost his 1. Staffel commander, Oberleutnant Adolf Buhl.[37] Responsible for his loss was Fähnrich (Officer Candidate) Hans-Joachim Marseille who had abandoned Buhl. Ihlefeld was forced to give Marseille a stern rebuke for his conduct in combat and eventually dismissed Marseille from LG 2.[38] He was promoted to Hauptmann on 1 October 1940.[3]

The war of attrition against the RAF had cost I.(J)/LG 2 dearly, and the entire Gruppe had to be moved back to the home airfield Köln-Butzweilerhof to reform and re-equip on 5 November 1940. From 30 June to end of October 1940, the Gruppe had claimed 92 aerial victories for the loss of 10 pilots either killed or missing in action, further 4 pilots had been taken prisoner of war. In the same timeframe, 38 aircraft were damaged or lost.[39] I.(J)/LG 2 was ordered back to the Channel Front on 26 December 1940. That day, it flew to the airfield at Calais-Marck and was subordinated to the Stab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing).[40] Ihlefeld claimed his 26th victory of the war at 15:50 on 17 January 1941 northwest of Boulogne-sur-Mer.[41]

On 5 February 1941, the RAF began the

Dungeness. On 30 March 1941, I.(J)/LG 2 was ordered to relocate to Vienna.[49] At the Channel Front since December 1940, I.(J)/LG 2 had claimed 24 aerial victories for the loss of 3 pilots killed.[50]

Balkan Campaign

The

Jugoslovensko Kraljevsko Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo (JKRV—Yugoslav Royal Air Force) airfields in the greater Skopje area. The Gruppe, together with the ground attack unit II.(S)/LG 2, flew five combat missions on the first day of the campaign. During one of these missions, strafing the railway up the Vardar valley and an airfield near Niš, Ihlefeld was shot down in his Bf 109 E-7 (Werknummer 2057—factory number) by anti-aircraft artillery and was captured by Yugoslavian soldiers.[52][Note 5] The airfield at Niš was practically deserted and Ihlefeld had been hit by small arms fire and was slightly wounded in the head.[54] While in their custody, he was allegedly severely beaten, and threatened with execution by firing squad. On 14 April 1941, he was rescued by German troops of the 5th Panzer Division after eight days in captivity, and returned to Germany to recover.[3][55]

The invasion of Yugoslavia ended when an armistice was signed on 17 April 1941.

Belgrad in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.[65]

Eastern Front

On 18 June 1941, I.(J)/LG 2 was moved to

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 27 June 1941. He was the 16th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[72]

Ihlefeld, on a combat air patrol in the vicinity of Iași, claimed an I-16 fighter aircraft shot down on 28 June.[73] The next day I.(J)/LG 2 moved to an airfield at Uzhhorod and to Tudora on 1 July 1941.[74] On 2 July, I.(J)/LG 2 flew five combat missions and Ihlefeld achieved his 42nd aerial victory over a Polikarpov I-153 biplane fighter.[75] On a Stuka escort mission to Kamianets-Podilskyi on 4 July, he shot down an I-15.[76] On 6 July, I.(J)/LG 2 flew seven combat missions, on two of which they had enemy contact. On the sixth mission of the day, the unit encountered five SB-2 bombers escorted by seven I-16 fighters. In the resulting aerial combat, Ihlefeld shot down one I-16, his 44th victory.[77]

On 30 August 1941, he became an "

Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland. Also presented with awards that day by Hitler were Oberleutnant Wolfgang Späte and Oberleutnant Wolf-Dietrich Huy, who both received the Oak Leaves to their Knight's Crosses.[81]

Wing Commander

On 10 May 1942, Ihlefeld was replaced by Hauptmann

JG 52 as Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander). Prior to this appointment, he was sent to the Geschwaderstab of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) as a commander-in-training under Hauptmann Karl-Gottfried Nordmann.[82] In June 1942, Ihlefeld was promoted to Major (major) and on 22 June took command of JG 52.[72] He replaced Oberstleutnant Friedrich Beckh who had been killed in action the day before.[83] At the time, the Geschwaderstab of JG 52 was based at Barvinkove.[84] On 29 June, the Geschwaderstab moved to Volchansk. Here on 1 July, Ihlefeld claimed his first aerial victory with JG 52 over a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighter.[85] The next day another relocation took them to an airfield named Ssowy south of Kursk. Here on 4 July, Ihlefeld claimed a Hurricane fighter shot down.[86]

On 19 July, the Geschwaderstab moved to an airfield near

crash landing.[89][90] During his convalescence, he was temporarily replaced by Major Gordon Gollob who also led JG 77 at the time. On 28 October, command of JG 52 was officially passed to Major Dietrich Hrabak while Ihlefeld was transferred and tasked with the leadership of Jagdfliegerschule 3 (JFS 3—3rd Fighter Pilot School), a fighter pilot school, which later became Jagdgeschwader 103 (JG 103—103rd Fighter Wing).[72][83]

On 1 June 1943, the Luftwaffe ordered the creation of Jagdgeschwader Nord (JG Nord—Northern Fighter Wing) at

defense of the Reich missions. Ihlefeld claimed his only aerial victory with JG 25 on 13 November during an attack flown by the USAAF VIII Bomber Command on Bremen. Defending against this attack, Ihlefeld was credited with shooting down an escorting Lockheed P-38 Lightning fighter.[92] Due to the lack of success, the order was given to cease operations and JG 25 was disbanded on 26 November.[93] In consequence, Ihlefeld was transferred to the staff of the 30. Jagd Division (30th Fighter Division).[94]

On 1 February 1944, Ihlefeld was promoted to

Jagdgeschwader 1 "Oesau" (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) on 20 May 1944.[96] Ihlefeld replaced Bär as Geschwaderkommodore who had led the Geschwader since the death in combat of Oberst Walter Oesau on 11 May 1944.[97] On 14 July 1944, Ihlefeld claimed a North American P-51 Mustang and a Spitfire shot down.[98] He was credited with his next victories on 25 July, claiming the destruction of an Avro Lancaster heavy bomber and a Spitfire.[99]

Operation Bodenplatte

Ihlefeld participated and led JG 1 in

Luftwaffenkommando West (Air Command West) had ordered every wing commander of all the Jagdgeschwaders destined to participate in the operation to attend a meeting at the headquarters of II. Jagdkorps (2nd Fighter Corps) at Flammersfeld near Koblenz.[102] At the time, Ihlefeld was faced with a very challenging leadership situation. Prior to the operation, JG 1 had lost the commander of I. Gruppe, Hauptmann Hans Ehlers who was killed in action on 27 December, and the commander of III. Gruppe, Hauptmann Erich Woitke who had been killed in action on 24 December. The commander of II. Gruppe, Hauptmann Hermann Staiger, had landed his combat damaged aircraft at Frankfurt and had not yet returned to his unit.[101] On the early afternoon of 31 December 1944, Ihlefeld summoned his three new Gruppenkommandeure to Twente for the mission briefing. The new I. Gruppe commander was Hauptmann Georg Hackbarth, II. Gruppe was led by Oberleutnant Fritz Wegner and III. Gruppe was now headed by Hauptmann Harald Moldenhauer.[103]

On 1 January 1945, the Geschwaderstab and I. Gruppe, both based at Twente, took off at 08:10 and joined up with and III. Gruppe, based at

Ursel. The formation was led by four Junkers Ju 88 night fighters from Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing); they were the pathfinders for the single-engined fighters.[104] The formation of 20 Focke Wulf Fw 190 A-8s and 30 Bf 109 G-14s, flying at an altitude of 50 meters (160 feet), headed west. As the flight approached The Hague, they came under heavy and precise German anti-artillery fire. The German anti-artillery units had not been informed of the Luftwaffe operation. Several aircraft were hit, including the aircraft of Ihlefeld who had to make a forced landing near Rotterdam. II. Gruppe, based at Drope, between Lengerich and Bawinkel, had also taken off at 08:15 and headed for the airfield at Ghent/Sint-Denijs-Westrem.[105][106] JG 1 continued with their mission without Ihlefeld leading the decisive phase of the attack. The result of the attack can be described as Pyrrhic victory at best. JG 1 claimed the destruction of around 60 enemy aircraft, of which 54 were destroyed on the ground, for the loss of 25 pilots and 29 aircraft.[107]

Following Operation Bodenplatte, JG 1 was relocated to the Eastern Front. During the relocation, I. Gruppe faced RAF fighters over

court martial Major Günther Capito, the new commander of I. Gruppe, for such a disastrous loss but was unable to during the transferring to the Eastern Front.[108] By 19 January, the Geschwaderstab and all three Gruppen had reached their new airfields. The Geschwaderstab, I. and II. Gruppe were then based in East Prussia, with I. Gruppe in Jürgenfelde, present-day Judino in Kaliningrad Oblast, and II. Gruppe in Insterburg, present-day Chernyakhovsk in Russia, while III. Gruppe was sent to Schröttersburg, present-day Płock, located on the Vistula river approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) northwest of Warsaw.[109]

Flying the He 162 and end of war

Operation Lusty

As Geschwaderkommodore, Ihlefeld was ordered to Berlin on 22 January 1945 and attended the meeting with

General der Jagdflieger who had been dismissed for outspokenness regarding the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (Luftwaffe high command), and had been replaced by Oberst Gordon Gollob. The meeting was held at the Haus der Flieger in Berlin and was attended by a number of high-ranking fighter pilot leaders which included Ihlefeld, Günther Lützow, Hannes Trautloft, Hermann Graf, Gerhard Michalski, Helmut Bennemann, Kurt Bühligen and Erich Leie, and their antagonist Göring supported by his staff Bernd von Brauchitsch and Karl Koller. The fighter pilots, with Lützow taking the lead as spokesman, criticized Göring and made him personally responsible for the decisions taken which effectively had led to the lost air war over Europe.[110]

Ihlefeld was promoted to Oberst (colonel) on 30 January 1945.[95] On 7 February, I. Gruppe of JG 1 was withdrawn from combat operation and ordered to Parchim Airfield. There, I. Gruppe was equipped with the He 162 Volksjäger, a single-engine, jet-powered fighter aircraft, the first unit to receive this aircraft type. Originally the Luftwaffe had planned to create a new formed unit, Jagdgeschwader 80 (JG 80—80th Fighter Wing), staffed with pilots of the National Socialist Flyers Corps (NSFK—Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps) and the Flieger-HJ, the flying members of the Hitler Youth. The deteriorating war situation, the loss of Fw 190 manufacturing locations, changed this plan and units previously equipped with Fw 190 were selected for conversion to the He 162.[111] By mid April, the Geschwaderstab and I. Gruppe were based at Ludwigslust while II. Gruppe was stationed at Warnemünde and were equipped with the He 162 while III, Gruppe were at Lüneburg Airfield but had no aircraft to fly.[112] He 162 A-2 (Werknummer 120230), Ihlefeld flew this aircraft during the war, is currently in possession of the National Air and Space Museum collection.[113] At the time of the German surrender at Lüneburg Heath on 4 May, JG 1 was based at Leck Airfield. The first British soldiers began arriving at Leck the following day. On 6 May, the British began disarming the German soldiers at Leck, taking them as prisoner of war.[114]

Later life

Following World War II, Ihlefeld did not rejoin the military service of the

Federal Republic of Germany. However, he did continue flying as civilian pilot.[115] In 1984, Winston Ramsey, the editor of After the Battle magazine, contacted both Ihlefeld and Squire, who Ihlefeld had shot down on 26 February 1941, and arranged a meeting. Subsequently, Ihlefeld and Squire met at Calais.[45] Ihlefeld died on 8 August 1995 in Wennigsen, Lower Saxony. His ashes were buried on the urn field near the chapel on the old cemetery in Kirchheim unter Teck, Baden-Württemberg.[95]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Main article: List of aerial victories claimed by Herbert Ihlefeld

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Ihlefeld was credited with 123 World War II aerial victories.[116] Spick lists him with 130 aerial victories, including seven claims in Spain, claimed in over 1,000 combat missions.[117] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 122 aerial victory claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims. This number includes nine claims during the Spanish Civil War, 48 on the Western Front, including three four-engined bombers, and 65 on the Eastern Front.[118]

Awards

Promotions

October 1935: Unteroffizier[3]
20 August 1939: Leutnant (Second Lieutenant)[3]
1 June 1940: Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant)[3]
1 October 1940: Hauptmann (Captain)[3]
June 1942: Major (Major)[72]
1 February 1944: Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel)[95]
30 January 1945: Oberst (Colonel)[95]

Notes

  1. ^ From 1919, Germany's national defense force was known as the Reichswehr. That name was dropped in favor of Wehrmacht on 16 March 1935.[2]
  2. ^ For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ According to Prien, the appointment to Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 2 Staffel of I.(J)/LG 2 occurred sometime in June.[12] According to Obermaier, this happened on 1 July.[4]
  4. ^ All times used in this section are Central European Time unless otherwise noted.
  5. ^ According to Ciglic, Weal and Savic, Ihlefeld shot down a JKRV Potez 25 on the landing approach, Shortly after, he was hit by a lucky shot fired from the ground by Serbian kap Vlastimir Belic, forcing him to bail out near Donji Dušnik.[53]
  6. ^ According to Scherzer in the I.(J)/Lehrgeschwader 2.[124]

References

Citations

  1. ^ Spick 2006, pp. 231–232.
  2. ^ "Proklamation der Reichsregierung an das deutsche Volk bezüglich der Einführung der allgemeinen Wehrpflicht" [Proclamation of the German Government to the German people regarding the introduction of compulsory military service] (in German). Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stockert 2012, p. 122.
  4. ^ a b c d Obermaier 1989, p. 31.
  5. ^ Jackson 2015, p. 48.
  6. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 90.
  7. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 94.
  8. ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 103.
  9. ^ Prien 1992, p. 304.
  10. ^ Prien 1992, p. 327.
  11. ^ Prien 1992, p. 329.
  12. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2372.
  13. ^ Prien 1992, p. 334.
  14. ^ Prien 1992, p. 335.
  15. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 336, 343.
  16. ^ Prien 1992, p. 338.
  17. ^ Prien 1992, p. 347.
  18. ^ Mason 1969, pp. 240–241.
  19. ^ Mason 1969, p. 292.
  20. ^ Prien 1992, p. 357.
  21. ^ Prien 1992, p. 359.
  22. ^ Mason 1969, pp. 298–299.
  23. ^ Prien 1992, p. 363.
  24. ^ Prien 1992, p. 368.
  25. ^ Mason 1969, p. 331.
  26. ^ Prien 1992, p. 373.
  27. ^ Mason 1969, p. 340.
  28. ^ Prien 1992, p. 374.
  29. ^ Prien 1992, p. 377.
  30. ^ Mason 1969, pp. 355–356.
  31. ^ Prien 1992, p. 382.
  32. ^ Mason 1969, pp. 365–366.
  33. ^ Prien 1992, p. 385.
  34. ^ Prien 1992, p. 387.
  35. ^ Prien 1992, p. 394.
  36. ^ Mason 1969, p. 410.
  37. ^ Prien 1992, p. 396.
  38. ^ Heaton & Lewis 2012, pp. 18–20.
  39. ^ Prien 1992, p. 420.
  40. ^ Prien 1992, p. 450.
  41. ^ Prien 1992, p. 457.
  42. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 460, 462–463.
  43. ^ Prien 1992, p. 467.
  44. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 471–472.
  45. ^ a b Price 2012, chptr. 18 "Act of Chivalry".
  46. ^ Prien 1992, p. 471.
  47. ^ Prien 1992, p. 475.
  48. ^ Prien 1992, p. 477.
  49. ^ Prien 1992, p. 480.
  50. ^ Prien 1992, p. 481.
  51. ^ Prien 1992, p. 488.
  52. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 496, 498.
  53. ^ Ciglic, Weal & Savic 2013, p. 27.
  54. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, p. 194.
  55. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 498, 514.
  56. ^ Prien 1992, p. 522.
  57. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 523, 531.
  58. ^ Prien 1992, p. 533.
  59. ^ Prien 1992, p. 547.
  60. ^ Prien 1992, p. 551.
  61. ^ a b c Prien 1992, p. 566.
  62. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, p. 338.
  63. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, p. 383.
  64. ^ Prien 1992, p. 606.
  65. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 614, 616.
  66. ^ a b Prien 1993, p. 628.
  67. ^ Prien 1993, p. 630.
  68. ^ Prien 1993, p. 632.
  69. ^ Prien 1993, p. 635.
  70. ^ Prien 1993, p. 644.
  71. ^ Prien 1993, p. 651.
  72. ^ a b c d e f Stockert 2012, p. 123.
  73. ^ Prien 1993, p. 654.
  74. ^ Prien 1993, pp. 657, 660.
  75. ^ Prien 1993, p. 663.
  76. ^ Prien 1993, p. 666.
  77. ^ Prien 1993, pp. 669–670.
  78. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 271.
  79. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  80. ^ Prien 1993, p. 969.
  81. ^ Page 2020, p. 98.
  82. ^ Prien 1993, p. 999.
  83. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 387.
  84. ^ Barbas 2016, p. 21.
  85. ^ Barbas 2016, pp. 23, 71.
  86. ^ Barbas 2016, pp. 27, 71.
  87. ^ Barbas 2016, p. 27.
  88. ^ Hayward 1998, p. 146.
  89. ^ Barbas 2016, pp. 27, 79.
  90. ^ Prien et al. 2006, pp. 379, 393.
  91. ^ Prien et al. 2009, pp. 63, 69.
  92. ^ Prien et al. 2009, pp. 65–67, 71.
  93. ^ Prien et al. 2009, p. 68.
  94. ^ Prien et al. 2009, p. 69.
  95. ^ a b c d e Stockert 2012, p. 124.
  96. ^ Prien, Stemmer & Bock 2018, p. 56.
  97. ^ Mombeek 1992, pp. 232–233.
  98. ^ Mombeek 1992, p. 251.
  99. ^ Mombeek 1992, p. 252.
  100. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2010, p. 1.
  101. ^ a b Manrho & Pütz 2010, p. 12.
  102. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2010, p. 2.
  103. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2010, p. 13.
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Bibliography

Military offices
Preceded by
Oberstleutnant Friedrich Beckh
 Commander of Jagdgeschwader 52
22 June 1942 – 28 October 1942 		Succeeded by
Oberstleutnant Dietrich Hrabak
Preceded by
none
 Commander of Jagdgeschwader 103
7 December 1942 – 20 July 1943 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
none
 Commander of Jagdgeschwader 25
July 1943 – December 1943 		Succeeded by
none
Preceded by Commander of Jagdgeschwader 11
1 May 1944 – May 1944 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commander of
Jagdgeschwader 1
Oesau
20 May 1944 – 8 May 1945 		Succeeded by
none
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