Woolwich
Woolwich (/ˈwʊlɪtʃ, -ɪdʒ/) is a town in southeast London, England, within the Royal Borough of Greenwich.
The district's location on the River Thames led to its status as an important naval, military and industrial area; a role that was maintained throughout the 16th to 20th centuries. After several decades of economic hardship and social deprivation, the area now has several large-scale urban renewal projects.
Geography
Woolwich is situated 8.5 miles (13.7 km) from Charing Cross. It has a 1.6 mi (2.5 km) long frontage to the south bank of the River Thames. From the riverside it rises up quickly along the northern slopes of Shooter's Hill towards the common, at 200 ft (60 m) and the ancient London–Dover Road, at 433 ft (132 m). The ancient parish of Woolwich, more or less the present-day wards Woolwich Riverside and Woolwich Common, comprises 734 acres (297 ha). This included North Woolwich, which is now part of the London Borough of Newham. The ancient parishes of Plumstead and Eltham became part of the civil parish of Woolwich in 1930.[2] Parts of the wards Glyndon and Shooter's Hill are often referred to as Woolwich, although this definition is not accepted by all. The nearest areas are Abbey Wood, Blackheath, Charlton, Eltham, Greenwich, Kidbrooke, Lewisham, North Woolwich, Plumstead, Shooter's Hill, Thamesmead, Welling and Well Hall.
Demography
Census data is collected by borough and ward so identifying the population of Woolwich is not straightforward. If the area is taken to approximate to the Woolwich Common, Woolwich Riverside and Glyndon Wards, then the population was 54,790 at the time of the 2011 census.[3]
If it is also taken to include the Plumstead and Shooters Hill Wards then it rises to 84,959 at the 2011 census.[4]
History
Early history
Woolwich has been inhabited since at least the Iron Age. Remains of a probably Celtic oppidum, established sometime between the 3rd and 1st century BCE, in the late Roman period re-used as a fort, were found at the current Waterfront development site between Beresford Street and the Thames.[5] According to the Survey of London (Volume 48: Woolwich), "this defensive earthwork encircled the landward sides of a riverside settlement, the only one of its kind so far located in the London area, that may have been a significant port, anterior to London". A path connected the riverside settlement with Watling Street (Shooter's Hill), perhaps also of Iron Age origin. Sandy Hill Road may be a remnant of this early path.[6]
It is generally believed that the name Woolwich derives from an
From the 10th till the mid-12th century Woolwich was controlled by the abbots of
Medieval Woolwich was susceptible to flooding. In 1236 many were killed by a flood. Woolwich Ferry was first mentioned in 1308 but may be older. Around Bell Water Gate some private shipbuilding or repair may have existed in the 15th century. A windmill was mentioned around 1450.[11] Several pottery kilns have been discovered north of Woolwich High Street and Beresford Street, testifying of a perhaps unbroken tradition of pottery production from at least the 14th century until the 17th century.[12]
Military expansion
Woolwich remained a relatively small Kentish settlement until the beginning of the 16th century, when it began to develop into a maritime, military and industrial centre. In 1512 it became home to
Following the establishment of the dockyard,
The Board of Ordnance maintained its own establishment of military personnel, many of whom were based in the Warren. In 1716 it had (by a royal warrant of George I) formed the
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Tower Place and the old Royal Military Academy, 1775
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The Royal Artillery Band marching through Woolwich, early 19th century
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Open-air storage at the Royal Arsenal in the mid-19th century
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Royal Horse Artillery Review at the Royal Military Academy 1850
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Royal Artillery Barracks, c. 1900
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Old Woolwich in 1929. On the hill: the parish church and the Red Barracks.
Economic development
Employment
Throughout the 18th century the navy yard remained the town's main employer with between 500 and 1,400 men working in the docks. Due to the malarial marshlands, it was not a popular place to work and for that reason Woolwich dockyard workers were paid as much as a third more than in other naval towns. These were mostly skilled artisans who were generally literate, Nonconformist and well-organized. The number of artillery men grew from around 200 in 1716 to around 1,500 in 1801. Soldiers were generally held in contempt, earning about a quarter of dockyard labourers' wages. At the height of the Napoleonic Wars, there were more soldiers (3,000) than dockyard and ropeyard workers (2,000), while the arsenal employed as many as 5,000. After the end of the wars, thousands were discharged, causing great distress. In the 1840s, a steam factory gave a new lease of life to the dockyard and the 1850s saw a huge expansion of the arsenal during and after the Crimean War.[15]
The presence of the dockyard, the arsenal and other military institutions stimulated economic growth in other areas, notably in commercial activities and entertainment. The ropeyard was established around 1570 and survived until 1832. Throughout the 17th century two
Retail
Woolwich market received its charter in 1618 but is certainly older. The market, which had long been established in the High Street in Old Woolwich (at a location called Market Hill), had gradually drifted towards the Royal Arsenal's main gatehouse, more or less at its present location. This was not approved by the authorities and a new market was set up in the Bathway Quarter around 1810. This proved to be a failure and is remembered only in the name of Market Street. Until 1879, the market at Beresford Square remained illegal and was regularly cleared by the police. After it was legalized, it had room for 136 stalls. Italo Svevo described it as "very lively" in 1903. In 1936, a covered market opened in Plumstead Road but never formed a threat to the main market. Beresford Square had the largest public houses (of which Woolwich had many).[17] Powis Street and Hare Street, laid out in the early 19th century, became the main shopping streets. A number of Victorian shop facades, many designed by local architect Henry Hudson Church, have survived.[18]
In 1868 the
Urban development
Population
Around 1500, at the beginning of the military and naval expansion, Woolwich had only a few hundred inhabitants. In 1665, when Samuel Pepys stayed here to escape the Great Plague, the population was estimated at 1,200 or more, of which about 300 worked in the dockyard. Around 1720, the town's population had risen to 6,500, reaching almost 10,000 in 1801. During the booming wartime decade that followed, population reached a peak of 17,000. After a period of stagnation, building activity picked up in the 1830s. Woolwich' built-up area expanded southward with workers' houses mostly close to the river and officers' houses around Woolwich Common and further up the hill. In 1841 Woolwich had a population of 27,785; in 1861 this had risen to 41,695. At this point there were 4,596 houses in the parish, with little space left for building; further development took place in Plumstead, Charlton and North Woolwich, later also in Eltham. After a dip in the late 19th century, in 1901 the population of the parish of Woolwich stood at the same level as 40 years earlier: 41,625. Victorian Woolwich was a rich social mix with skilled engineers along with unskilled labourers (including women and children) working at the Arsenal and other factories, large numbers of soldiers (making up 10–15% of the population) and a small bourgeoisie consisting of military officers and the commercial and professional elite. Some areas of the town were notoriously overcrowded; the so-called Dusthole near the river was considered one of London's worst slums.[15]
Infrastructure
Until the arrival of the railways, the Thames was the principal artery connecting Woolwich to London. In 1834 the Woolwich Steam Packet Company greatly improved river traffic and in 1889 the Woolwich Free Ferry made it easier to live in North Woolwich and work in the Arsenal, or to live in Woolwich and work in the Docklands. The North Kent Line from London via Greenwich and Woolwich to Gillingham opened in 1849. The station building was rebuilt in 1906 and again in 1992–93.[19] Woolwich was also on the route of two London trams of the first generation (1881–1952).[20]
The post-war period brought massive changes to the town's fabric and infrastructure. Roads were widened and entire neighbourhoods pulled down to make room for modern housing, some of it in tower blocks. The widening of Woolwich High Street and Beresford Street left little of the
Education
Woolwich was the location of the first free kindergarten in the UK. The Woolwich Mission Kindergarten opened in 1900, and began in a room provided by a Christian socialist vicar of Holy Trinity church in New Charlton, the Rev. Walter Wragge. It was founded by his sister, Adelaide Wragge, the Fröbel-influenced principal of Blackheath Kindergarten Training College.[23]
Leisure
In the 18th century, Woolwich Cricket Club, later Royal Artillery Cricket Club, were well-known cricket clubs. Cricket and other sports were mainly played by military officers and students at the Royal Military Academy. Arsenal F.C. was founded in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal. Initially known as Dial Square, then Royal Arsenal and then Woolwich Arsenal, they soon drew large crowds to their ground in Plumstead. In 1913 they moved to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, North London. Royal Ordnance Factories F.C. was founded in response to Woolwich Arsenal joining the League but only lasted a few years.
Woolwich had several theatres and cinemas. The Theatre Royal in Beresford Street, later renamed Empire Theatre or Woolwich Empire, was the biggest. Dating from the 1830s, it was enlarged in the 1880s and 1890s, seating about 2,000. It both served as a variety theater and cinema, ending up as a strip-joint. It was demolished in 1960. Shortly after 1900, three new theaters opened with a combined capacity of 4,430. The Century cinema, which faced Beresford Square, was previously known as Premier Cinema and Royal Arsenal Cinema. It was built in 1913 with 669 seats, closed in 1961 and demolished for redevelopment in the late 1960s. The Grand Theatre in Wellington Street opened in 1900 as a variety theatre with a capacity of 1,680. It became the Woolwich Hippodrome in 1908 and a full-time cinema in 1923. Rebuilt in 1955 as the Regal Cinema, it closed in 1982, was then used as a nightclub and demolished in 2015. The Granada cinema and the Odeon, later Coronet, both seating around 2,500, are imposing buildings from the 1930s that have both been converted into Pentecostal churches.[24]
Local government
The
Post-war history
Decline
Woolwich declined as a town in the late 20th century, starting with the closure of the
In 1974 the
The
Regeneration
Recent and anticipated regeneration in the area means that it is expected that the district, identified in the
Woolwich started to enjoy the beginning of a renaissance with the residential redevelopment of the former Royal Arsenal. Most historic buildings on the site have been renovated and converted into apartments. Several thousands of homes have been built or are under construction and thousands more are planned, mainly luxury apartments in tower blocks near the river. Additionally, a riverside walk, several parks, a museum, a range of shops, cafés, pubs and restaurants, and a farmers' market have made the Arsenal a desirable place to live. In 2017 it was announced that the borough has acquired five historic buildings around No 1 Street to create a £31 million creative district. It will feature a 1,200-seat auditorium for concerts and events, a performance courtyard that seats up to 600, a 450-seat black box theatre and a riverside restaurant. The Greenwich Heritage Centre will move to new premises. The site will further include offices, studios and rehearsal spaces for resident companies such as Academy Performing Arts, Dash Arts, Chickenshed Theatre, Protein Dance, Greenwich Dance and Greenwich+Docklands International Festival.[34][35] The creative district opened as Woolwich Works in September 2021.[36]
A large-scale redevelopment of the area west of
On the other side of General Gordon Square the 1930s Woolwich Equitable building was refurbished. Next to Woolwich Town Hall on Wellington Street, the 1950s Woolwich Grand Theatre (formerly the ABC Regal Cinema, then Flamingo's Nightclub) briefly reopened as an arts centre with a cafe but in 2015 the building was demolished to make room for apartments.
Redevelopment around the "Woolwich Triangle" at the west end of Powis Street is partly underway. It originally envisaged demolition of the
Heritage
For centuries the area between the Thames and the present-day
Royal Arsenal
The older parts of the Royal Arsenal constitute a conservation area. Most buildings of historic interest have been restored and given new uses. The Royal Brass Foundry (1717) is a grade I listed building, while the Dial Arch (1717–20), the Old Royal Military Academy (1720) and the Grand Store (1806–13) are Grade II* listed. Other listed buildings include the Royal Arsenal Gatehouse, Middle Gatehouse, the Main Guard House, two small guardhouses near the Thames, the Shell Foundry Gatehouse, Verbruggen House and two twin pavilions in Laboratory Square, the oldest structures on the site (1696).
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Royal Brass Foundry
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Cannon near the Old Royal Military Academy
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Converted warehouses at the Royal Arsenal
Woolwich Dockyard and Riverside
At Woolwich Dockyard relatively little of historic interest remains. The main monumental building complex comprises a small cluster of 18th-century buildings: the entrance gate, the guardhouse and the so-called Clock House (Dockyard offices). A pair of 19th-century
Between the Arsenal and the Dockyard lies an area that was once Old Woolwich, a part of the town where little of historical interest remains and that, once again, is facing redevelopment. The round entrance building of the Woolwich foot tunnel dates from 1912. Further west, the Thames Barrier is an interesting example of modern architecture and technical achievement. The Thames Path is a National Trail that connects these sites.
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Woolwich Dockyard entrance gate
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The Dockyard chimney
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Entrance building Woolwich foot tunnel
Other military buildings
Elsewhere, monumental buildings testify of Woolwich's rich military history.
The
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Ruined Garrison Church (1863)
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John Nash'sRotunda(1814/20)
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Former Connaught Barracks (1780)
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Engineer House (1858)
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Government House (1781)
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Former Red Barracks gate (1860)
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Gatehouse Cambridge Barracks (1848)
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Rushgrove House (1806)
Woolwich Centre
Virtually nothing is left of the old town of Woolwich which was near the ferry and the parish church along the Thames. In the early 19th century the commercial and administrative centre moved south to its present location around Powis Street, Beresford Square and the Bathway Quarter. Although 20th-century economic decline and infrastructural works have had their effects, there are still some interesting buildings in Woolwich town centre. The best preserved area is perhaps the Bathway Quarter with the former Public Baths, the Old and New Town Hall, the former Magistrates Court and Police Station, the Old Public Library and several historic buildings of Woolwich Polytechnic.
In nearby Powis Street and Hare Street some late Victorian shop façades have been preserved, notably by local architect Henry Hudson Church. The western end of Powis Street is dominated by two former Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society (RACS) department stores, one late Victorian, the other one in Art Deco style. Nearer to the river are two large cinemas, both built in 1937 and both in use as Pentecostal church halls. The former Odeon Cinema (now occupied by the New Wine Church) is a fine example of an Art Deco theatre; the former Granada Cinema has lavish interior decorations.
Of the grand houses that once stretched along Woolwich Common and dotted the northern slopes of Shooter's Hill, little remains. Rushgrove House, Shrewsbury House and Woodhill Court survive but have lost their spacious gardens. Woolwich parish church,
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Former Woolwich Polytechnic College
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Victorian RACS building
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Art deco former RACS department store
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Former Odeon Cinema
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Former Granada Cinema
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Gurdwara Ramgarhia
Nature
Parks in central Woolwich are generally small. St Mary's Gardens has been laid out as a park in Romantic style on the grounds of the former churchyard of the
Shrewsbury Park, Plumstead Common, Woolwich Common and Oxleas Wood are situated higher up the hill and are all part of the South East London Green Chain. Repository Woods is a forested part of Woolwich Common. The area around the lake is a military training ground that is not open to the public. The same applies to Mulgrave Pond and Shooters Hill golf course.
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St Mary's Gardens
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Wellington Park
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Dial Arch Square
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New Riverside Park
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Shrewsbury Park
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Repository Woods
Sports and leisure
Greenwich Council has plans to demolish the 1980s Waterfront Leisure Centre next to the Woolwich Ferry and build a new leisure centre in Wilmount Street. There is an indoor climbing wall in the Docklands area.
Education and culture
The University of Greenwich's dramatic arts department is based in the historic Bathway Quarter in the centre of Woolwich. The old Grand Theatre, which briefly reopened in the 2010s, closed in 2015. The Tramshed, until 1953 an electricity sub-station for the borough's tramways, is a music and entertainment venue run by the Royal Borough of Greenwich.[50] Woolwich currently has no movie theatres. Cinemas are included in the plans for Spray Street quarter and the Island site.[51][52] The town was used as a location for the 2006 film Children of Men.
Woolwich has one museum, the
Transport
National Rail
DLR
Elizabeth line
Woolwich railway station opened in May 2022 on Elizabeth line with services towards Abbey Wood, Canary Wharf, central London and Heathrow Airport.
Buses
Woolwich is served by many
Woolwich Ferry
The free Woolwich Ferry service operates across the River Thames to North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham carrying trucks, cars, cyclists and pedestrians during the day until 20:00 on Weekdays. A two boat service runs on Mondays to Fridays with weekends being served by a one boat service. The Woolwich foot tunnel is also available for use by pedestrians (and cyclists pushing their cycles) at any time. It is served by lifts during traditional shopping hours.
London River Services
Airport
London City Airport is not too far away from here and it was built in the 1980s.
Notable people
- Victor Brooks, (1918–2000), actor, born in Woolwich.
- Garry Bushell (born 1955), journalist and political activist, born in Woolwich.
- Tom Cribb, 19th-century bare-knuckle boxer, born in Bristol but resided and died aged 66 in Woolwich in 1848, he was buried in St. Mary's cemetery. A road in Woolwich is named after him.
- Stella Duffy, novelist and playwright, born in Woolwich later moved to Eltham.
- Bernardine Evaristo, writer, raised in Woolwich.
- Boy George, songwriter and lead singer for the band Culture Club, raised in Woolwich
- Charles George Gordon (1833–1885), general, born in Woolwich.
- Charles Hutton Gregory (1817–1888), civil engineer, born in Woolwich.
- Olinthus Gregory (1774–1841), mathematician (and father of Charles Hutton Gregory), lived and died in Woolwich.
- Joseph Grimaldi (1778–1837), pantomime clown, lived in Woolwich during the early 1830s before moving to Islington.
- Jeremy Healy, DJ and member of Haysi Fantayzee, born in Woolwich.
- Charles Hutton (1737–1823), mathematician, lived and died in Woolwich.
- George Thomas Landmann (1779–1854), military and civil engineer, born and raised in Woolwich.
- Jonathan Guy Lewis (born 1963), actor, born in Woolwich.
- William Livingstone Robe (1791–1815), army officer, born in Woolwich.
- Richard Lovelace (1618–1657), poet, born in Woolwich.
- Forbes Macbean FRS (1725–1800), army officer, lived and died in Woolwich.
- Carlo Martelli, (born 1935) has lived in Woolwich since the early 1960s.
- Scott Maslen (born 1971), actor and model, born in Woolwich.
- Keith Milow (born in 1945), painter and sculptor, lives in Woolwich.
- Glenn Morris (1983), footballer, born in Woolwich.
- Noizy (born 1986), Albanian musician and actor, lived in Woolwich.
- William Ranwell (1797–1861), artist, lived and died in Woolwich.
- Ray Richardson (born 1964), painter, born and lives in Woolwich.
- Frederick Robe (1801–1871), Governor of South Australia, born in Woolwich.
- William Robe (1765–1820), army officer and architect, born and died in Woolwich.
- John Scott (1757–1832), evangelical and pacifist, born in Woolwich.
- Sylvia Syms (1934–2023), actress, born in Woolwich.
- John Tapner (c. 1823–1854), last person executed in the island of Guernsey, came from Woolwich.
- Glenn Tilbrook (born 1957), guitarist, born in Woolwich.
- Neil Vartan (1962–1994), cricketer, born in Woolwich.
- Lesley Vickerage (born 1961), actress, born in Woolwich.
- George Whale (1849–1925), solicitor and bibliophile, Mayor of Woolwich, founded the Samuel Pepys Club In 1903.
- Ian Wright (born 1963), former professional footballer, born in Woolwich.
See also
- List of people from Greenwich
- List of schools in Greenwich
- Royal Ordnance Factory
- Woolwich Old Cemetery, Kings Highway, Plumstead)
References
- ^ Woolwich is made up of 5 wards in the London Borough of Greenwich: Glyndon, Plumstead, Shooters Hill, Woolwich Common, and Woolwich Riverside. "2011 Census Ward Population Estimates | London DataStore". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 1–2.
- ^ Services, Good Stuff IT. "Greenwich - UK Census Data 2011". UK Census Data. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "2011 Census Ward Population Estimates | London DataStore". Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- ^ [1] Archived 28 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), p. 2.
- ^ M. Little: '76 skeletons have been discovered from Saxon Woolwich', originally published by southlondonpress.co.uk, 16 October 2015.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 2–3.
- ^ Wilson, John Marius. "Descriptive Gazetteer Entry for WOOLWICH". A vision of Britain through time. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 2–5.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 2, 5.
- ^ John Cotter, "Medieval London-type Ware Kilns Discovered at Woolwich". In: Medieval Pottery Research Group, newsletter 6, 1 August 2008, pp. 3–5 (PDF Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine).
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), p. 130.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), p. 129.
- ^ a b Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 9–17.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 15, 41.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 49, 226–227.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 197–200.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 18–22.
- ^ BBC on this day: 6 July accessed 23 April 2007
- ^ "Woolwich Polytechnic Day Schools". AIM25. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 269–275
- ^ Brehony, Kevin J., (2000) "The kindergarten in England 1851–1918". In: Wollons, Roberta (2000). Kindergartens and cultures: the global diffusion of an idea. New Haven. Yale University Press. p. 72
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 15, 80, 228, 275–276.
- ^ In 1991 27% of the population of St Mary's Ward (the area south of the Dockyard) was unemployed; 84% lived in council housing. Saint & Guillery (2012), p. 17.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), pp. 17–18.
- ^ Neate, Rupert (18 November 2014). "UK fast-food workers get US lesson in protesting against poverty wages". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- ^ Interview with McDonald's UK CEO Evening Standard 16 December 1991 accessed 23 April 2007
- ^ "Pictures of the destruction on Woolwich streets following a night of violence and looting". Newsshopper.co.uk. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ "Man dead in suspected Woolwich terror attack". English Heritage list. BBC News Online. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ Ministry of Defense (November–December 2016). "A better defense estate" (PDF). The Crown. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2016.
- ^ Mayor of London (March 2015). "London Plan (Consolidated with Alterations since 2011), page 374" (PDF). Greater London Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2015.
- ^ Woolwich Town Centre Masterplan SPD (April 2012), pp. 12–14, 60–61.
- ^ "New creative district for London in the heart of Woolwich". Royalgreenwich.gov.uk. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
- ^ Hill, Liz (30 March 2017). "Go-ahead for Woolwich creative district". Artsprofessional.co.uk. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
- ^ Bennett-Ness, Jamie (18 May 2021). "Woolwich Works £32m restoration to open in September". www.newsshopper.co.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
- ^ DLR service change from 10 January 2009 Archived 4 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 13 January 2009
- ^ Gilligan, Andrew (28 August 2008). "Olympics minister orders rethink over 2012 plans for Greenwich park – Olympics – Evening Standard". Thisislondon.co.uk. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ Fancyapint Ltd (6 April 2010). "Director General public house". Fancyapint.com. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ "Woolwich Civic Offices". Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
- ^ "Woolwich Central, retail and housing". Willmott Dixon. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- ^ Booth, Robert (3 September 2014). "Tesco scoops Carbuncle Cup for 'inept, arrogant, oppressive' Woolwich store". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- ^ a b Vogel, Ben (27 January 2023). "Willmott Dixon sues Aecom and Prater over high-rise cladding". Construction News. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ Rogers, Dave (18 July 2022). "Willmott Dixon rips into supply chain for 'dodging' £44m cladding repair bill". Building. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- ^ "Coop site redevelopment". Icsouthlondon.icnetwork.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- ^ "Former Woolwich Co-Op to be converted into flats". 24 September 2012.
- ^ Woolwich Town Centre Masterplan SPD (April 2012), pp. 24–49.
- ^ Pitcher, Greg (27 April 2018). "Heritage group fights Panter Hudspith's plans to demolish Woolwich market". Architects' Journal. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ Saint & Guillery (2012), p. 26.
- ^ History of the Tramshed, Greenwich & Lewisham Young People's Theatre.
- ^ Spray Street Masterplan[permanent dead link], Greenwich Council, January 2015.
- ^ Second cinema coming to Woolwich as part of new 310-home scheme on fromthemurkydepths.wordpress.com, 8 October 2016
- ^ "Artists Studios London | no format Gallery". Second Floor Studios & Arts.
Further reading
- Daniel Lysons (1792), "Woolwich", Environs of London, vol. 4: Counties of Herts, Essex & Kent, London: T. Cadell
- W.E. Trotter (1849), "Woolwich", Select Illustrated Topography of Thirty Miles Around London, London, OCLC 681272905
- James Thorne (1876), "Woolwich", Handbook to the Environs of London, London: John Murray
- OCLC 3009761
- "Woolwich". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
- Woolwich Archived 2 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine Royal Borough of Greenwich website
- Hidden London page about Woolwich
- History of Woolwich Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Ideal Homes: a history of South-East London Suburbs website.
- S.E.18: Impressions of a London Suburb Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine – 1964 film about Woolwich
- History of the Royal Artillery Theatre, Woolwich
- Digital Public Library of America. Works related to Woolwich, various dates