Architecture of Seattle
The architecture of Seattle, Washington, the largest city in the Pacific Northwest region of the U.S., features elements that predate the arrival of the area's first settlers of European ancestry in the mid-19th century, and has reflected and influenced numerous architectural styles over time. As of the early 21st century, a major construction boom[1][2] continues to redefine the city's downtown area as well as neighborhoods such as Capitol Hill,[3] Ballard[4] and, perhaps most dramatically, South Lake Union.[5][6]
Native and native-influenced architecture
Prior to the arrival of European settlers in the
While there were no native structures of this scale within the city limits of present-day Seattle, the
Although no significant architectural structures from the era before European settlement survive as anything more than archaeological sites, several present-day Seattle buildings deliberately evoke traditional regional Native American architecture. Examples of this include Daybreak Star Cultural Center in Discovery Park,[13] owned by the United Indians of All Tribes; the Duwamish Longhouse, owned by the Duwamish tribe, just west of the Duwamish River,[14] roughly across the street from the present-day Herring's House Park,[15] whose name commemorates the second-largest historical Duwamish village, tohl-AHL-too ("herring's house") or hah-AH-poos ("where there are horse clams");[16] wǝɫǝbʔaltxʷ ("Intellectual House"), a multi-service learning and gathering space for Native American students, faculty and staff on the Seattle campus of the University of Washington;[17] and Ivar's Salmon House, a restaurant on the north shore of Lake Union.[18]
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Interior, Daybreak Star Cultural Center
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Duwamish Longhouse
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Interior, Duwamish Longhouse
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Intellectual House
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Main entrance of Ivar's Salmon House
Prominent architects
Among the first significant architects in the Pacific Northwest after European settlement were
Englishman
Another Englishman who figured prominently in Seattle architecture was Liverpool-born
Iowa-born
After his partner Louis Mendel retired in 1914, Charles Bebb partnered with
Properly speaking, Frederick Anhalt was a master builder rather than an architect, though late in life he was made an honorary member of AIA-Seattle. Arriving in Seattle in 1924 or 1925, he worked as a butcher and as a salesman before passing by way of leasing commercial buildings into construction. Originally building a wide variety of residential and commercial structures, he focused within a few years on luxury apartment buildings.[31] When that market dried up in the Great Depression, between the mid-1930s and 1942 he built a number of speculative and custom houses, before abandoning construction for a successful nursery business.[31] Apartments in his buildings from the late 1920s and early 1930s remain among the most sought-after in Seattle.[31] Three—1005 E. Roy Street, 1014 E. Roy Street, and 1600 E. John Street—have Seattle Landmark status in their own right, and others are in Historic Districts.
Despite his involvement in designing the iconic Space Needle, Victor Steinbrueck is best known as a preservationist and for his sketches of the city.[40] Born in North Dakota, he participated in the Civilian Conservation Corps, worked for various Seattle architects including William J. Bain and built houses, including one for artist Alden Mason (1949), in the same regional modernist style as Thiry and Kirk; he worked with Kirk on the Faculty Center of the University of Washington.[40] Through what Heather MacIntosh describes as "a combination of socialism and romanticism,"[41] he became increasingly interested in preservation and public space, with a particular focus on Pike Place Market. He published three books of sketches and commentary, Seattle Cityscape (1962), Market Sketchbook (1968) and Seattle Cityscape #2 (1973), and co-designed three Seattle parks with landscape architect Richard Haag. One of those, Victor Steinbrueck Park in Pike Place Market, originally Market Park (1981–1982), was renamed in his honor after his death.[40]
In 1943 Seattle architects
Seattle-born
Besides NBBJ, other prominent Seattle architectural firms in recent decades include
At least two Pritzker Architecture Prize-winning architects are represented by buildings in Seattle: Frank Gehry designed the Museum of Pop Culture (2000, originally Experience Music Project) and Rem Koolhaas designed the Seattle Central Library (2004).
Residential architecture
Houses
Summarizing the styles of Seattle single-family residential architecture in 1986, Jim Stacey identified the typical houses of the inner neighborhoods as "Both one and two-story older
Seattle in the 21st century is essentially a "built-out" city: typically, to build new houses means demolishing older houses. As of 2016, Seattle builders are tearing down older homes at the average of about one a day; most are being replaced with larger homes. The most affected areas are Ballard and the Central District, followed by Crown Hill/North Greenwood, Queen Anne, Green Lake/Wallingford and Phinney Ridge/Fremont.[62]
Pacific Northwest Contemporary is a modern architecture style that emerged in the 21st century following Northwest Regional style of the mid-20th century. It retains earlier influences from Japanese architecture and utilizes an open floor plan and materials found in the Northwest such as cedar wood and locally-found stones including granite and basalt.[63]
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Although much altered, 3045 64th Ave SW in theAlki neighborhood is almost certainly Seattle's oldest residential building. It is believed to have been built by Doc Maynard in 1860.[64]
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TheWard House (520 E Denny Way) was built in 1882 at 1025 Pike Street on First Hill, then rotated to face Boren Avenue as 1427 Boren Avenue, and moved to its current Capitol Hill location in 1986, but the exterior is otherwise very little altered.[65]
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TheQueen Anne Hill, demolished in 1958 to make way for the Bayview Manor retirement community.[66]
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The Wilson-Franklin House, 2813 Broadway E in the Roanoke Park Historic District, built in 1910 by C.L. Martin, is a typical American Foursquare.[67]
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The Satterlee House (1906) at 4866 Beach Drive SW in West Seattle, one of the grander examples of the Foursquare or Box style[68]
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The 1910 home of Samuel Hill (814 E Highland Drive on Capitol Hill), designed by Hill in collaboration with Hornblower & Marshall, is an early example of concrete construction.[69]
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2121 31st Avenue S in the Mount Baker neighborhood, a blend of Tudor and Craftsman styles, built 1910 as a home for developer Charles P. Dose, who platted this area of the city.[70]
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Another Mount Baker neighborhood Tudor, the 1911 Joseph Kraus Residence, 2812 Mt. St. Helens Place S, designed by J.E. Douglass.[71]
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210 NE 50th Street in the Wallingford neighborhood, with the gambrel roofline typical of the Dutch Colonial style.
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6511 23rd Avenue NW in the Ballard neighborhood, a California bungalow in the American Craftsman style.
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3146 NE 83rd Street in the Wedgwood neighborhood, a typical Cape Cod with attached garage.
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Egan House, designed by architect Robert Reichert for Admiral Willard Egan and built 1957–1959 on the west side of Capitol Hill below St. Mark's Cathedral is the youngest building in the portfolio of Historic Seattle.[72][73]
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9015 42nd Ave NE; like the Egan House, an example of Northwest Regional style.
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A Northwest Contemporary style housing development in suburban Redmond, Washington.
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The Northwest Contemporary house at 4142 20th Avenue SW in thePigeon Point neighborhood (left) was built in 2007 in the space that was formerly the garage of neighboring 4146 20th Avenue SW (right).[74]
Apartment buildings
Seattle residents in the early years of European-American settlement lived either in private houses,
Around 1910 Seattle began to see apartment buildings for a wealthier clientele. On
In the same era as apartments began to be built on Capitol Hill, the mansions of First Hill began to give way to duplexes, row houses, and apartment buildings, with one of the first apartment buildings being the still-extant Mission-style San Marco at 1205 Spring Street (Saunders and Lawton, completed 1905).[91][92] Even older is the St. Paul (1901, Spalding & Russell) at 1302-08 Seneca Street, "Seattle's first multifamily dwelling to qualify as a purpose-built apartment building,"[93] with three separate lobbies. Although St. Paul's eighteen spacious apartments with 10-foot (3.0 m) ceilings survive to this day, the building has lost almost all of its exterior architectural details.[94]
Further east, a bit farther from the city center along the Madison Street cable car line in then-suburban Renton Hill, William P. White built the six-story Olympian Apartments (1913) on an unusual five-sided lot with views of both Lake Washington and Puget Sound. The Beaux Arts exterior made extensive use of decorative terra cotta; the building featured an elevator, dumbwaiters, a main staircase, and a separate service staircase, and was one of Seattle's first apartment buildings to feature a basement garage. Five apartments on each floor averaged 1,275 square feet (118.5 m2). Besides a parlor and a kitchen, two of the five apartments on each floor had a bedrooms and a maid's room (vs. two bedrooms and no maid's room for the other units), though the 1920 census shows that only a few of the ostensible maid's rooms were actually used for that purpose, and several apartments housed either extended families or groups of unrelated adults.[95][96]
Puget Sound was a major shipbuilding center, and apartment construction boomed along with the rest of Seattle's economy through
Several prominent buildings of this era that are not commonly thought of as apartment buildings nonetheless contain apartments. The four-story auditorium in the Eagles Auditorium Building (Henry Bittman, 1925) was surrounded on three sides by the Senator Apartments; The Paramount Theatre (originally Seattle Theatre, 1928, B. Marcus Priteca et al.) includes the Studio Apartments, an eight-story structure on the Pine Street side, now offices but once home to numerous Seattle musicians and music teachers.[101]
The
Victor Steinbrueck, writing in 1962, criticized the "less-than-luxury" apartments then-recently developed on Capitol Hill, especially those that preceded a 1959 zoning law change. "At first glance, the apartments appear to be consistent with the clean, direct approach associated with contemporary architecture, but... [t]he open outside corridors... pass in front of large 'view' windows in the living rooms of the individual apartments... Most tenants close their blinds and look for another apartment when their lease runs out."[103]
There were a number of notable pre-war apartment buildings elsewhere in town, such as the Wilsonian Apartments (Frank Fowler, 1923) in the University District,[104] the Mission-style Friedlander/La Playa Vista (Alban Shay, 1927) at Alki,[105] and numerous buildings on Queen Anne Hill.[106] Downtown and Belltown also saw some construction of apartment buildings in the same era as First and Capitol Hills,[107] but nothing next to what these two neighborhoods, along with Ballard, have seen in recent decades. At the end of 2016, the Seattle Times estimated that there would be 7,400 new apartments in the next two years just in Belltown and nearby South Lake Union, most of them priced as luxury units despite somewhat "cookie-cutter" designs.[108]
In the 21st century, numerous apartment buildings have been built in Capitol Hill's
Floating homes
Seattle has had floating homes (also known as houseboats) almost since the time of first European settlement. At one time there were over 2,500 such homes in the city, not even counting seaworthy live-aboard boats. From the first, these included floating slums of shabby shacks, but gentrified houseboats go back at least to 1888 when the Yesler Way cable car reached Leschi on Lake Washington and a string of luxury summer getaways (none of them surviving today) lined the shore from there north to Madison Park. A 1980 This Old House episode about a Seattle houseboat inspired the setting for the 1993 film Sleepless in Seattle. Seen by some as a bohemian paradise and by others as "lawless nests of anarchic outcasts, rowdy riff-raff, and the flotsam of society," some houseboat colonies succumbed to zoning changes, public health scares, or shoreline and freeway development, while others have survived even in the face of similar pressures. As of 2010[update], there were about 480 floating homes on Lake Union and a lesser number elsewhere in the city.[131]
Seattle's earliest floating homes were on the downtown waterfront. These were cleared out for sanitary infractions in 1908; at the time some moved to
Conflicts over sanitation and occasionally building codes and aesthetics continued. By 1938 the last of the floating homes on Lake Washington were banished. The Portage Bay and Lake Union colonies were repeatedly in conflict with nearby neighborhood associations. Some were evicted due to major shoreline projects, such as a United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Base in 1962.[131] In the 1920s, the houseboaters had formed their first formal association, the short-lived Houseboat and Home Protective League; this was succeeded by the Waterfront Improvement Club in 1939, also short-lived.[132] In November 1962, the houseboaters finally formed a long-lived neighborhood association of their own, the Floating Homes Association, with King County deputy assessor George Neale as its first president and activist reporter Terry Pettus as its administrative secretary. That organization has now survived for over 50 years. The sanitation issues were finally settled in 1965, with the installation of the Portage Bay-Lake Union Sewer Line.[131]
In 1972, one threat to the surviving houseboats was removed when state lands commissioner,
Seattle's houseboats differ in numerous ways from other housing in the city. In contrast to other single-family dwellings, any parking is inevitably on shore, with the docks themselves entirely pedestrianized. Many have small sailboats or dinghies docked at their sides; some have floating gardens, including vegetable gardens. A typical 1920s houseboat was a small rectangular building, built atop a raft of logs or a former fishing barge, often with a rounded "'sprung' roof... constructed by... bending ships laps (notched lath) over a central beam or two and nailing them down to the side walls," although those with more money and stronger aesthetic concerns opted for peaked roofs, more like the houses ashore. They ranged from tar paper-covered shacks to pleasant shingled houses. In that era, houseboats lined the shore; houseboat piers reaching out into the lake were a later development.[132]
The rafts or barges inevitably rotted over time, and replacing them was not easy. By the 1970s, the preferred flotation devices were "styrofoam logs", with a lift of 60 pounds per cubic foot (960 kg/m3). By that time, the nature of new houseboats was changing radically. Architects such as Grant Copeland began designing high-end floating homes in the 1960s; many of the newer floating homes had two stories, where as nearly all of the old ones were single-story. People began to see houseboats as investments. By 1974, Dick Wagner, president of the Floating Homes Association, was warning that Lake Union was turning into a "floating Bellevue" (alluding to a wealthy Seattle suburb). "The people are now interesting but rich. They used to be interesting but poor."[132]
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Floating homes on the east shore of Lake Union near Roanoke Street, Seattle, 1953.
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Along the waterline, the two-story floating homes of Roanoke Reef, seen here from Gas Works Park, have replaced the more modest structures in the previous image.
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Looking along a dock in Westlake, with floating homes on either side.
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Floating homes on Portage Bay at the foot of E. Shelby Street. Looking toward the Montlake Cut.
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The NRHP-listed Wagner Houseboat, home of Dick Wagner, former president of the Floating Homes Association and founder of the Center for Wooden Boats.
Office and retail buildings
The Seattle Department of Neighborhoods describes
At the other end of Downtown is Pike Place Market, the oldest continually operating farmers' market in the United States and another historic district with both national and city status. A public market since 1907, after threats to its continued existence in the late 1960s it underwent major rehabilitation in the early 1970s, with a plan that centered on "preserving the buildings in their original form, as much as possible."[135]
As of 2017, Downtown Seattle contains all but one of the 20 tallest buildings in Washington (the nearby
From the Great Depression of the 1930s well into the 1960s, Seattle added relatively few major office buildings. The drought was somewhat broken by the
As new buildings in an already-developed city center, the construction these and others represented loss of earlier major buildings. For example, one of the buildings sacrificed for the Federal Building was
The trend toward tall office buildings continued beyond the late 1970s. The 76-story, 287.4 m (943 ft)
Like most American cities, Seattle has long had its share of downtown retail, including department stores and a few older-style shopping arcades. The initial commercial center was the Pioneer Square neighborhood, but by 1910 there was "a distinct concentration of specialty and department stores ... along Second Avenue from Marion Street to Pike Street"; a surviving architectural example as of 2016 is the J.A Baillargeon Building (1908) at the northeast corner of 2nd Avenue and Spring Street. At one time the strip also included the Rialto Building (1894, Skillings and Corner[156]), original site of Frederick & Nelson; The Bon Marché (1896, 1902, 1911, Saunders and Lawton[157]); the Arcade Building/Rhodes Store (1903); the subject Galland Building/Stone Fisher Lane Store (1906, extant but scheduled for demolition as of 2016); the Chapin Building/ McDougall and Southwick Co. (1907).[158] The department store district eventually shifted slightly north and east. Prominent among the historic department stores are the Bon Marché flagship store (1929, now
The city has the usual complement of
Seattle
The 21st century has seen a major expansion of Seattle's commercial center into
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ThePioneer Building, a Richardsonian Romanesque building designed by Elmer H. Fisher and completed in 1892. Fischer designed numerous Seattle buildings in the four years between the Great Seattle Fire (1889) and the Panic of 1893.
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TheJohn B. Parkinson, later of Los Angeles.[167]
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Toby Block in the Columbia City neighborhood (1907, third floor 1913)[168]
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The Smith Tower, designed by Gaggin & Gaggin ofKansas City Power & Light Building (1931), and the tallest building on the West Coast until the Space Needle (1962).[142]
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Pike Place Market, shown here in 1972 shortly before renovation.
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Pike Place Market in 2010.
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The Seattle Tower, originally Northern Life Tower, an Art Deco building by architects Albertson, Wilson & Richardson, completed in 1928.
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Downtown Seattle Macy's, the former Bon Marché flagship store, opened 1929.
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Bon Marché store atNorthgate Mall, photographed the year the mall opened in 1950. The mall was initially developed by Allied Stores (parent company of The Bon).[169]
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The Norton Building, completed 1959, one of Seattle's first examples of theInternational Style.
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Columbia Center, Seattle's tallest skyscraper, completed 1985. Designed by Chester L. Lindsey Architects.
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A panoramic view of the interior of the Pacific Place shopping mall.
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The Arizona Building, a typical example of recent construction in South Lake Union.
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University of Washington Medicine Research building, South Lake Union (Perkins+Will, 2011–2013).[170]
Military architecture
Seattle has connections to the United States military since the
Fort Lawton, established 1900 and closed 2011, occupied 1,100 acres (450 ha) in
The Lake Washington Ship Canal and Ballard Locks (a.k.a. Hiram M. Chittenden Locks), opened in 1917, were funded by Washington state but built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.[174] The Administration Building for the locks was designed by prominent Seattle architects Bebb and Gould and completed 1916. The Renaissance Revival style building is a relatively early example of concrete construction, but also makes use of materials such as marble and oak; the light globes at the south entrance are supported by bronze sculptured dolphins. Under the building, in a series of basements, an extensive complex of pumps is used annually to empty the locks for cleaning.[175] Another prominent building at the Locks is Cavanaugh House (1913), nestled in the Carl English Jr. Gardens. Originally intended as a home for an electrician to be handy to the locks, but since 1967 the official residence of the Chief Engineer of the Corps of Engineers Seattle District. It was the first completed structure of the Ship Canal project; the architect is unknown.[176]
The University of Washington boathouse was built in 1918 by the U.S. Navy to serve as a hangar for the Aviation Training Corps, but never used it for that purpose. Instead, it served as storage for racing shells until 1949, and canoes since then.[177] It was the first University of Washington structure to be placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Conceived from the outset as an air base,
Although Fort Lawton and the Sand Point Naval Station have both closed and been largely converted into parks, Coast Guard District 13 headquarters (
Prior to (and for some time after) the acquisition of Pier 36/37, the Coast Guard made use of Pier 91 at
The present-day Washington State National Guard Armory at Smith Cove is a 1973 Brutalist building of no particular architectural distinction.[187] However, Seattle was previously home to least four prominent armory buildings, two of which survive in other uses. An armory built in 1888 on Union Street between Third and Fourth Avenues served as a temporary seat for the city government after the Great Seattle Fire the following year.[193] From 1909 to 1968, a "fortress-like"[194] Washington National Guard Armory sat on Western Avenue at the north end of Pike Place Market, roughly the site of present-day Victor Steinbrueck Park. It boasted a castellated parapet, round corner turrets, thick red-brown brick walls and a Romanesque-style arched stone entranceway with a wrought iron portcullis. The architect is not known.[195]
A later (1939) armory at Seattle Center initially served both the National Guard (part of which continued to use the old facility) and the 146th Field Artillery. Like its predecessors, which besides military uses had been used for everything from dances to car shows, it also served as a place of entertainment—Duke Ellington played there in 1941—and served other public purposes, for example as the site of the 1948 Canwell Committee hearings in Seattle.[196][197][198] The Streamline Moderne poured-concrete building was designed by Floyd Naramore (later a founder of NBBJ) and Arrigo M. Young.[199] Incorporated in 1962 into the grounds of the Century 21 Exposition and later Seattle Center, with its main floor turned into a food court, it was successively known as the Food Circus (1962) and Center House (early 1970s) before becoming known again as The Armory (2012).[200][201] A sub-basement, closed to the public, still contains a disused rifle range and a never-completed pool intended for use by the recruits.[197][200]
Dating from the same era, the former
It served as an Advanced Naval Training school during World War II. During the war, numerous barracks buildings were built nearby; all were torn down shortly after the war; some other nearby wartime buildings lasted as long as 1958. After the war, the building was used by both the
Religious buildings
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This early postcard of St. James Cathedral (Roman Catholic, built 1907) shows it with its original dome; the dome collapsed from snow in 1916 and was never rebuilt.[203]
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TheLangston Hughes Performing Arts Center in the Central District, originally the Bikur Cholim synagogue (B. Marcus Priteca, 1915)[204]
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The onion domes of Saint Spiridon Orthodox Cathedral, built in 1941 in Cascade, evoke the churches of northern Russia.
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Japanese American Kichio Allen Arai.[205] The architect of record was Pierce A. Horrocks, because Arai lacked an architectural license.[206]
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St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church in Montlake, designed by Paul Thiry and completed in 1962, the same year as the World's Fair for which he was principal architect[207][208]
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Interior of the NBBJ-designed Plymouth Congregational Church (built 1967–1968) in the Metropolitan Tract. Principal architect Donald Arthur Winkelmann.[209]
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Interior, Chapel of St. Ignatius, Seattle University, designed by Steven Holl and 1994–1997, "seven bottles of light in a stone box"[211][212]
Libraries and museums
The present-day Seattle Public Library has a
There are also numerous libraries at the University of Washington,
Seattle's museums also present a mix of purpose-built and repurposed buildings. For the
Schools and other educational buildings
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Denny Hall, built 1894–1895, the oldest building on the University of Washington campus
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The old, wooden John Hay School (elementary) on Queen Anne Hill, designed by James Stephen, built 1905[233]
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An extremely similar design was used for a number of schools, the last of which was the Latona School (built 1906), now John Stanford International School, a bilingual orientation center.
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Garfield High School, built 1923, one of many Seattle public schools designed by Floyd Naramore, later a founder of NBBJ
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Thebrutalist architecture of McMahon Hall (left, 1965) and Haggett Hall (right, 1963, designed by Paul Hayden Kirk), University of Washington dormitories[234][235]
Police, fire and other government buildings
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The old King County Courthouse, built 1890 atop "Profanity Hill"; ceased to be a courthouse 1917, torn down in the 1930s
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The present-day King County Courthouse, originally (1931) City-County Building
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Former U.S. Immigrant Station and Assay Office, built 1932
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William Kenzo Nakamura Federal Courthouse, built 1940
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Henry M. Jackson Federal Building, built 1974
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Seattle City Hall, built 2005
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Fire Station No. 2 in Belltown
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Fire Station No. 14 in Sodo
Sports and entertainment venues
- Yesler Hall (first de facto entertainment venue and meeting place), Yesler Pavilion (first deliberately created entertainment venue & meeting place)
- Coliseum Theatre: Marcus Priteca, Alexander Pantages, arguably America's first "movie palace"
- Other notable theaters past and present: Moore, Orpheum, Music Hall, Fifth Avenue
- Fraternal lodges and reuse of some of their spaces (Eagles Auditorium, Masonic Lodge that became the Egyptian, Oddfellows Hall & Century Ballroom)
- Neighborhood theaters and in some cases their repurposing (e.g. the Russian Hall on 19th; rebuild of the Majestic Bay; survival of the Admiral)
- Seattle Ice Arena: former ice hockey arena on University Street in Downtown Seattle
- Sick's Stadium – defunct; venue for the Seattle Pilots in their only season before moving to Milwaukee as the Brewers
- T-Mobile Park
- CenturyLink Field
- Proposed NBA/NHL arena in SODO, along with KeyArena renovation proposal
- Climate Pledge Arena
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Husky Stadium, University of Washington, seen across Union Bay. The original stands were built 1920 by the Puget Sound Bridge and Dredging Company; major modifications included the cantilevered covered south stands (1950), similar stands on the north side (1987), and the major reconstruction 2011–2013, in progress in this photo.
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Hec Edmundson Pavilion (built 1927, major renovation 1999), University of Washington
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Aerial view of the Climate Pledge Arena (previously Coliseum), designed by Paul Thiry and built for the Century 21 Exposition (1962 World's Fair)
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The once-iconic Kingdome, built 1976, demolished 2000
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The former Meridian Theatre in the Meridian neighborhood (Wallingford / Green Lake), one of many repurposed former neighborhood cinemas
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Benaroya Hall, home of the Seattle Symphony
Transportation architecture
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Union Livery Stables
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A surviving cable car bridge at Leschi Park
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Interior of King Street Station
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Interior of Union Station
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Hiram M. Chittenden Locks and Salmon Bay Bridge
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Southbound portal, Westlake station, Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel
Parks buildings and community and cultural centers
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Seward Park Inn, Seward Park
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Laurelhurst Community Center
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Rainier Valley Cultural Center, a former Christian Science church
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Former bathhouse, Alki Beach
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Former bathhouse, Golden Gardens
Official landmarks
In the late 1960s, in reaction to proposed radical redevelopment of
The City of Seattle grants landmark status independent of the NRHP, and As of 2015[update] has done so for over 450 buildings and structures, as well as eight historic districts.
Any person or organization can normally begin
For some buildings, only the exterior is a designated landmark; for others, the interior is also included.[237] Buildings and structures that are either landmarked in their own right or that fall within city-designated historic districts require a Certificate of Approval for any exterior change, addition or modification of signs, change of paint color, changes to the public right-of-way (e.g. sidewalk displays, street lights), etc.; in some cases such a certificate is required for establishment of a different business on the premises.[237] In exchange, they may be exempted from various zoning and open space rules, and can transfer certain development rights more freely than other buildings. Also, when a landmark property is rehabilitated, the value of those improvements goes untaxed for up to a decade.[238]
In contrast, NRHP designation does not restrict use, treatment, transfer, or disposition of private property, nor does the NRHP list properties whose owner objects. NRHP listing is mostly a matter of prestige, although there are some federal tax benefits for NRHP-listed commercial buildings.[239]
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Terracotta detail, Arctic Building. The walrus's current tusks are plastic, as an earthquake safety precaution.
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Terracotta detail,Coliseum Theater.
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Terracotta detail, Eagles Auditorium Building.
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Terracotta detail, Union Stables
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Stonework detail,7th Church of Christ Scientist, Queen Anne Hill
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Ornamental grating,Seattle Timesbuilding, 1120 John Street (South Lake Union)
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Elevator bank, Securities Building
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Interior, First United Methodist Church (photographed 2007; now Daniels Recital Hall)
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Stained glass of "Moses with the Tablets", a surviving piece of the oldTemple De Hirsch, landmarked but nonetheless demolished.
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Interior,Georgetown PowerPlant Museum
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Entrance, Maryland Apartments (Capitol Hill)
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The "P-I Globe," symbol of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, landmarked in its own right
Façadism
The Allen Institute for Brain Science Building in South Lake Union is an intermediate case between preservation and reconstruction of a façade. It incorporates elements of the Ford McKay Building (Warren H. Milner, 1922) and Pacific McKay Building (Harlan Thomas and Clyde Grainger, 1925). These buildings with Seattle Landmark status were completely torn down in 2009; 2,760 pieces of terracotta and other elements were saved for reuse in an otherwise completely new building on the same site, and were incorporated in a new structure, with modern structural walls and modern doors and windows designed to resemble the originals.[241] The new building also largely reproduces the interior of the auto showroom on the corner of Westlake and Mercer.
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Preserving part of the façade of the former Phil Smart Mercedes in the Pike-Pine corridor on Capitol Hill
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The Allen Institute for Brain Science Building in South Lake Union incorporates elements of the Ford McKay Building and Pacific McKay Building.
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The façade of the old Boren Investment Company Warehouse incorporated into the Troy Block
Maritime and industrial architecture
- The two historic Rainier breweries
- Boeing
- Shipyards
- Piers
- Port of Seattle buildings, including Pier 66 and Fishermen's Terminal
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The Hemrich Bros. brewery in South Lake Union, shown here in 1900, demolished in the 1920s
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The "Bayview" Rainier brewery inSodo, active until 1999
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Although renovated and repurposed, the Central Waterfront piers and pier sheds, such as Pier 56 (shown here), have retained the same structure since the days of the Klondike Gold Rush.
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Todd Shipyard on Harbor Island
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Boeing Building No. 105, "The Red Barn," now moved from its original location at the former Boeing Plant 1 on the left bank of the Duwamish to the Museum of Flight on the other side of the river
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Ash Grove Cement Company on the right bank of the Duwamish
Power and water infrastructure
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Post Station in the Pioneer Square neighborhood, steam plant built byStone and Webster, now owned by Seattle Steam Company. The lower Old Post Station at right was built circa 1890; the tall portion, New Post Station, in 1902.[242][243]
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TheStone and Webster in 1906. One of the first reinforced concretestructures on the U.S. West Coast, it provided electricity for rail and residential use.
Asian influences
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Just north of S. King Street on 8th Avenue is one of several early 20th-century buildings in theChinatown - International Districtgrafting Chinese decoration onto Western architecture.
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Asian influence can be seen in the roofline of this Craftsman bungalow at 627 13th E. on Capitol Hill.
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The Seattle Buddhist Church, aJapanese American Kichio Allen Arai,[205] although the architect of record was Pierce A. Horrocks, because Arai lacked an architectural license[244]
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The Historic Chinatown Gate, a modern Paifang archway built in 2007
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Kobe Bell on the grounds of Seattle Center, a designated city landmark
Despite a large historic Scandinavian presence in Seattle, especially in Ballard, there is a relative lack of obvious Scandinavian architectural influence in the city. Nearby Poulsbo is nicknamed "Little Norway" for the blatant Scandinavian influence in its downtown; Seattle has almost nothing of the sort.
The sandstone First Covenant Church on Pike and Bellevue in Downtown Seattle, formerly named the Swedish Tabernacle, is an example of Scandinavian-influenced churchbuilding.[245]
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The former Norway Hall, 2015 Boren Avenue, designed by Sonke Englehart Sonnichsen and built in 1915, now Raisbeck Performance Hall, Cornish College[246]
-
Swedish Club / Swedish Cultural Center, 1920 Dexter Avenue, designed by Einar V. Anderson, Arden Croco Steinhart, and Robert Dennis Theriault Sr., and built 1959–1961.[247] Prior to that they were located in a 1902 building on Eight Avenue by contractors Otto Roseleaf, August S. Peterson, and Otto Rudolf Roseleaf.[248]
-
First Covenant Church
The rise of "green buildings"
-
TheLEED Gold certification in 2015.[249]
-
Olive 8, a hotel/condo building designed byLEED Silver building with a green roof.
-
The Bullitt Center, designed by Miller Hull and completed 2013. Certified as a "Living Building".[250]
See also
References
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- ^ "Summary for 2021 9th AVE / Parcel ID 0660000585 / Inv # SPL002". Seattle Historical Sites. Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- ^ Alan Stein (January 30, 2002), "Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI)", HistoryLink, Seattle: History Ink, retrieved November 4, 2013.
- ^ "The MoPOP Building". MoPOP. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- ^ Sheila Farr (May 1, 2007). "With a new home and new art, will museum gain new profile?". Seattle Times. Retrieved November 4, 2011..
- ^ Aubrey Cohen (April 20, 2012). "Russell Investments Center Sold Again". Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- ^ "On The Boards: Seattle Asian Art Museum". BOLA. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- ^ Alan Michelson. "University of Washington, Seattle (UW), Henry, Horace Chapin, Art Gallery, Seattle, WA (1926-1927)". Pacific Coast Architecture Database (PCAD). Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- ^ Alan Michelson. "Frye Art Museum, First Hill, Seattle, WA (1952)". Pacific Coast Architecture Database (PCAD). Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- OCLC 54019052. Republished online by HistoryLink by permission of the Seattle Public School District: "Seattle Public Schools, 1862-2000: Hay Elementary School", HistoryLink, Seattle: History Ink, September 7, 2013
- ^ Jennifer Ott (March 3, 2013). "Nuclear Reactor Building on the University of Washington campus is dedicated on June 1, 1961". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
...a number of buildings built in the Brutalism style on the university campus... McMahon Hall
- ^ "University of Washington North Campus Student Housing Project Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement" (PDF). University of Washington Capital Projects Office. September 2015. p. 3.2–9 (page 94 of PDF). Retrieved December 9, 2015.
Haggett Hall is a concrete frame structure... Consistent with the building's Brutalist style
- ISBN 9780615141299.
- ^ a b c d "Landmarks". City of Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
- ^ "Preservation Incentives". City of Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
- ^ Julie Meredith; Lynn Peterson (January 16, 2014). "SR 520 Program: Montlake Historic District Survey and Nomination for the National Register of Historic Places" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
- ^ a b c Knute Berger (April 1, 2015). "Seattle's facadism fetish makes fools of history & progress". crosscut.com. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
- ^ Sean Keeley (June 10, 2015). "New Allen Institute Building Unveils Historic Terra Cotta Facade". seattle.curbed.com. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
- Pioneer Square Skid Road National Historic District.
- ^ "619 Post AVE / Parcel ID 8591400100". Seattle Department of Neighborhoods. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
Old Post Station... a rare example of utilitarian architecture common to this area at the turn of the twentieth century.
- OCLC 856647647.
- ISBN 9780873515597.
- ^ "Point 15: Norway Hall (Sonke Englehart Sonnichsen, 1915) 2015 Boren Avenue". HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
- ^ Swedish Club #2, Seattle, WA (1959-1961), Pacific Coast Architecture Database, University of Washington. Accessed October 23, 2015.
- ^ Swedish Club #1, Seattle, WA (1959-1961), Pacific Coast Architecture Database, University of Washington. Accessed October 23, 2015.
- ^ "Seattle Building First for LEED Dynamic Plaque Re-Certification". GreenBuildingNEWS. August 5, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
- ^ Nelson, Bryn. "The Self-Sufficient Office Building" The New York Times. October 4, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
External links
- John Caldbick, Housing through the years: From the Denny Party to the Great Depression in King and Snohomish Counties: A Slideshow, HistoryLink.org Essay 9833, September 10, 2011.
- Frank Chesley, Housebuilding in Seattle: A History, HistoryLink.org Essay 9116, August 19, 2009.