Reinhard Seiler
Reinhard Seiler | |
---|---|
JG 104 | |
Battles/wars | |
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves |
Reinhard Seiler (30 August 1909 – 6 October 1989) was a Nazi German
Childhood and early career
Seiler was born on 30 August 1909 in Rawitsch, in the Province of Posen, at the time a Prussian province of the German Empire and now in Poland. He was the son of Justizoberwachtmeister, a police officer at court. He joined the newly created Luftwaffe in 1935 and was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 20 April 1937.[1] After completing his pilot training, he was sent to Spain with the Condor Legion, and served with 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group).[2]
On 26 August 1937, the Condor Legion attacked ships in the harbor of Gijón. Flying fighter escort to the bombers, Seiler claimed his first aerial victory when he shot down a Polikarpov I-15 fighter.[3] He claimed his second aerial victory on 4 September, a Polikarpov I-16 shot down over Asturias.[4] On 30 October, command of the Condor Legion transferred from Generalmajor Hugo Sperrle to Generalmajor Hellmuth Volkmann. Volkmann reorganized J/88, placing 2. Staffel under the command of Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) Joachim Schlichting. Seiler claimed his third aerial victory on 29 November.[5]
When Seiler returned to Germany, he was credited with nine aerial victories and was one of the leading fighter pilots of the Condor Legion. For his service in Spain, he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Gold with Diamonds (Spanienkreuz in Gold mit Schwertern und Brillanten). He was promoted to Oberleutnant on 1 April 1939.[1]
After his return from Spain, Seiler was appointed the Staffelkapitän (Squadron leader) of the newly established 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 70 (JG 70—70th Fighter Wing) on 15 July 1939. The Staffel was based at Herzogenaurach, equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 D-1 and subordinated to the I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) under the command of Major Ernst Freiherr von Berg.[6]
World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Seiler's unit was kept back and on 13 September, it formed the nucleus of the newly created I Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) which had been placed under command of Major Hans-Jürgen von Cramon-Taubadel. In consequence, Seiler's 1 Staffel was renamed 1. Staffel of JG 54. On 1 November, the Gruppe was transferred to Böblingen to patrol the southernmost region of the French-German border.[7]
He scored his first victory of the war on 10 January 1940, shooting down a French reconnaissance
Invasion of the Soviet Union
Promoted to
With the loss of
Seiler himself remained as Gruppenkommandeur of III./JG 54 for nearly one and a half years. He was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 15 October then the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 20 December 1941, having flown 200 missions. In spring 1942 Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) Hannes Trautloft had the idea for fighter interceptions of Soviet night-harassment raids on moonlit nights. A great success, they claimed 56 victories for no losses. Seiler was the most successful pilot in these missions, scoring 16 night-victories between March and June 1942[11] and he was also promoted to Major in June. Throughout 1942, JG 54 continued to cover the north: the Leningrad siege and Demyansk fronts. In December though, Seiler took his III./JG 54 to Smolensk in the centre, and then soon after in early 1943 rotated back to the west as part of Adolf Galland's mis-guided plan to swap units between the western and eastern fronts in exchange for I./Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing).[12]
"Defence of the Reich"
Re-equipping instead onto Bf 109G-4s, they spent 6 weeks on the Channel Front. Unused to operating at higher altitudes and in large formations, JG 26 Geschwaderkommodore Josef Priller refused to declare the unit ready for operations. Finally in March, they were transferred back to Oldenburg in northern Germany for further training and to stay on Defence of the Reich duties. Fittingly perhaps, with the unit's first successes on 17 April, unit commander Seiler scored his one and only Viermot (4-engine bomber) kill. However, he was already under orders to return to the Leningrad Front. On 1 May, Seiler was made the new Gruppenkommandeur of I. Gruppe of JG 54, flying the Focke-Wulf Fw 190. He replaced Hauptmann Gerhard Koall who temporarily led the Gruppe after Major Hans Philipp was transferred to take command of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) fighting in Defence of the Reich.[13]
Eastern Front
Unseasonably bad weather limited operations for the next few months and then all attention was turned to the main 1943 offensive - Operation Citadel against the Kursk salient. Seiler's I./JG 54 was transferred in June to Orel to join the fighter cover over the northern attack. On the opening day of the offensive, 5 July, he scored 5 victories to take his tally to 97. The following day he scored a further two kills. Eager to reach the magic 'century', he chased and shot down a Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters from the 30 GvIAP (Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment—Gvardeyskiy Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk). However immediately afterward he was himself shot and forced to bail out badly wounded over enemy territory east of Ponyri, midway between Orel and Kursk.[14] He was the 44th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[15] He was declared unfit for further combat duties.
In recognition of his long service and command in JG 54, he was awarded the
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Seiler was credited with 100 aerial victories during World War II.[16] Spick lists Seiler with 9 aerial victories during the Spanish Civil War and further 100 during World War II.[17] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 109 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This number includes 9 claims during the Spanish Civil War, 96 on the Eastern Front, and 4 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber.[18]
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 00254". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15
Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||||||||
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This and the ♠ (
ace-in-a-day ", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day. This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
| |||||||||||
Claim (total) |
Claim (nocturnal) |
Date | Time | Type | Location | Claim (total) |
Claim (nocturnal) |
Date | Time | Type | Location |
Spanish Civil War | |||||||||||
– 2. Staffel of Jagdgruppe 88 –[20] Spanish Civil War — August 1937 – February 1938 | |||||||||||
1 | 26 August 1937 | —
|
I-15[21] | 6 | 7 February 1938 | —
|
SB-2[22] | ||||
2 | 4 September 1937 | —
|
I-16[21] | 7 | 7 February 1938 | —
|
SB-2[22] | ||||
3 | 29 November 1937 | —
|
I-16[21] | 8 | 22 February 1938 | —
|
I-15[22] | ||||
4 | 12 January 1938 | —
|
SB-2[21] | 9 | 22 February 1938 | —
|
I-15[22] | ||||
5 | 22 January 1938 | —
|
I-16[22] | ||||||||
World War II | |||||||||||
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[20] "Phoney War" — 13 September 1939 – 9 May 1940 | |||||||||||
1 | 10 January 1940 | 12:15 | Potez 63 | south of Colmar[23] | 2 | 7 April 1940 | —
|
M.S.406 | west of Strasbourg[23] | ||
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[20] Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June – 23 September 1940 | |||||||||||
3 | 5 August 1940 | 09:15 | Spitfire | English Channel[24] | |||||||
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[25] Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – July 1941 | |||||||||||
4 | 22 June 1941 | 05:55 | SB-2 | northeast of Kowno[26] | 6 | 22 June 1941 | 05:58 | SB-2 | west of Kowno[26] | ||
5 | 22 June 1941 | 05:57 | SB-2 | north of Kowno[26] | |||||||
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[25] Operation Barbarossa — July – 1 October 1941 | |||||||||||
7 | 6 July 1941 | 10:18 | SB-3 | Ostrov[26] | 21 | 15 August 1941 | 19:00 | I-18 | north of Vitino[27] | ||
8 | 6 July 1941 | 10:24 | SB-3 | northwest of Baraki[26] | 22 | 8 September 1941 | 16:03 | I-16 | north of Djeskoje Selo[28] | ||
9 | 6 July 1941 | 17:34 | SB-3 | southwest of Ostrov[26] | 23 | 8 September 1941 | 16:45 | I-153 | south of Wladimirskoje[28] | ||
10 | 7 July 1941 | 10:31 | SB-3 | northeast of Ostrov[26] | 24 | 9 September 1941 | 09:05 | I-16 | southeast of Krasnoye Selo[28] | ||
11 | 7 July 1941 | 11:00 | SB-3 | Ostrov[26] | 25 | 9 September 1941 | 09:35 | I-18 (MiG-1) | south of Marijino[28] | ||
12 | 7 July 1941 | 19:15 | I-18 (MiG-1) | north of Ostrov[29] | 26 | 9 September 1941 | 17:15 | I-16 | northeast of Krasnogvardeysk[28] | ||
13 | 22 July 1941 | 18:05 | I-18 (MiG-1) | north of Krasnoye Selo[27] | 27 | 11 September 1941 | 11:15 | I-18 (MiG-1) | Nowa[28] | ||
14 | 22 July 1941 | 18:08 | I-18 (MiG-1) | southwest of Krasnoye Selo[27] | 28 | 17 September 1941 | 12:30 | I-18 (MiG-1) | south of Lewaschewo[28] | ||
15 | 31 July 1941 | 16:55 | I-18 (MiG-1) | northwest of Krasnoye Selo[27] | 29 | 21 September 1941 | 17:05 | I-18 (MiG-1) | south of Leningrad[28]
| ||
16 | 31 July 1941 | 19:50 | I-18 (MiG-1) | north of Pulkowa[27] | 30 | 23 September 1941 | 13:21 | I-153 | north of Kolpino[28]
| ||
17 | 13 August 1941 | 05:32 | I-16 | Molskowitzi[27] | 31 | 24 September 1941 | 10:12 | I-15[28]?[Note 1] | |||
18 | 13 August 1941 | 11:00 | I-18 (MiG-1) | north of Witino[27] | 32 | 26 September 1941 | 05:55 | I-18 (MiG-1) | southeast of Leningrad[28] | ||
19 | 15 August 1941 | 14:45 | I-18 (MiG-1) | south of Wochonowo airfield[27] | 33 | 29 September 1941 | 15:58 | I-16 | west of Shlisselburg[28] | ||
20?[Note 2] | 15 August 1941 | 14:46 | I-16 | Wochonowo airfield[27] | |||||||
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[25] Operation Barbarossa — 1 October – 5 December 1941 | |||||||||||
34 | 5 October 1941 | 17:00 | I-15 | west of Ust-Starawjanka[30] | 39 | 25 October 1941 | 16:44 | I-153?[Note 3] | north of the bend of the Neva[30]
| ||
35 | 11 October 1941 | 15:40 | I-15 | north of Oranienbaum[30] | 40 | 29 October 1941 | 11:07 | I-26 (Yak-1) | southwest of Gorka[30] | ||
36 | 24 October 1941 | 14:02 | I-18 (MiG-1) | Mursinka[30] | 41 | 1 December 1941 | 09:55 | R-10 (Seversky )
|
north of Kobona[31] | ||
37 | 24 October 1941 | 14:08 | I-18 (MiG-1) | Szalaski[30] | 42 | 1 December 1941 | 14:25 | I-180 (Yak-7) | southwest of Koretschi[31] | ||
38 | 25 October 1941 | 16:42 | I-153 | north of the bend of the Neva[30] | |||||||
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[25] Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 20 February 1942 | |||||||||||
43 | 7 December 1941 | 12:15 | I-180 (Yak-7) | west of Kobona[32] | 45 | 26 January 1942 | 11:55 | I-26 (Yak-1) | southeast of Grjadi[33] | ||
44 | 26 January 1942 | 08:50 | I-18 (MiG-1) | Osmaskij[33] | 46 | 26 January 1942 | 12:00 | I-26 (Yak-1) | east of Dora[33] | ||
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[25] Eastern Front — 1 May 1942 – 3 February 1943 | |||||||||||
47 | 29 May 1942 | 13:30?[Note 4] | I-180 (Yak-7) | PQ 00254, mal Muschkino[34] 15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Shlisselburg |
65 | 13 | 26 June 1942 | 00:17?[Note 5] | R-5[36] | east of Kretschno[37] | |
?[Note 6] | 29 May 1942 | 11:30 | Yak-7[25] | 66 | 14 | 27 June 1942 | 23:48 | R-5[38] | southwest of Mostki[37] | ||
48 | 1 | 11 June 1942 | 23:35 | R-5[39] | east of Mjasnoj Bor[34] | 67 | 15 | 27 June 1942 | 24:00 | R-5[38] | south of Mostki[37] |
49 | 2 | 12 June 1942 | 00:30 | R-5[39] | east of Mjasnoj Bor[34] | 68 | 1 August 1942 | 18:34 | Pe-2 | PQ 90453, west-southwest of Terwolowo[40] 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Volosovo | |
50 | 12 June 1942 | 16:08 | MiG-3 | PQ 19251, south of Orelje[34] 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Spasskaya Polist |
69 | 2 August 1942 | 16:55 | Yak-1 | PQ 00164, Aleksandrowka[40] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Leningrad | ||
51 | 12 June 1942 | 16:10?[Note 7] | MiG-3 | north of Orelje[34] | 70 | 11 August 1942 | 17:55 | MiG-3 | PQ 29711, northwest of Beresko[41] 45 km (28 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa | ||
52 | 3 | 14 June 1942 | 22:45 | R-5[39] | PQ 19152, west of Spasskaya Polist[34] 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Spasskaya Polist |
71 | 11 August 1942 | 17:58 | MiG-3 | PQ 29712, northwest of Beresko[41] 45 km (28 mi) northeast of Staraya Russa | |
53 | 4 | 14 June 1942 | 23:15 | R-5[39] | PQ 19134, northwest of Kretschno[34] vicinity of Spasskaya Polist |
72 | 20 August 1942 | 17:17 | Yak-1 | PQ 00421, east of Kolpino[41] Pushkin-Mga | |
54 | 5 | 15 June 1942 | 23:20 | R-5[39] | east of Kretschno[34] | 73 | 30 August 1942 | 13:42 | I-16 | PQ 00143, north of Uljanka[42] 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Leningrad | |
55 | 6 | 15 June 1942 | 23:30?[Note 8] | Yak-1[39] | east of Orelje[34] | 74 | 1 September 1942 | 12:25 | MiG-3 | PQ 10211, north of Lawrowo[43] 45 km (28 mi) west of Volkhov | |
56 | 7 | 15 June 1942 | 24:00 | R-5[39] | east of Kretschno[34] | 75 | 5 September 1942 | 12:15 | Il-2 | PQ 00412, south of Kolpino[44] 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Pushkin | |
57 | 8 | 16 June 1942 | 00:20 | R-5[39] | Prijutino[34] | 76 | 5 September 1942 | 12:25 | Il-2 | PQ 00281, northeast of Kretschmino[44] 20 km (12 mi) west of Mga | |
58 | 20 June 1942 | 19:28 | P-40 | east of Mal. Opotschiwalowo[34] | 77 | 11 September 1942 | 08:42 | MiG-3 | PQ 01774, southeast of Pjesk[45] 20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Volchov | ||
59 | 9 | 22 June 1942 | 23:05 | PS-84[46] | Kretschno[34] | 78 | 21 September 1942 | 11:15 | Yak-1 | PQ 10244, northeast of Shelannoje[45] 25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Shlisselburg | |
60 | 10 | 22 June 1942 | 23:08 | PS-84[46] | east-northeast of Mjasnoj Bor[34] | 79 | 28 October 1942 | 11:53 | LaGG-3 | PQ 28112, east of Topolywa[47] 40 km (25 mi) northwest of Demyansk | |
61 | 23 June 1942 | 21:13 | Yak-1 | east of Mjasnoj Bor[37] | 80 | 29 October 1942 | 10:33 | LaGG-3 | PQ 18261, Werschinasee[47] 30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa | ||
62 | 11 | 25 June 1942 | 23:41?[Note 9] | R-5[36] | east of Kretschno[37] | 81 | 31 October 1942 | 07:28 | Il-2 | PQ 18263, southwest of Gertschizy[47] 30 km (19 mi) east-southeast of Staraya Russa | |
63 | 12 | 25 June 1942 | 23:50 | R-5[36] | east of Kretschno[37] | 82 | 14 November 1942 | 11:32 | LaGG-3 | PQ 20143, Twadnowo[47] west-southwest of Volkhov | |
64 | ?[Note 10] | 26 June 1942 | 00:15?[Note 11] | R-5 | east of Kretschno[37] | ||||||
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[25] Western Front — 27 March – 28 April 1943 | |||||||||||
83 | 17 April 1943 | 13:04 | B-17 | Bremen[48] | |||||||
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 –[25] Eastern Front — 1 May – 6 July 1943 | |||||||||||
84 | 27 May 1943 | 19:58 | LaGG-3 | PQ 36 Ost 10752[49] 25 km (16 mi) south of Lyuban |
93♠ | 5 July 1943 | 12:20 | P-39 | PQ 35 Ost 63563, northeast of Ponyri[50] 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Maloarkhangelsk | ||
85 | 12 June 1943 | 07:18 | MiG-3 | PQ 36 Ost 10114, southeast of Shlisselburg[49] | 94♠ | 5 July 1943 | 12:25 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63573, west of Ponyri[50] 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | ||
86 | 19 June 1943 | 21:07 | LaGG-3 | PQ 36 Ost 20111[51] west of Volkhov |
95♠ | 5 July 1943 | 12:27 | MiG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63714[50] 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | ||
87 | 21 June 1943 | 15:27 | LaGG-3 | 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Novaya Ladoga[51] 35 km (22 mi) northeast of Volkhov |
96♠ | 5 July 1943 | 18:29 | Il-2 | PQ 35 Ost 63624[50] 20 km (12 mi) northeast of Maloarkhangelsk | ||
88 | 21 June 1943 | 15:43 | LaGG-3 | PQ 36 Ost 21123, Wolchowstroj[51] Lake Ladoga |
97♠ | 5 July 1943 | 18:35 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63654[50] 35 km (22 mi) east-northeast of Maloarkhangelsk | ||
89 | 21 June 1943 | 19:59 | La-5 | PQ 36 Ost 20272, northwest of Wolchowstroj[51] 35 km (22 mi) west of Volkhov |
98 | 6 July 1943 | 08:20 | La-5 | PQ 35 Ost 63534[50] 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Maloarkhangelsk | ||
90 | 22 June 1943 | 02:18 | Il-2 | PQ 36 Ost 00621[51] 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Gatchina |
99 | 6 July 1943 | 14:21 | LaGG-3 | PQ 35 Ost 63572[50] 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | ||
91 | 23 June 1943 | 20:10 | LaGG-3 | PQ 36 Ost 01841, east of Uglowo[51] | 100 | 6 July 1943 | 14:36 | P-39 | PQ 35 Ost 63593[50] 20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Maloarkhangelsk | ||
92 | 24 June 1943 | 07:07 | LaGG-3 | PQ 36 Ost 20122, north of Wolchowstroj[51] west of Volkhov |
Awards
- Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords and Diamonds (6 June 1939)
- Iron Cross (1939)
- Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (20 August 1941)[2]
- German Cross in Gold on 15 October 1941 as Hauptmann in the 1./Jagdgeschwader 54[53]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Promotions
20 April 1937: | Leutnant (second lieutenant)[1] |
1 April 1939: | Oberleutnant (first lieutenant)[1] |
1 December 1940: | Hauptmann (captain)[1] |
1 March 1943: | Major (major)[57] |
Notes
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Polikarpov I-153.[25]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[25]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Polikarpov I-15.[25]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:30.[25]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 00:37.[35]
- ^ This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[34]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:10.[25]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 23:20.[25]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 23:42.[35]
- ^ This claim is not listed by Foreman, Mathews and Parry in Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945.[36]
- ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 20:05.[35]
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Stockert 2007, p. 38.
- ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 62.
- ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 79.
- ^ Forsyth 2011, p. 80.
- ^ Forsyth 2011, pp. 85, 103.
- ^ Prien et al. 2000, pp. 208, 256.
- ^ Prien et al. 2001, pp. 419–420.
- ^ Weal 2001a, p. 18.
- ^ Weal 2001a, p. 25.
- ^ Goss 2011, p. 25.
- ^ Weal 2001a, p. 54.
- ^ Weal 2001a, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 165.
- ^ Bergström 2007, p. 48.
- ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
- ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 331.
- ^ Spick 1996, p. 232.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1209–1211.
- ^ Planquadrat.
- ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1209.
- ^ a b c d Forsyth 2011, p. 103.
- ^ a b c d e Forsyth 2011, p. 104.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2001, p. 426.
- ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 300.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1210.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2003, p. 199.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2003, p. 201.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Prien et al. 2003, p. 202.
- ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 200.
- ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003, p. 266.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 268.
- ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 249.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 250.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Prien et al. 2006, p. 213.
- ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1211.
- ^ a b c d Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 47.
- ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 217.
- ^ a b Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 48.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 45.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 218.
- ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 219.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 221.
- ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 222.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 223.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 224.
- ^ a b Foreman, Mathews & Parry 2004, p. 46.
- ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 226.
- ^ Prien et al. 2009, p. 284.
- ^ a b Prien et al. 2012, p. 174.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2012, p. 176.
- ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2012, p. 175.
- ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 312.
- ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 441.
- ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 700.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 398.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 79.
- ^ Stockert 2007, p. 39.
Bibliography
- Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-903223-88-8.
- ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Foreman, John; Mathews, Johannes; Parry, Simon (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-0-9538061-4-0.
- Forsyth, Robert (2011). Aces of the Legion Condor. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 99. Oxford, UK: ISBN 978-1-84908-347-8.
- Goss, Chris (2011). Luftwaffe Fighters and Bombers: The Battle of Britain. London: Stackpole. ISBN 978-0-8117-0749-7.
- Jacobs, Peter (2014). Aces of the Luftwaffe: The Jagdflieger in the Second World War. ISBN 978-1-4738-4087-4.
- Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 4 S–Z. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-21-9.
- Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
- Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
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- Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5.
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