Barga Mongols
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
China | 85,803[citation needed] |
Mongolia | 2,989[1] |
Languages | |
Buryat (barga dialect) | |
Religion | |
Tibetan Buddhism, Shamanism | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Mongolic peoples |
The Barga (Mongol: Барга; simplified Chinese: 巴尔虎部; traditional Chinese: 巴爾虎部; pinyin: Bā'ěrhǔ Bù) are a subgroup of the Buryats which gave its name to the Baikal region – "Bargujin-Tukum" (Bargujin Tökhöm) – "the land's end", according to the 13th-14th centuries Mongol people's conception.[2]
History
In the 7–8th centuries, ancestors of Bargas, the Bayirku, a Turkic tribe appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin. In "Old Tangs Book", it was called "拔野古", "拔野固", "拔曳固".
Genghis Khan's ancestor
Xianbei period
The Barga supported the XianBei invasion of China and provided 8,000 horse cavalry.
Second Turkic khaganate period
The Barga (Bayegu) had revolted in 707. These revolts continued until 716 and Qapaghan Qaghan, on his way back from suppressing revolts by the Uyghur, Tongluo, Baixi, Barga (Bayegu) and Pugu, was ambushed and killed by a Barga tribesman named Sijelu on 716 July 22.
14th to 17th centuries
After the fall of the
Qing dynasty period
When the
In 1900~1901 Russia-Manchuria Railway conflict, Manchurian commander QuanFu led local defensive force and fought against Russian soldiers at Ongon railway station and Hargantu railway stations. 800 Barga/Solon native soldiers were killed in the event.
Relocation - Old Barga ("Huuchin Barga" in Mongolian)
After the Treaty of Nerchinsk, Qing dynasty decided to increase the defensive line of HulunBuir against Russian influence.
In 1732, under the command of Qing commander Tabhan and Bulbantsa, total 3000 (1636 Solon soldiers, 730 Dagur soldiers, 275 Barga soldiers and 359 Orqon soldiers) were selected and stationed in Hulunbuir mostly from non Muren area. After 2000 soldiers were forced to join Dzungar-Qing wars in 1733, mostly Barga soldiers were left to protect this area. They became "Old Barga", since they arrived before New Barga.
Relocation - New Barga ("Shine Barga" in Mongolian)
In order to support Dzungar–Qing Wars, 2000 Solon Barga soldiers were selected by Qing commander Jorhai in 1733 to fight against Dzungar and local defence was left with merely 1,100 soldiers. Thus it became extremely important to increase local defense against Russian Cossack.
In 1734, the Barga Mongols who had been left under the Khalkha noyans complained of the mistreatment of their lords and the Qing authority selected 2,984 Barga Mongolian soldiers in Khalkha and stationed them with their families in Khölönbuir, Dornod. They became "New Barga", since they arrived after Old Barga.
Military Support to Qing dynasty
In 1733, 2000 soldiers (mostly Solon Barga soldiers from the forest tribes) were forced to join Dzungar-Qing Wars. They never returned.
In 1755, 3000 Barga soldiers were forced to join Dzungar-Qing Wars. They never returned.
In 1758, 3000 Barga teenagers were forced to join Dzungar-Qing Wars, since there were not enough adults. They never returned.
In 1840, some Barga soldiers (numbers unknown) joined First Opium War, and some of them returned home in 1841.
In other occasions, 750~50 Barga soldiers were selected to support Qing dynasty campaigns for around 20 times.
In 1901, 800 local Barga soldiers were killed in Chinese Eastern Railway construction.
Japanese occupation period
In 1939, local Barga people were forced to join Soviet–Japanese border conflicts. The unclear border definition between New Barga Left Banner and Dornod (where Barga originally lived) was the major excuse for the start of Battles of Khalkhin Gol.
PRC China period
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Genetics
Derenko et al. (2012) tested blood samples of 149 unrelated Barghuts collected in different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak, Inner Mongolia, China. The mtDNA of the sampled Barghuts belonged predominantly to East Eurasian haplogroups, in particular
The Y-DNA of Barghuts is similar to that of Buryats, with both populations bearing mainly C-M407 and N-Tat. Malyarchuk et al. (2016) tested a sample of 76 Barghut males and assigned their Y-DNA to C-M407 (42/76 = 55.3%), N-Tat (21/76 = 27.6%), and C-M217(xM407) (8/76 = 10.5%), with singletons belonging to haplogroup G-M201, haplogroup J2a-M410, haplogroup T-M70, haplogroup O2-M122, and haplogroup R2a-M124.[5]
Economy
The Barga economy is mostly nomadic based from the 8th century to now. After 2010, the Barga economy starts to have some sign of early industrialization.
1907 statistics by Mairan Jangi Somonsurong
In 1907, there were over 1,764,457 domestic animals raised by Barga, including 170,172 horses, 124,398 cattle, 9,011 camels, 1,407,586 sheep and 53,290 goats.
New Barga took 76.8% of domestic animals and Old Barga took the rest.
Other records
Local folks have a lot of tales about Bayan Barga Rich families.
- Dimin Ogorda had 10,000 horses during the Qing dynasty period.
- Jingdi Jangi had 12,000 horses during the Japanese occupation period.
- Yorong Jangi had 20,000 sheep.
- Bosang Hafan had 1,000 white cows.
References
- ^ National Census 2010 Archived September 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Baikal-lake - LAKE BAIKAL IN THE BURYAT FOLKLORE". www.baikal-center.ru. Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
- ^ a b c Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Grzybowski T, Denisova G, Rogalla U, et al. (2010), "Origin and Post-Glacial Dispersal of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia." PLoS ONE 5(12): e15214. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015214
- ^ a b Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova G, Perkova M, Rogalla U, et al. (2012), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe." PLoS ONE 7(2): e32179. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179
- ^ Boris A Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, et al., "Y chromosome haplotype diversity in Mongolic-speaking populations and gene conversion at the duplicated STR DYS385a,b in haplogroup C3-M407." Journal of Human Genetics (2016) 61, 491–496; doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.14; published online 25 February 2016.