Haplogroup O-M122
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Haplogroup O-M122 | |
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Possible time of origin | 33,943 (95% CI 25,124 <-> 37,631) ybp ) |
Haplogroup O-M122 (also known as Haplogroup O2 (formerly Haplogroup O3)) is an
This lineage is a descendant haplogroup of
Origins
Researchers believe that O-M122 first appeared in Southeast Asia approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago [3] or roughly between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago according to more recent studies (Karmin et al. 2015, Poznik et al. 2016, YFull January 4, 2018). In a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian–specific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations, results indicate that the O-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. Microsatellite data show that the O-M122 haplotypes are more diverse in Southeast Asia than those in northern East Asia.[3] This suggests a southern origin of the O-M122 mutation to be likely.
It was part of the settlement of East Asia. However, the prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations and the place of the O-M122 lineage in these migrations is ambivalent.[citation needed]
Distribution
Although Haplogroup O-M122 appears to be primarily associated with ethnic Tibeto-Burman speaking groups inhabiting the Seven Sister States of north eastern India, it also forms a significant component of the Y-chromosome diversity of most modern populations of the East Asian region.
East Asia
Haplogroup O-M122 is found in approximately 53.27% of all modern
Modern northern Han Chinese Y haplogroups and mtdna match those of ancient northern Han Chinese ancestors 3,000 years ago from the Hengbei archeological site. 89 ancient samples were taken. Y haplogroups O3a, O3a3, M, O2a, Q1a1, and O* were all found in Hengbei samples.[36] Three men who lived in the Neolithic era are the ancestors of 40% of Han Chinese, with their Y haplogroups being subclades of O3a-M324 and they are estimated to have lived 6,800 years ago, 6,500 years ago and 5,400 years ago.[37]
The East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui people like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations converted to Islam and were culturally assimilated to these ethnicities and that Chinese Muslim populations are mostly not descendants of foreigners as claimed by some accounts while only a small minority of them are.[38]
South Asia
Haplogroup O-M122 is restricted among tribal groups of
Southeast Asia
Among all the populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup O-M122 is most closely associated with those that speak a
Haplogroup O-M122 has been implicated as a diagnostic
albeit with reduced frequencies of most subclades.Haplogroup O-M122
Subclade Distribution
Paragroup O-M122*
Paragroup O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA is quite rare, having been detected only in 2/165 = 1.2% of a sample of Han Chinese in a pool of samples from mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia (n=581), 8/641 = 1.2% of a sample of Balinese in a pool of samples from western Indonesia (n=960), and 7/350 = 2.0% of a sample of males from Sumba in a pool of samples from eastern Indonesia (n=957). In the same study, O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA was not observed in a pool of samples from Oceania (n=182).[44]
A paper published by a group of mainly Chinese geneticists in the American Journal of Human Genetics in 2005 reported the detection of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 1.6% (8/488) of a pool of seven samples of Han Chinese (3/64 = 4.7% Sichuan, 2/98 = 2.0% Zibo, Shandong, 1/60 = 1.7% Inner Mongolia, 1/81 = 1.2% Yunnan, 1/86 = 1.2% Laizhou, Shandong, 0/39 Guangxi, 0/60 Gansu). O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA also was detected in the following samples of ethnic minorities in China: 5.9% (1/17) Jingpo from Yunnan, 4.3% (2/47) Zhuang from Yunnan, 4.1% (2/49) Lisu from Yunnan, 3.2% (1/31) Wa from Yunnan, 2.6% (1/39) Zhuang from Guangxi, 2.5% (2/80) Bai from Yunnan, 2.4% (1/41) Hani from Yunnan, 2.3% (2/88) Lahu from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/47) Yi from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/48) Miao from Yunnan, 1.5% (2/132) Dai from Yunnan, 1.0% (1/105) Miao from Hunan, and 0.9% (2/225) Yao from Guangxi.[45]
O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA has been found as a singleton (1/156 = 0.6%) in a sample from Tibet.[40] It also has been found as a singleton in a sample of nineteen members of the Chin people in Chin State, Myanmar.[46]
In a paper published in 2011, Korean researchers have reported finding O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in the following samples: 5.9% (3/51)
In 2011, Chinese researchers published a paper reporting their finding of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 3.0% (5/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China (defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui) and in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in their sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China (n=129).
In a paper published in 2012, O2*-M122(xO2a-P200) Y-DNA was found in 12% (3/25) of a sample of Lao males from Luang Prabang, Laos. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in this study's samples of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (n=59), Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam (n=76), or Thai from northern Thailand (n=17).[49]
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 6/40 (15.0%)
Brunelli et al. (2017) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 5/66 (7.6%)
O-M324
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O-M121
O2a1a1a1a1-M121 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1b-M164 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M121 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos and in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.[51]
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially
In a study published in 2011, O-M121 Y-DNA was found in 1.2% (2/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China, defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and in 0.8% (1/129) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China. O-M121 was not detected in this study's sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China (n=65).[52]
O-L599 (considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M121[53]) also has been found in one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Han Chinese from Hunan, China (n=37), one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, one individual in the Human Genome Diversity Project sample of Tujia, an individual from Singapore, and an individual from the Jakarta metropolitan area.[54] According to 23mofang, O-L599 currently accounts for about 0.79% of the male population in China and is concentrated in Fujian, Taiwan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang and other provinces and cities; it appears to have undergone explosive population growth between about 2600 and 2300 years ago.[55]
O-M164
O2a1b-M164 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1a1a1a1-M121 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M164 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos.[51]
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O2a1b-M164 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians.[45]
According to 23mofang, O-M164 is a recent branch (TMRCA 2120 years) downstream of O2a1c-JST002611 rather than parallel to it. Out of fourteen members total, six are from Guangdong, five are from Fujian, one is from Nantong, one is from Wenzhou, and one is from Taiwan.[55]
O-JST002611
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 is derived from O2-M122 via O2a-M324/P93/P197/P199/P200 and O2a1-L127.1/L465/L467. O2a1c-JST002611 is the most commonly observed type of O2a1 Y-DNA, and, more generally, represents the majority of extant O2-M122 Y-DNA that does not belong to the expansive subclade O2a2-P201.
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 was first identified in 3.8% (10/263) of a sample of Japanese (Nonaka et al. 2007). It also has been found in 3.5% (2/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, including one member of the rare and deeply divergent paragroup O2a1c1-F18*(xO2a1c1a1-F117, O2a1c1a2-F449).[54][2] Subsequently, this haplogroup has been found with higher frequency in some samples taken in and around China, including 12/58 = 20.7% Miao (China), 10/70 = 14.3% Vietnam, 18/165 = 10.9% Han (China & Taiwan), 4/49 = 8.2% Tujia (China).[44] O-002611 also has been found in a singleton from the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%), but it has not been detected in samples from Malaysia (0/32), Taiwanese Aboriginals (0/48), She from China (0/51), Yao from China (0/60), Oceania (0/182), eastern Indonesia (0/957), or western Indonesia (0/960).[44] Haplogroup O2a1c‐JST002611 is prevalent in different ethnic groups in China and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam (14.29%), Sichuan of southwestern China (Han, 14.60%; Tibetan in Xinlong County, 15.22%),[56] Jilin of northeastern China (Korean, 9.36%), Inner Mongolia (Mongolian, 6.58%), and Gansu of northwestern China (Baima, 7.35%; Han, 11.30%).[57] Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O-JST002611 has been observed in 10.6% (61/573) of a sample collected in Seoul and 8.3% (11/133) of a sample collected in Daejeon, South Korea.[48][58]
According to 23mofang, haplogroup O-IMS-JST002611 currently accounts for approximately 14.72% of the entire male population of China, and its TMRCA is estimated to be 13,590 years.[59] Yan et al. (2011) have found O-IMS-JST002611 in 16.9% (61/361) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from East China (n=167), North China (n=129), and South China (n=65).[60] According to Table S4 of He Guanglin et al. 2023, haplogroup O2a1b-IMS-JST002611 has been found in 17.50% (366/2091) of a pool of samples of Han Chinese from various provinces and cities of China.[61] Haplogroup O2a1b-IMS-JST002611 is the second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Han Chinese (and among Chinese in general) after haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117.
O-P201
O2a2-JST021354/P201 has been divided into primary subclades O2a2a-M188 (TMRCA 18,830 ybp, accounts for approximately 4.74% of all males in present-day China
O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in many samples of
O-M159
O2a2a1a1a-M159 is a subclade of O2a2-P201 and O2a2a1a1-CTS201. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M159 was detected only in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.[51]
Unlike its phylogenetic siblings, O-M7 and O-M134, O-M159 is very rare, having been found only in 2.9% (1/35) of a sample of
In a study published in 2011, O-M159 was detected in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O-M159 was not detected in the same study's samples of Han Chinese with origins in East China (n=167) or Northern China (n=129).[52]
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M159 in 5.0% (3/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 4.2% (1/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 3.88% (10/258) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, 3.6% (2/55) Han in Fujian, 3.24% (12/370)
Kutanan et al. (2019) found O-M159 in 1.6% (2/129) of their samples of Thai people from Central Thailand.[14]
According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of haplogroup O-M159 is estimated to be 8,870 years. It is currently distributed mainly in southern China, and it is estimated to account for about 0.79% of the total male population of China.[71]
O-M7
Haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7 Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in some samples of populations who speak
O-M7 has been noted for having a widespread but uneven distribution among populations that speak
Cai et al. 2010 have reported finding high frequencies of O-M7 in their samples of Katuic (17/35 = 48.6%
Haplogroup O-M7 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of
In the northern fringes of its distribution, O-M7 has been found in samples of
According to 23mofang, O-M7 has a TMRCA of approximately 14,530 years and is currently relatively common among many ethnic groups in Sichuan and Yunnan, as well as among the Zhuang, Austroasiatic, and Austronesian groups. O-M7 now accounts for about 2.15% of the total male population in China.[80] The O-N5 subclade (TMRCA 4,230 ybp) by itself accounts for about 0.40% of the total male population in China at present, with its proportion among Hmong-Mien-speaking populations in Southwest China being rather high; in regard to geography, it is found mainly in Guizhou (3.52% of the total provincial population), Hunan (1.63%), Chongqing (1.05%), Sichuan (0.83%), Guangxi (0.76%), Fujian (0.44%), Yunnan (0.35%), Guangdong (0.28%), Jiangxi (0.26%), Hubei (0.26%), Shaanxi (0.20%), and Ningxia (0.18%).[81]
O-M134
O-M134*
Paragroup O-M134(xM117) has been found with very high frequency in some samples of Kim Mun people, a subgroup of the Yao people of southern China (16/32 = 50.0% Mountain Kimmun from southern Yunnan, 11/28 = 39.3% Blue Kimmun from western Guangxi). However, this paragroup has been detected in only 3/41 = 7.3% of a sample of Lowland Kimmun from eastern Guangxi.[73] This paragroup also has been found with high frequency in some Kazakh samples, especially the Naiman tribe (102/155 = 65.81%)(Dulik 2011) Dulik hypothesizes that O-M134 in Kazakhs was due to a later expansion due to its much more recent TMRCA time.
The general outline of the distribution of O-M134(xM117) among modern populations is different as that of the related clade O-M117. In particular, O-M134(xM117) occurs with only low frequency or is nonexistent among most Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, Northeast India, and Nepal, who exhibit extremely high frequencies of O-M117.[citation needed] This paragroup also occurs with very low frequency or is non-existent among most Mon-Khmer population of Laos, who exhibit much higher frequencies of O-M117.[73] In Han Chinese, the paragroup is found in approximately the same percentage as O-M117, but has a higher distribution in northern Han Chinese than Southern Han Chinese.[citation needed]
According to 23mofang, the TMRCA of O-M134 is estimated to be 17,450 years, and O-M134(xM117) can be divided into two subsets: O-F122 (TMRCA 17,420 years), which is subsumed alongside O-M117 in an O-F450 clade (TMRCA 17,430 years), and O-MF59333 (TMRCA 13,900 years, currently distributed mainly in southern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.03% of the total male population of China), which is derived from O-M134 but basal to O-F450. O-F122 in turn is divided into O-MF38 (TMRCA 4,680 years, currently distributed mainly in northern China and accounting for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.02% of the total male population of China) and O-F114 (TMRCA 15,320 years, accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 11.29% of the total male population of China).[55] The O-F46 (TMRCA 10,050 years) subclade of O-F114 by itself accounts for the Y-DNA of approximately 10.07% of the total male population of present-day China.[55]
In a study of Koreans from Seoul (n=573) and Daejeon (n=133), haplogroup O-M134(xM117), all members of which have been found to belong to O-F444[58] (phylogenetically equivalent to O-F114[55]), has been found in 9.42% of the sample from Seoul and 10.53% of the sample from Daejeon.[48]
In a study of Japanese (n=263), haplogroup O-M134(xM117) has been observed in nine individuals, or 3.4% of the entire sample set.
O-M117
Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 (also defined by the phylogenetically equivalent mutation Page23) is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries, especially among Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples. Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup among present-day Chinese (16.27% China,[84] 59/361 = 16.3% Han Chinese,[60] 397/2091 = 18.99% Han Chinese[61]), followed closely by haplogroup O2a1b-IMS-JST002611.
O-M117 has been detected in samples of
).Like O-M7, O-M117 has been found with greatly varying frequency in many samples of
In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 has been found with high frequency (8/47 = 17.0%) in a sample of Japanese that should be from Kagawa Prefecture according to the geographical coordinates (134.0°E, 34.2°N) that have been provided.[70] However, in a study published by Japanese researchers in the year 2007, the same haplogroup has been found with much lower frequency (11/263 = 4.2%) in a larger sample of Japanese from various regions of Japan.[28] More precisely, the Japanese members of O-M117 in this study's sample set have originated from Tokyo (4/52), Chiba (2/44), Gifu (1/2), Yamanashi (1/2), Hiroshima (1/3), Aichi (1/6), and Shizuoka (1/12).[83]
In Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal state of Northeast India, O-M133 has been found in 19.7% (14/71) of a sample of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Garos, but in only 6.2% (22/353, ranging from 0/32 Bhoi to 6/44 = 13.6% Pnar) of a pool of eight samples of the neighboring Khasian-speaking tribes.[39]
O-M300
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O-M333
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Population | Frequency | n | Source | SNPs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Derung |
1 | Shi 2009 | ||
Naga (Sagaing, Myanmar) |
1.000 | 15 | [citation needed] | Page23=15 |
Nishi |
0.94 | Cordaux 2004 | ||
Adi | 0.89 | Cordaux 2004 | ||
Tamang | 0.867 | 45 | Gayden 2007 | M134 |
Nu | 0.86 | Wen 2004 | ||
Yao (Liannan) | 0.829 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M7=18 M117=5 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M134(xM117)=2 |
Achang |
0.825 | Shi 2009 | ||
Apatani | 0.82 | Cordaux 2004 | ||
Bai | 0.82 | Shi 2009 | ||
CHS (Han in Hunan & Fujian) |
0.788 | 52 | Poznik 2016 | M122=41 |
Naga (NE India) | 0.765 | 34 | Cordaux 2004 | M134=26 |
Ava (Yunnan) |
0.759 | 29 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Han Chinese | 0.74 | Wen 2004 | ||
She | 0.735 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M7=10 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M117=6 M134(xM117)=2 |
Nu | 0.7 | Shi 2009 | ||
Miao | 0.7 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Shui | 0.7 | Shi 2009 | ||
Han (Harbin) | 0.657 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M134(xM117)=8 M117=5 |
Lisu | 0.65 | Wen 2004 | ||
Zaomin (Guangdong) | 0.649 | 37 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
She | 0.63 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Filipinos |
0.62 | Jin 2009 | ||
Taiwan Han | 0.619 | 21 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Philippines |
0.607 | 28 | Hurles 2005 | M122 |
Han (East China) | 0.593 | 167 | Yan 2011 | M122 |
Garo |
0.59 | Reddy 2007 | ||
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam) | 0.58 | 48 | [citation needed] | M122=28 |
Chin (Chin State, Myanmar) |
0.579 | 19 | [citation needed] | Page23=10 M122(xM324)=1 |
Han (North China) | 0.566 | 129 | Yan 2011 | M122 |
Toba (Sumatra) | 0.553 | 38 | Karafet 2010 | P201(xM7, M134) |
Northern Han | 0.551 | 49 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Garo |
0.55 | Kumar 2007 | ||
Tujia | 0.54 | Shi 2009 | ||
Tujia | 0.53 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Han (Chengdu) | 0.529 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=8 M134(xM117)=5 M117=5 |
Han (NE China) | 0.524 | 42 | Katoh 2005 | M122=22 |
Meixian ) |
0.514 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M117=4 M7=2 M159=1 M134(xM117)=1 |
CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing) |
0.500 | 46 | Poznik 2016 | F444=8 M117=7 JST002611=5 KL2(xJST002611)=2 M188(xM7)=1 |
Han (South China) | 0.492 | 65 | Yan 2011 | M122 |
Va |
0.48 | Shi 2009 | ||
Bai | 0.48 | Shi 2009 Wen 2004 |
||
KHV (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City) |
0.478 | 46 | Poznik 2016 | M7=6 M133=4 F444=4 JST002611=4 KL2(xJST002611)=2 N6>F4124=1 CTS1754=1 |
Koreans | 0.472 | 216 | Kim 2007 | |
Lisu | 0.47 | Shi 2009 | ||
Hani | 0.47 | Wen 2004 | ||
Han (Yili) | 0.469 | 32 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M7=2 M117=2 M134(xM117)=1 |
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.46 | 50 | Wen 2004 | M122 |
Mongols (Baotou) | 0.455 | 33 | [citation needed] | F273=2 F4249=2 FGC23868=1 Z26109=1 F133=1 F12=1 Y26383=1 CTS201=1 F8=1 Y20928=1 F748=1 SK1783=1 SK1775=1 |
Hezhe (China) |
0.444 | 45 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=11 M134(xM117)=2 M117=7 |
Koreans | 0.443 | 506 | Kim 2011 | P201=146 M324(xP201)=76 M122(xM324)=2 |
Zhongdian , Yunnan) |
0.440 | 50 | Wen 2004 | M122 |
Miao | 0.44 | Shi 2009 | ||
Yi | 0.44 | Wen 2004 | ||
Lahu | 0.43 | Shi 2009 | ||
Bit (Laos) | 0.429 | 28 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Manchu (NE China) |
0.426 | 101 | Katoh 2005 | M122=43 |
Koreans (Seoul) | 0.422 | 573 | Park 2012 | M122 |
Koreans (Daejeon) | 0.414 | 133 | Park 2012 | M122 |
Hmong Daw (Laos) | 0.412 | 51 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Vietnamese | 0.41 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Dai | 0.4 | Yang 2005 | ||
Dungan (Kyrgyzstan) | 0.40 | 40 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Tibetans | 0.400 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M117=13 M134(xM117)=1 |
Koreans (China) | 0.400 | 25 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=4 |
Shan (Northern Thailand) |
0.400 | 20 | Brunelli 2017 | M117=7 M7=1 |
Thai (Central Thailand) | 0.395 | 129 | Kutanan 2019 | F8/F42*=17 M7=11 JST002611=10 F474/F317=4 F323/F46=4 M159=2 F2055/CTS445=1 F2137=1 F837=1 |
Koreans (South Korea) | 0.395 | 43 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M134(xM117)=5 M117=5 |
Vietnamese | 0.39 | Jin 2009 | ||
Khon Mueang (Northern Thailand) |
0.390 | 205 | Brunelli 2017 | O-M117=46 O-M7=17 O-M324(xM7, M134)=16 O-M122(xM324)=1 |
Mon (Northern Thailand) |
0.389 | 18 | Brunelli 2017 | M117=4 M324(xM7, M134)=3 |
Blang (Yunnan) |
0.385 | 52 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Northern Thai people (Khon Mueang & Tai Yuan) |
0.384 | 86 | Kutanan 2019 | F8/F42=24 M7=7 JST002611=1 F999/F717=1 |
Manchu |
0.38 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Philippine group)(Tagalog language |
0.380 | 50 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Hanoi, Vietnam | 0.375 | 24 | Trejaut 2014 | M7=3 M134(xM133)=3 M133=1 JST002611=1 M159=1 |
Manchu | 0.371 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=5 M134(xM117)=2 |
Han (Lanzhou) | 0.367 | 30 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=3 M134(xM117)=2 |
Lahu | 0.36 | Wen 2004 | ||
Qiang | 0.364 | 33 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=4 M117=3 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3 M7=2 |
Bamar (Myanmar) | 0.361 | 72 | [citation needed] | Page23=26 |
Borneo, Indonesia | 0.360 | 86 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Korean | 0.356 | 45 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Pahng (Guangxi) | 0.355 | 31 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Philippines |
0.354 | 48 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Western Yugur | 0.35 | Zhou 2008 | ||
Khon Kaen ) |
0.353 | 34 | Shi 2009 Tajima 2004 |
M122 |
Tai Yong (Northern Thailand) |
0.346 | 26 | Brunelli 2017 | M324(xM7, M134)=4 M117=3 M7=2 |
Tharu | 0.345 | 171 | Fornarino 2009 | M134 |
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam) | 0.342 | 76 | He 2012 | M122 |
Koreans (Seoul) | 0.341 | 85 | Katoh 2005 | M122=29 |
Tibet | 0.340 | 156 | Gayden 2007 | M122 |
Yao (Bama) | 0.343 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M7=12 |
Kazakhs (SE Altai) | 0.337 | 89 | Dulik 2011 | M134(xM117, P101) |
Tai Yuan (Thailand) |
0.329 | 85 | Brunelli 2017 | M117=15 M7=5 M122(xM324)=5 M134(xM117)=3 |
Xishuangbanna, Yunnan ) |
0.327 | 52 | Poznik 2016 | O-M133=13 O-M7=2 O-F444=1 O-JST002611=1 |
Polynesians | 0.325 | Su 2000 | ||
Tibetans |
0.32 | Wen 2004 | ||
Khasi | 0.32 | Reddy 2007 | ||
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos) |
0.32 | 25 | He 2012 | M122 |
Eastern Yugur | 0.31 | Zhou 2008 | ||
Malays |
0.31 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Buyei |
0.314 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M7=6 M134(xM117)=3 M117=1 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1 |
Mongolian (Khalkh) | 0.311 | Kim 2011 | ||
Filipinos | 0.308 | 146 | Trejaut 2014 | P164(xM134)=26 JST002611=7 M7=3 M133=3 M134(xM133)=2 P201(xM159, M7, P164)=2 M159=1 M324(xKL1, P201)=1 |
Han (Pinghua speakers) | 0.3 | Gan 2008 | ||
Salar | 0.302 | 43 | Wang 2003 | M122 |
Dong |
0.300 | 20 | Xie 2004 | M134=3 M122(xM7, M134)=3 |
Thailand | 0.293 | 75 | Trejaut 2014 | M133(xM162)=10 M7=5 M134(xM133)=3 JST002611=2 P164(xM134)=1 M122(xM324)=1 |
Koreans (NE China) | 0.291 | 79 | Katoh 2005 | M122=23 |
Khasi | 0.29 | Kumar 2007 | ||
Zhuang | 0.29 | Su 2000 | ||
Inner Mongolian | 0.289 | 45 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=5 M117=5 M134(xM117)=3 |
Tai Lue )(Northern Thailand |
0.286 | 91 | Brunelli 2017 | O-M117=16 O-M7=6 O-M324(xM7, M134)=3 O-M122(xM324)=1 |
Zhuang | 0.286 | 28 | Xie 2004 | M134=7 M122(xM7, M134)=1 |
Laotian (Vientiane & Luang Prabang) |
0.275 | 40 | Kutanan 2019 | F8/F42=6 M7=2 M188(xM7)=2 P164(xF8,F46,F4110,F706,F717)=1 |
Bonan |
0.273 | 44 | Wang 2003 | M122 |
Sibe |
0.268 | 41 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=5 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M117=2 |
Micronesia | 0.27 | Su 2000 | ||
Mon (Thailand) | 0.267 | 105 | Kutanan 2019 | F8/F42=15 M7=4 F323/F46=4 JST002611=3 F2859=1 M122(x002611,M188,P164,F837)=1 |
Daur | 0.256 | 39 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M117=3 |
Polynesians | 0.25 | Hammer 2005 Kayser 2006 |
||
Bunu (Guangxi) |
0.25 | 36 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Malay )(near Kuala Lumpur |
0.25 | 12 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Zhuang (Guangxi) | 0.247 | 166 | Chen 2006 | M122(xM121, M134)=23 M117=9 M134(xM117)=7 M121=2 |
Japanese (Kyūshū) | 0.240 | 104 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Dongxiang |
0.24 | Wang 2003 | ||
Manchurian Evenks | 0.24 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Thai (Northern Thailand) | 0.235 | 17 | He 2012 | M122 |
Japanese (Kagawa) | 0.234 | 47 | Xue 2006 | M117=8 M134(xM117)=2 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1 |
Mosuo (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.234 | 47 | Wen 2004 | M122 |
Evenks (China) | 0.231 | 26 | Xue 2006 | M117=4 M134(xM117)=1 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1 |
Mongolia (mainly Khalkhs[85]) |
0.228 | 149 | Hammer 2005 | M134=24 M122(xM134)=10 |
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) |
0.222 | 63 | [citation needed] | M117=5 M122(xM188, M134)=4 M188=3 M134(xM117)=2 |
Lawa (Northern Thailand) |
0.220 | 50 | Brunelli 2017 | M324(xM7, M134)=6 M117=5 |
Mal (Laos) | 0.220 | 50 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Cambodian (Siem Reap) | 0.216 | 125 | Black 2006 | M122 |
Japanese (Tokushima) | 0.214 | 70 | Hammer 2005 | M134=11 M122(xM134, LINE)=2 LINE=2 |
Newar |
0.212 | 66 | Gayden 2007 | M117 |
Lao Isan | 0.210 | 62 | Kutanan 2019 | M7=6 F8=4 JST002611=3 |
Blang |
0.21 | Shi 2009 | ||
Okinawans | 0.21 | Nonaka 2007 | ||
Tai Khün (Northern Thailand) |
0.208 | 24 | Brunelli 2017 | M117=4 M134(xM117)=1 |
Kathmandu, Nepal | 0.208 | 77 | Gayden 2007 | M324 |
Sui | 0.200 | 50 | Xie 2004 | M134=10 |
Shuangbai , Yunnan) |
0.20 | 50 | Wen 2004 | M122(xM7) |
Japanese (Shizuoka) | 0.197 | 61 | Hammer 2005 | M122(xM134, LINE)=7 M134=5 |
Khmu (Laos) | 0.196 | 51 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Dongxiang |
0.196 | 46 | Wang 2003 | M122 |
Oroqen | 0.194 | 31 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2 M7=2 M134(xM117)=1 M117=1 |
Khalkh (Mongolia) |
0.188 | 85 | Katoh 2005 | M122=16 |
Japanese (Miyazaki) | 0.183 | 1285 | Nohara 2021 | M134=118 M122(xM134)=117 |
Japanese (Tokyo) | 0.179 | 56 | Poznik 2016 | M117=5 M134(xM117)=3 JST002611=2 |
Hani | 0.176 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=3 M117=2 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1 |
Micronesia | 0.176 | 17 | Hammer 2005 | M122(xM134, LINE)=3 |
Hui | 0.171 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M134(xM117)=1 M117=1 |
Khoshuud ) |
0.171 | 82 | Malyarchuk 2013 | M122=14 |
Japanese | 0.167 | 263 | Nonaka 2007 | M122 |
Mandar (Sulawesi) |
0.167 | 54 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Mulam (Luocheng ) |
0.167 | 42 | Wang 2003 | JST002611=3 M134(xM117)=3 M117=1 |
Japanese (Kantō) | 0.162 | 117 | Katoh 2005 | M122=19 |
Thai | 0.16 | Jin 2009 | ||
Zhuang | 0.16 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Aheu (Laos) |
0.158 | 38 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Bugan (Yunnan) | 0.156 | 32 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Okinawans | 0.156 | 45 | Hammer 2005 | M122(xM134, LINE)=3 LINE=3 M134=1 |
Uygur (Yili ) |
0.154 | 39 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2 M134(xM117)=2 M117=2 |
Japanese (Aomori) | 0.154 | 26 | Hammer 2005 | M134=3 M122(xM134, LINE)=1 |
Cambodia | 0.14 | Shi 2009 | ||
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam) |
0.136 | 59 | He 2012 | M122 |
Java (mainly sampled in Dieng) |
0.131 | 61 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Aboriginal Taiwanese |
0.126 | 223 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Uighur (Kazakhstan) |
0.122 | 41 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Uzbek (Bukhara) |
0.121 | 58 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Ulchi | 0.115 | 52 | [citation needed] | O-M122(xP201)=6 |
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan) | 0.114 | 44 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan) |
0.111 | 72 | Li 2013 | M117=3 M122(xM159, M117)=3 M159=2 |
Outer Mongolian | 0.108 | 65 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3 M117=3 M134(xM117)=1 |
Bo (Laos) |
0.107 | 28 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Tibetans |
0.1 | Zhou 2008 | ||
Maluku Islands | 0.1 | 30 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Kazakh (Kazakhstan) | 0.093 | 54 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Bouyei | 0.089 | 45 | Xie 2004 | M122(xM7, M134)=2 M7=1 M134=1 |
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.085 | 47 | Wen 2004 | M122(xM7) |
Zakhchin (Mongolia) | 0.083 | 60 | Katoh 2005 | M122=5 |
Mongols | 0.083 | 24 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Balinese (Bali) | 0.073 | 641 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Japanese | 0.068 | 59 | Ochiai 2016 | P198 |
Uriankhai (Mongolia) | 0.067 | 60 | Katoh 2005 | M122=4 |
Sinte (Uzbekistan) | 0.067 | 15 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Urumqi ) |
0.065 | 31 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=1 M117=1 |
Iranian (Esfahan) | 0.063 | 16 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Dörwöd ) |
0.061 | 165 | Malyarchuk 2013 | M122=10 |
Flores | 0.046 | 394 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Buryat | 0.040 | 298 | Kharkov 2014 | M324(xM134)=5 M134(xM117)=4 M117=3 |
Buyei |
0.04 | Yang 2005 | ||
Kalmyk (Torguud) | 0.033 | 150 | Malyarchuk 2013 | M122=5 |
Kazakhs (SW Altai) | 0.033 | 30 | Dulik 2011 | M134(xM117, P101) |
Munda (Jharkhand) |
0.032 | 94 | [citation needed] | M134=3 |
Burusho | 0.031 | 97 | Firasat 2007 | M122 |
Li |
0.029 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=1 |
Sumba | 0.029 | 350 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Khoton (Mongolia) |
0.025 | 40 | Katoh 2005 | M122=1 |
Lijiang, Yunnan ) |
0.025 | 40 | Wen 2004 | M134 |
Rajbanshi )(West Bengal |
0.022 | 45 | [citation needed] | M134=1 |
Pathan | 0.010 | 96 | Firasat 2007 | M122 |
Pakistan | 0.005 | 638 | Firasat 2007 | M122 |
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic History
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O-M175 |
26 | VII | 1U | 28 | Eu16 | H9 | I | O* | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O |
O-M119 |
26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1* | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a |
O-M101 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1a | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1 | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a |
O-M50 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H10 | H | O1b | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 |
O-P31 |
26 | VII | 1U | 33 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2* | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 |
O-M95 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H11 | G | O2a* | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a1 | O2a1 |
O-M88 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H12 | G | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1a | O2a1a |
O-SRY465 | 20 | VII | 1U | 35 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b* | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b |
O-47z | 5 | VII | 1U | 26 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 |
O-M122 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3* | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 |
O-M121 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3a | O3a | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1a | O3a1a |
O-M164 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3b | O3b | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a1b | O3a1b |
O-M159 | 13 | VII | 1U | 31 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3c | O3c | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3 | O3a3 | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a |
O-M7 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d* | O3c | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a4 | O3a4 | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a2b | O3a2b |
O-M113 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d1 | O3c1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | - | O3a4a | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a2b1 | O3a2b1 |
O-M134 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e* | O3d | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a5 | O3a5 | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a2c1 | O3a2c1 |
O-M117 |
26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1* | O3d1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a5a | O3a5a | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a2c1a | O3a2c1a |
O-M162 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1a | O3d1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a5a1 | O3a5a1 | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a2c1a1 | O3a2c1a1 |
Original Research Publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic Trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree [86] and subsequent published research.
- O-M122 (M122, P198)
- O-P93 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
- O-M121 (M121, P27.2)
- O-M164 (M164)
- O-P201 (P201/021354)
- O-002611 (002611)
- O-M300 (M300)
- O-M333 (M333)
- O-P93 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
See also
Genetics
- Genetic genealogy
- Haplogroup
- Haplotype
- Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
- Molecular phylogeny
- Paragroup
- Subclade
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
Y-DNA O Subclades
Y-DNA Backbone Tree
References
Citations
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*H6 (=O-M122(xO-M7, O-M134)) in 18/73=24.7% *H8 (=O-M134) in 2/73=2.7% for a total of 20/73=27.4% O-M122 in a pool of seven samples from Micronesia. *13/40=32.5% O-M122(xM7, M134) in a pool of three samples from Polynesia. *9/27=33.3% H6 (=O-M122(xM7, M134)) *6/27=22.2% H8 (=O-M134) for a total of 15/27=55.6% O-M122 in "Malay" sample *2/19=10.5% H6 (=O-M122(xM7, M134)) in "Kota Kinabalu
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- Websites
- Genographic Project, R. Spencer; Wells. "The Genographic Project - Atlas of the Human Journey". Archived from the original on 2011-02-05.
- Krahn; FTDNA (2003). "Genomic Research Center Draft Tree (AKA Y-TRee)". Archived from the original on 2015-08-15.
Sources for conversion tables
- Capelli, Cristian; Wilson, James F.; Richards, Martin; Stumpf, Michael P.H.; et al. (February 2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–443. PMID 11170891.
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- Jobling, Mark A.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2000), "New uses for new haplotypes", Trends in Genetics, 16 (8): 356–62, PMID 10904265
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- Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective", Science, 290 (5494): 1155–9, PMID 11073453
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- Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361. S2CID 12893406.
Further reading
- Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. (2015). "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25 (4): 459–466. PMID 25770088.
External links
- Spread of Haplogroup O-M122, from National Geographic
- China DNA interest group at Facebook
- China DNA Project Website at Family Tree DNA