Siegfried Freytag

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Siegfried Freytag
JG 7
JG 77
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

First Indochina War

Algerian War

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Siegfried Freytag (10 November 1919 – 1 June 2003)

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, but the war ended before the paperwork had been processed.[2]

Freytag was born on 10 November 1919 and joined the Luftwaffe in 1938. After completing training as a fighter pilot he was posted to 6.

Battle of Greece and Battle of Crete. In June Freytag was deployed to the Eastern Front with JG 77 for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union
. Freytag passed five victories becoming a flying ace and by 3 June 1942 he had claimed 50 enemy aircraft destroyed.

On 27 June 1942, Freytag was appointed

over Sicily where he was shot down and wounded in action
on 12 July 1943.

Thereafter, Freytag led the group in

air superiority operations on the Western Front at the beginning Ardennes Offensive until 25 December 1944 when he was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) on a temporary basis. Freytag scored his 102nd and last aerial victory during Operation Bodenplatte, on 1 January 1945. In April 1945 Freytag served with Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—Fighter Wing 51) and Jagdgeschwader 7 (JG 7—Fighter Wing 7), where he flew the Messerschmitt Me 262
until the German surrender in May 1945.

After war he served in the French Foreign Legion. Freytag died in France in 2003.

Early life

Freytag was born on 10 November 1919 in

Province of West Prussia. Today Danzig-Langfuhr is Wrzeszcz, a borough of the Polish city of Gdańsk.[2] Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to the 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing).[4]

World War II

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces

Battle of Greece, on 24 April 1941, Freytag crashed his Bf 109E near Athens following combat and was wounded.[6]

Eastern Front

In early June I. and III./JG 77 were deployed to

Siege of Sevastopol and re-establish airbases there. Throughout December 1941 and through to June 1942, north I. and II./JG 77 were involved in combat operations (III./JG 77 was removed because of losses).[11] Kerch fell to the Axis on 20 May 1942.[11] Freytag's II. Gruppe (2nd group) participated in the Sevastopol operation with III. Gruppe until mid-June.[12]

Malta, North Africa and Sicily

On 27 June 1942, Freytag was appointed

Flight Sergeant Edwin Moye of No. 185 Squadron RAF, who was killed.[16] By 11 October 1942 Freytag had claimed 73 aircraft destroyed.[17] On this date Freytag claimed a solitary Spitfire.[18]

On 23 October 1942 1. Staffel was transferred to

B-26 Marauder.[21] On 1 March 1943 Freytag was promoted to Hauptmann.[22]

Group commander

On 7 March 1943 Freytag was appointed temporary

P-39 Airacobras.[24][25]

On 30 March Freytag led the Gruppe against USAAF bombing raids. The Bf 109s engaged the US

Tunisian Campaign ended with the Axis capitulation on 13 May 1943. Freytag accounted for his last victory in this theatre on 7 May when he downed a Spitfire over Tunis—his 94th victory.[30] JG 77 was the last German fighter unit to leave Africa.[31]

II./JG 77 relocated to Sicily. There the formation was responsible for the air defence of the island. Freytag gained four victories over Sicily including two on 9 July. The same day

Operation Husky began and Allied forces landed. Three days later Freytag was shot down and wounded in combat with Lockheed P-38 Lightning over Gela. Allied forces achieved air supremacy by 13 July and all except II./Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) had been driven to the northeastern coast. Few fighters remained, but II./JG 77 abandoned Trapani and the remnants of the German fighter units retreated to Foggia in Italy.[32] By the time JG 77 departed Sicily, it had claimed 27 Allied aircraft in combat from 10 to 31 July 1943 but lost 51 Bf 109s and 12 pilots killed.[33] II./JG 77 remained on the Mediterranean Front. Freytag was wounded by an Allied air attack on the group's airfield at Siena, Italy on 29 January 1944.[34] During his convalescence, he was temporarily replaced by Hauptmann Emil Omert as Gruppenkommandeur of II. Gruppe.[35] Freytag returned to his command in April 1944.[36]

The Gruppe participated in the

47th Bomb Wing and 55th Bomb Wing. The B-24 Freytag claimed was his 100th victory.[38] According to Obermaier, he claimed his 100th aerial victory in December 1944 which would make him the 96th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[39]

Defence of the Reich and Western Front

In the summer, II./JG 77 moved back to Germany for Defence of the Reich operations. This period was not successful for Freytag. One notable dogfight occurred on 27 September 1944. Feytag may have shot down Henry Wallace McLeod, who was also one of the most successful aces over Malta. Freytag claimed the only Spitfire on 27 September 1944 in the Duisburg area.[40] James "Johnnie" Johnson had been in the same combat and saw McLeod chasing a Bf 109 and then lost sight of McLeod.[41] Johnson concluded that the Bf 109 had shot down McLeod. His body was found in the wreckage of his Spitfire near Wesel, not far from Duisburg.[42]

On 16 December the German High Command (

P-47 Thunderbolt and a B-26 Marauder.[43] In the afternoon, III./JG 77 were engaged by P-47s over Bad Münstereifel and lost 10 Bf 109s destroyed and three damaged along with two pilots killed and six wounded. Only three P-47s were claimed.[43]

On Christmas Eve, JG 77 attempted an all-out effort to support the

Düsseldorf-Lohausen and Essen-Mülheim. The airfields were home to III. and II./JG 77. The bases were severely damaged and forced the units to operate from grass airfields.[43]

Acting wing commander and end of war

On 26 December, Freytag temporarily assumed command of JG 77 as Geschwaderkommodore.[46] JG 77 tried to support the offensive in the last week of December. On 27 December, the Geschwader flew operations with all Gruppen but in small numbers. Three P-47s were claimed for the loss of three pilots and four Bf 109s. On 29 December the grass at Essen became to wet and II./JG 77 moved to Bönninghardt, a small grass field southwest of Wesel.[47] On 31 December Freytag organised III./JG 77s withdrawal to Dortmund. During the transfer, the remaining 12 Bf 109s of the Gruppe were engaged by Allied fighters and lost three Bf 109s and two pilots.[47] Freytag's command had lost 31 dead or missing, 13 wounded and one captured.[47] The fighter unit had lost 86 Bf 109s destroyed or damaged against 15 Allied aircraft claimed.[47]

red heart in black square
Herzas (Ace of Hearts) emblem of JG 77

Freytag participated and led JG 77 in

322 (Dutch). Some pilots from II./JG 77 either mistakenly believed it to be Antwerp, or thought the opportunity was too good to pass up. Two German fighters were claimed shot down, and one pilot captured. However, none of the JG 77 casualties fit this description.[49]

The main body continued to Antwerp. Some 12–30 German fighters attacked the airfield from 09:25 to 09:40. The ground defences were alert and the German formations attacked in a disorganised manner. 145 Wing RAF was missed completely and considering the large number of targets the destruction was light; just 12 Spitfires were destroyed.[50] In total, 14 Allied aircraft were destroyed and nine damaged. JG 77 lost 11 Bf 109s and their pilots were lost. Six were killed and five captured according to Allied sources. However, German records show the loss of only 10 pilots. Four are listed as captured.[51] During the battle Freytag claimed his 102nd aerial victory over a Spitfire that day,[52] his last aerial victory claimed.[53] No details are known.[51] JG 77's attack was failure.[51]

On 15 January 1945, Freytag relinquished command of JG 77 to Major Erich Leie who had already officially been appointed Geschwaderkommodore on 29 December 1944.[54] On 7 March 1945, Leie was killed in action when he collided with a crashing Russian Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter which he had just shot down. Freytag was subsequently again given the task of leading JG 77.[55] Freytag returned to II. Gruppe on 1 April when command of JG 77 was given to Major Fritz Losigkeit.[46] Freytag had left JG 77 in late April. He was scheduled to take over command of JG 51 but never took command of this unit. Instead, he traveled to Prague where he joined Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing), flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 first operational jet fighter.[56][57]

French Foreign Legion and death

Following World War 2, Freytag was without a job and without a family. One of his brothers was killed in 1944 on the Eastern Front, his sister and the rest of his family disappeared in the sinking of the MV Wilhelm Gustloff. The family assets having been confiscated by the post-war territorial divisions, he then worked as a miner and then as a technician.[58]

In 1952, Freytag, volunteered in the Legion thinking that the

1st Foreign Regiment from 1965 to 1970, the year in which he retired from active duty. Freytag died on 2 June 2003 in Marseille. He was interred in the Carré militaire of the Institution des invalides de la Légion étrangère in Puyloubier.[59]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Freytag was credited with 102 aerial victories.[60] Spick lists Freytag with 102 aerial victories as well, of which approximately 70 were claimed over the Eastern Front and further 32 over the Western Front, North Africa and Mediterranean theater, claimed in an unknown number of combat missions.[61] Obermaier also lists him 102 aerial victories of which 49 were claimed over the Eastern Front.[2] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Freytag was credited with 89 aerial victories, 44 on the Eastern Front and 45 on the Western Front, including three heavy bombers.[62] In addition to these claims, according to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Freytag further claimed eleven, potentially twelve, undocumented aerial victories.[63][64][65]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 35391". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15

minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[66]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Freytag did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
  This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, in some instances without an explicit sequence number.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Mathews and Foreman.
Claim# Claim! Date Time Type Location Claim# Claim! Date Time Type Location
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[4]
Action in Norway — 6 April – 10 November 1940
1 1 31 October 1940 16:00 Hudson west of Lista[67]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[4]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
# 2 28 July 1941 19:20 I-153[68] # 5 10 August 1941 16:55 I-153[69]
#
—
 3 August 1941
—
 I-16[68] # 6 12 August 1941 15:48 I-16[69]
# 3 10 August 1941 08:15 I-15[69] # 7 12 August 1941 18:35 I-16[69]
# 4 10 August 1941 10:43 I-15[69]
According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Freytag claimed eight undocumented aerial victories in the timeframe 22 August to 5 September 1941.[63] These eight claims are not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[62]
# 8 31 October 1941 10:45 MiG-3[63] # 10 29 November 1941 11:00 MiG-3[63]
# 9 27 November 1941 08:57 MiG-3[63] # 11 29 November 1941 11:18 I-16[63]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[4]
Eastern Front — 17 March – 30 April 1942
21 12 17 March 1942 12:12 I-153[70] # 19 26 March 1942 07:17 I-16[70]
22 13 17 March 1942 12:31 I-16[70] # 20 9 April 1942 12:02 I-301 (LaGG-3)[70]
23 14 19 March 1942 16:27 DB-3[70] # 21 9 April 1942 17:35 I-153[71]
24 15 19 March 1942 16:29 DB-3[70] # 22 9 April 1942 17:40 I-301 (LaGG-3)[71]
25
—
 19 March 1942
—
 DB-3[70] # 23 13 April 1942 17:20 P-40[71]
26 16 24 March 1942 07:20 SB-2[70] # 24 19 April 1942 09:00 I-153[71]
27 17 24 March 1942 07:22 SB-2[70] # 25 19 April 1942 12:13 I-16[71]
28 18 24 March 1942 09:41 DB-3[70] # 26 20 April 1942 14:25 R-5[71]
According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Freytag claimed two undocumented aerial victories in either March/April 1942.[64] These two claims are not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[62]
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[62]
Eastern Front — May 1942
# 27 1 May 1942 10:55 I-16[72]?[Note 2] # 35 11 May 1942 12:05 DB-3[73]
# 28 2 May 1942 12:42 I-16[72] # 36 13 May 1942 07:37 R-5[73]
# 29 2 May 1942 18:00 I-153[72] # 37 13 May 1942 07:55 LaGG-3[73]
# 30 8 May 1942 11:37 I-153[72] # 38 13 May 1942 14:12 Il-2[73]
# 31 8 May 1942 11:52 LaGG-3[72] # 39 13 May 1942 14:18 Yak-1[73]
# 32 8 May 1942 11:59 Il-2[72] # 40 16 May 1942 11:45 LaGG-3[74]
# 33 8 May 1942 13:40 MiG-1[72] # 41 16 May 1942 11:47 LaGG-3[74]
# 34 11 May 1942 08:50 Il-2[73]
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[75]
Eastern Front — June – 7 November 1942
# 42 8 June 1942 12:30 LaGG-3 PQ 35391[76] # 44 11 June 1942 16:05 MiG-1[77]
# 43 8 June 1942 19:10 I-153 PQ 35441[76] # 45 13 June 1942 06:15 LaGG-3[77]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[75]
Mediterranean Theater, Sicily — 1 July – 31 December 1942
58 46 6 July 1942 15:20 Spitfire[78] vicinity of Malta 69 56 30 July 1942 11:25 Spitfire[79] vicinity of Malta
59 47 9 July 1942 19:22 Spitfire[78] vicinity of Malta 70 57 3 August 1942 11:30 Spitfire[79] vicinity of Malta
60 10 July 1942 06:20 Spitfire[78] 71 58 8 August 1942 11:10 P-40[79] vicinity of Malta
61 48 18 July 1942 14:53 Spitfire[78] vicinity of Malta 72 59 8 August 1942 11:15 P-40[79] vicinity of Malta
62 49 21 July 1942 16:20 Spitfire[79] vicinity of Malta 73 60 13 August 1942 08:30 Beaufighter[80] vicinity of Malta
63 50 22 July 1942 11:35 Spitfire[79] vicinity of Malta 74 61 4 October 1942 08:10 Spitfire[80] vicinity of Malta
64 51 23 July 1942 10:36 Spitfire[79] vicinity of Malta 75 62 10 October 1942 09:02 Spitfire[80] vicinity of Malta
65 52 23 July 1942 16:46 Spitfire[79] vicinity of Malta 76 63 11 October 1942 08:32 Spitfire[80] vicinity of Malta
66 53 28 July 1942 10:40 Spitfire[79] vicinity of Malta 77 64 13 October 1942 17:12 Spitfire[80] vicinity of Malta
67 54 28 July 1942 17:25 Spitfire[79] vicinity of Malta 78 65 14 October 1942 17:46 Spitfire[65] vicinity of Malta
68 55 28 July 1942 17:27 Spitfire[79] vicinity of Malta
According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Freytag claimed one or two undocumented aerial victories over Malta.[65] These two claims are not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[62]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[75]
Mediterranean Theater, North Africa — 1 July – 31 December 1942
# 66 30 October 1942
—
 P-40 El Alamein[81] # 69 11 November 1942
—
 P-40 Sallum/Bir-el-Acra[81]
# 67 10 November 1942
—
 Spitfire[81] # 70 19 December 1942
—
 Beaufighter[81]
# 68 11 November 1942
—
 P-40 Sallum/Bir-el-Acra[81]
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[75]
Mediterranean Theater, North Africa — January 1943
84 71 1 January 1943
—
 P-40[82] 85 72 13 January 1943 08:40 Baltimore[83]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[75]
Mediterranean Theater, North Africa — 1 January – 31 December 1943
86 73 13 March 1943 17:43 P-39 50 km (31 mi) southwest of Sfax[84] 91 78 4 April 1943 17:15 Spitfire 35 km (22 mi) east of Meknassy[84]
87 74 13 March 1943 17:55 P-39 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of La Fauconnerie[84] 92 79 5 April 1943 17:12 Boston 60 km (37 mi) northwest of La Fauconnerie[84]
88 75 21 March 1943 11:47 Spitfire PQ 03 Ost 9544, 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Meknassy[84] 93 80 6 May 1943 15:55 Spitfire PQ 03 Ost 97261, west of Tunis[85]
89 76 22 March 1943 16:30 Spitfire PQ 03 Ost 04193, 12 km (7.5 mi) north of Zarat[84] 94 81 6 May 1943 18:30 Spitfire PQ 03 Ost 97431, southwest of Tunis[85]
90 77 30 March 1943 09:50 P-40 20 km (12 mi) northeast of La Fauconnerie[84] 82 13 June 1943 09:07 B-24 southeast of Pieve
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[75]
Mediterranean Theater, Italy — 1 January – 31 December 1943
95 83 4 July 1943 11:38 Spitfire PQ 13 Ost 57613, southeast of Capo Passero[85] 97 85 9 July 1943 11:00 P-40 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Trapani[85]
96 84 8 July 1943 12:25 B-17 18 km (11 mi) north-northeast of Agrigento[85] 98 86 9 July 1943 11:12 P-40 13 km (8.1 mi) southeast of Marsala[85]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[75]
Mediterranean Theater, Italy — May – June 1944
99 28 May 1944 11:42 B-24[86] 100 13 June 1944 09:07 B-24[86] PQ 14 Ost S/LF-1/4[87]
87 29 May 1944 11:43 B-24 PQ 14 Ost 66321[87]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[75]
Defense of the Reich — September – October 1944
101 88 27 September 1944 09:23 Spitfire[88] PQ 05 Ost HN-7/7[89]
Doesburg
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[75]
Ardennes Offensive — January 1945
102 89 1 January 1945
—
 Spitfire[88]

Awards

Notes

  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as the C-Certificate.[3]
  2. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1.[4]
  3. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the II./Jagdgeschwader 77[93]

References

Citations

  1. ^ "matchID - Siegfried Freytag". Fichier des décès (in French). Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Obermaier 1989, p. 114.
  3. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 340.
  5. ^ Donnelly 2004, p. 217.
  6. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1992, p. 289.
  7. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 129.
  8. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 104.
  9. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 132.
  10. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 71.
  11. ^ a b Bergström 2007, pp. 29–35.
  12. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 42.
  13. ^ Shores 1985, p. 89.
  14. ^ a b Shores, Cull & Malizia 1991, p. 380.
  15. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1991, p. 436.
  16. ^ Thomas 2015, p. 76.
  17. ^ Shores, Cull & Malizia 1991, p. 622.
  18. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 35.
  19. ^ Ring 1969, p. 198.
  20. ^ a b Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 148.
  21. ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 180.
  22. ^ Shores, Massimello & Guest 2012, p. 717 (kindle).
  23. ^ Prien et al. 2011, p. 452.
  24. ^ Murawski 2009, p. 13.
  25. ^ Shores, Ring & Hess 1975, p. 247.
  26. ^ Murawski 2009, p. 21.
  27. ^ Molesworth 2011, p. 81.
  28. ^ Murawski 2009, pp. 26–27.
  29. ^ Murawski 2009, p. 28.
  30. ^ Murawski 2009, p. 53.
  31. ^ Hooton 1997, p. 224.
  32. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 60.
  33. ^ Hooton 1997, p. 228.
  34. ^ Prien 1995, p. 1864.
  35. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2373.
  36. ^ Prien et al. 2021, p. 368.
  37. ^ Prien 1995, pp. 1954, 1968.
  38. ^ Prien 1995, p. 1968.
  39. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  40. ^ Sarkar 2011, p. 273.
  41. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 273.
  42. ^ Johnson 2000, p. 275.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g Manrho & Pütz 2004, p. 248.
  44. ^ Parker 1994, p. 268.
  45. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2004, p. 420.
  46. ^ a b Prien 1995, p. 2370.
  47. ^ a b c d e f Manrho & Pütz 2004, p. 250.
  48. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2004, p. 251.
  49. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2004, pp. 252–254.
  50. ^ Manrho & Pütz 2004, pp. 254–256.
  51. ^ a b c Manrho & Pütz 2004, p. 259.
  52. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2255.
  53. ^ Weal 1999, p. 83.
  54. ^ Prien 1995, pp. 2238, 2264.
  55. ^ Prien 1995, pp. 2305–2306.
  56. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2352.
  57. ^ Page 2020, p. 85.
  58. ^ Roba 2004, p. 15.
  59. ^ Oertle 2011.
  60. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 331.
  61. ^ Spick 1996, p. 233.
  62. ^ a b c d e Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 340–341.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003, p. 332.
  64. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 315.
  65. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2004, p. 298.
  66. ^ Planquadrat.
  67. ^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 26.
  68. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 326.
  69. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003, p. 327.
  70. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2005, p. 300.
  71. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2005, p. 301.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 296.
  73. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 297.
  74. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 299.
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 341.
  76. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 300.
  77. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 301.
  78. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2004, p. 295.
  79. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Prien et al. 2004, p. 296.
  80. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2004, p. 297.
  81. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2004, p. 299.
  82. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2423.
  83. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2424.
  84. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2011, p. 457.
  85. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2011, p. 458.
  86. ^ a b Prien 1995, p. 2434.
  87. ^ a b Prien et al. 2021, p. 372.
  88. ^ a b Prien 1995, p. 2438.
  89. ^ Prien et al. 2020, p. 37.
  90. ^ Dixon 2023, pp. 211–212.
  91. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 80.
  92. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 186.
  93. ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 319.
  94. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 122.

Bibliography

Military offices
Preceded by Acting Commander of Jagdgeschwader 77 Herz As
26 December 1944 – 29 December 1944 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Acting Commander of Jagdgeschwader 77 Herz As
7 March 1945 – 31 March 1945 		Succeeded by
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