Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign
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The 1964 presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater began when United States Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona elected to seek the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States to challenge incumbent Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson. Early on, before officially announcing his candidacy for the presidency, Goldwater was accused[1] by Governor of New York Nelson Rockefeller of attempting to galvanize Southern and Western Republican support while neglecting the industrial northern states, eventually becoming one of Goldwater's primary opponents in the race for the Republican Party's nomination in 1964.
Amid growing popularity in the southern states in the early 1960s, Goldwater had been anticipating and looking forward to an "issue-oriented" campaign against Democrat
From the beginning of his campaign, Goldwater fought an uphill battle to unseat an incumbent president under favorable economic circumstances. Goldwater consistently refused to moderate his views, which alienated a significant portion of the more
Background
Barry Goldwater's executive experience stretched back to 1929, when he took over his family's department store chain "Goldwater's" after finishing one year at the University of Arizona.[4] By 1937, he became president of the chain and was chairman of the board by 1953.[5] Goldwater began active duty in the United States Army Air Forces just prior to the American entrance into World War II, and was deployed to India. In 1945, he was discharged from active duty as a lieutenant colonel in piloting and went on to organize the Arizona National Guard. By 1959, he had attained the rank of brigadier general in the Air Force Reserve Command, and was a major general by 1962.[4]
Goldwater began his political career in 1949 when he was elected to the city council of
On the right wing of the Republican party, some of Goldwater's political positions included anti-communism, an emphasis on total victory in war and opposition to high taxes and government spending.[9] He often criticized the politics of some of his more moderate contemporaries, including President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He criticized some aspects of Eisenhower's economic policy, citing his failure to balance the federal budget. After being written off as too right-wing to successfully wage a presidential campaign, Goldwater actively supported Richard Nixon's campaign against John F. Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election.[10]
Early stages
Suite 3505 Committee
In 1961, a group of twenty-two conservatives including Congressman
Groundwork
Throughout 1963, the media speculated about a potential presidential run by Goldwater. Grassroots efforts heightened as well,[12] climaxing with a July 4 rally in Washington D.C. attended by 8,000 supporters.[13] Shortly thereafter, Goldwater hinted at a possible presidential candidacy and explained to the "Draft Goldwater Committee" that he planned to use his own staff if he decided to run.[14] In late October, he speculated that he could open his candidacy in January 1964 and campaign extensively in New Hampshire ahead of the state's first-in-the-nation primary.[15] To lay the groundwork, he named former Eisenhower aide Edward A. McCabe as Research Director to lead a team of economists and political scientists to formulate policy positions and speeches. McCabe worked under longtime Goldwater adviser Denison Kitchel, who officially worked as the campaign manager of Goldwater's Senate re-election,[16] and would eventually be named as the campaign manager of the presidential run. Around this time, an AP poll showed that 85.1 percent of Republicans believed Goldwater was the "strongest candidate" for the party, cementing his place as front-runner. Meanwhile, a Gallup poll showed that former Vice President Richard Nixon,[17] who had not shown an interest in the Republican nomination after losing the 1960 presidential election and the 1962 gubernatorial race in California,[18] led Goldwater, 52 percent to 48 percent among Republicans in a two-way race.[17] With all potential candidates included, Goldwater led with 37 percent support.[19]
While he enjoyed enthusiastic support from the conservative movement,[17] Goldwater was opposed by liberals and moderates in the party, particularly New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who was also speculated to run for president. He cast Goldwater as an opponent of civil rights[20] and an isolationist who wanted to withdraw from the United Nations.[21] He vowed to stop Goldwater from running, "at all costs".[20] There were concerns that Goldwater and the more moderate Rockefeller could divide the Republican party, harming its chances of winning the general election.[22] Goldwater was the perceived leader of a grassroots movement in the American southern, southwestern, and western states staged by the more conservative wing of the party. Rockefeller, on the other hand, disagreed with most of the fiscal and social positions held by Goldwater, advocating a more progressive, mainstream approach to government for the Republican platform.[23] News of Rockefeller's marriage in May 1963, eighteen months after he divorced his first wife, to a woman with whom he had had a relationship for over five years spread quickly throughout the nation. Initially, Rockefeller's divorce received little media fanfare; however, news of his remarriage prompted a considerably negative reaction among many. Rockefeller, who had been leading in the polls over other Republican candidates by a comfortable margin just weeks previously, saw a significant decrease in support for his candidacy. In July 1963, he made an attempt to regain lost support by taking aim at what he viewed as "extremist groups", targeting Goldwater specifically. Goldwater responded by accusing Rockefeller of blurring the line separating the Republican and Democratic parties. In attacking Goldwater's politics and advocating his own, more progressive agenda, Rockefeller said to voters "Americans will not and should not respond to a political creed that cherishes the past solely because it offers an excuse for shutting out the hard facts and difficult tasks of the present."[23]
Changing dynamics
The dynamic of the race changed in November 1963 when President Kennedy was
Shortly after the assassination of President John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson defined the goal of his administration as continuing those of the Kennedy administration in front of Congress. This, among the passages of other controversial bills, included the proposal of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[27] Goldwater strongly opposed Johnson's civil rights program, and during his president campaign he "very deliberately sought to splinter the Democrats' traditional southern base" in what has been termed the Republicans' first use of a Southern strategy.[28] Goldwater's vote against the civil rights bill, as well as his opposition to social welfare programs, gained him increased popularity in the South.[29]
By 1963, Goldwater was a front-runner for the 1964 Republican nomination and had been the target of speculation about whether he would enter the presidential race or seek reelection to the U.S. Senate. Amid this speculation, Goldwater disclosed via a two-paragraph
Primary campaign
'A choice, not an echo'
On Friday, January 20, 1964, at the planned press conference from the patio of his home in Phoenix,[31] Goldwater, while on crutches as a consequence of a recent medical procedure, officially announced his intention to seek the Republican nomination for the office of President of the United States.[32] In his campaign announcement speech, Goldwater justified his candidacy by stating that he had "not heard from any announced Republican candidate a declaration of conscience or of political position that could possibly offer to the American people a clear choice in the next presidential election."[33] He emphasized the need for a federal government that is "limited and balanced and against the ever increasing concentrations of authority in Washington"[33] that encourages personal responsibility among American citizens while pledging his candidacy to "victory for principle and to presenting an opportunity for the American people to choose."[33] He promised "a choice, not an echo" in the election, and positioned himself to the right of Nelson Rockefeller,[34] who had announced his candidacy two months prior.[35]
Supporters were excited by the entrance of Goldwater, and predicted that he would take the south from the Democratic column.
Later in January, Goldwater came under fire for a few of his comments. First, while criticizing President Johnson's plans to cut funding to crewed-bombers, he claimed that long-range missiles were "not dependable". Defense Secretary Robert McNamara blasted the remark and accused Goldwater of "damaging the national security".[42] General Curtis LeMay backed Goldwater's claims, and Congressional hearings would later be conducted on missile reliability.[43] Next, Rockefeller took exception[44] to Goldwater's suggestion that it was not beneficial for the United States to remain in the United Nations in the wake of its admittance of communist China.[45] Rockefeller challenged Goldwater to a debate,[44] though Goldwater felt that debating Rockefeller "would be more like debating a member of the New Frontier than...another Republican."[46] Despite the criticism, Goldwater refused to alter his political beliefs, opting to remain consistent with his conservative ideology.[47] Nevertheless, polls at the end of January marked an eight-point decrease in Goldwater's New Hampshire lead from two months previous. He led Rockefeller, 54 percent to 46 percent in the state.[48]
In early February, Goldwater embarked on a campaign tour of Minnesota. During a stop in Minneapolis, he leveled what the Associated Press labeled his "toughest campaign attack on Johnson's foreign policy." He accused the administration of failing in Vietnam and Panama and argued that Johnson was "off making promises to buy votes at home while the world smolders and burns."[49] Afterwards, he arrived in Chicago for a fundraiser and announced his support for a tougher blockade against Cuba.[50] He continued his dialogue on the Cold War during a stop in San Francisco, arguing that the U.S. had no policy on the issue. He proposed an outline to maintain peace that included the encouragement of Communist "eviction from positions of control" in the world, and maintenance of American strength to keep the Soviet Union in check.[51]
Later, Goldwater embarked on a four-day tour of New Hampshire, his last appearance in the state, before his final campaign run ahead of the primary.[52] During the trip, he publicly wondered why "the Rockefeller family wants to do business with...Communist countries",[53] and remarked that he would fire defense secretary McNamara for his insistence that long range missiles were more accurate than crewed bombings. He referred to this as the "stupidest statement" he ever heard from a defense secretary.[54]
Early primaries and state conventions
At the end of February, Goldwater began to downplay the importance of the New Hampshire Primary, commenting that any result above 35 percent would be a "strong showing" due to the overabundance of candidates such as Senator Margaret Chase Smith. He projected that the June 2 California Primary would be a better test of the strength of the primary field ahead of the national convention in July.[55] He attended the Oklahoma and North Carolina state conventions to campaign for delegates, in the first of several crucial state conventions.[56] While in North Carolina, Goldwater claimed that in order to win the election, the GOP nominee must carry the south. He argued that none of his opponents understood the problems of the south and were therefore un-viable general election candidates. Goldwater won 22 delegates from Oklahoma, but gained none from North Carolina despite winning the convention's endorsement. However, the state's 26 delegates were likely to back Goldwater.[57]
As the New Hampshire primary neared, Rockefeller began to attack Goldwater, claiming he supported a voluntary social security plan that would bankrupt the nation. Goldwater denied the charge.
After the loss in New Hampshire, Goldwater focused his efforts on California, remarking that it was "the only primary [he was] interested in."[63] He traveled to the state to vie for the endorsement of the 14,000 member California GOP at the party's annual convention. Goldwater won the backing of the party at the convention, increasing the number of volunteers to his California campaign. Rockefeller was angered by the result and declared that the convention had been overrun by radicals.[64] At the end of March, Goldwater traveled to Detroit and continued to criticize defense secretary McNamara, calling him an "all-time loser."[65] Meanwhile, his son, Barry Goldwater Jr. campaigned for his father in Oregon[66] in preparation for the state's May 15 primary.[67]
Front-runner status
In early April, Goldwater himself traveled to Oregon and made several campaign stops, noting the "psychological importance" of the state's primary due to its proximity to California. During a press conference, he announced plans to utilize television to spread his message, and attacked his opponent, Rockefeller, for labeling the campaign as extremist. But, he refused to use his opponent's recent divorce for political purposes,[68] and Rockefeller eased his direct criticism, praising Goldwater for his willingness to discuss his views with the American people.[69] Both men spoke before the Republican Women's Conference in Washington in early April. Rockefeller set his sights on Goldwater and warned of "extremism" in the Republican Party, but Goldwater instead criticized the Johnson administration for its policies on Communism, and called for Republicans to "just fight Democrats rather than other Republicans".[70]
Ahead of the Illinois Primary, Goldwater traveled to Chicago and announced that he would change the campaign's media policy to avoid overexposure to the press, which he believed was reporting negatively on his campaign.[71] He won the Illinois primary with 64 percent of the vote and gained most of the state's 48 delegates,[72] but the victory was overshadowed by the 25 percent performance by long-shot candidate Margaret Smith. Goldwater's total was lower than the 80 percent that was expected.[73] However, the result showed that Goldwater could win in a populous northern state,[72] though a survey of newspaper publishers predicted that most of the Goldwater delegates would end up switching to the still-undecided Nixon.[74] Goldwater remained confident that he would win the nomination, but continued to feel that overcoming Nixon would be his "last hurdle".[75]
Later in April, President Johnson offered foreign policy briefings to each major presidential candidate, which Goldwater flatly rejected,[76] calling it "an offhand political gesture".[77] Goldwater also continued his criticism of the Johnson administration over missile accuracy as a Senate committee declared that missiles were reliable though advocated increased spending for a crewed bombing project.[78] Goldwater also affirmed his support for increased military action in North Vietnam to cut off supply lines from China.[79]
Goldwater gained a total of three delegates after finishing in second and fourth place respectively, in the Massachusetts and Pennsylvania primaries, which were won by favorite son candidates Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and Governor William Scranton.[80] He won an additional 16 delegates from his home state of Arizona following a convention without any debate.[81] After the gains, Goldwater was viewed as the favorite to win the nomination. As the May 15 Oregon Primary drew near, Rockefeller's campaign depended on a victory.[82] Rumors spread that former President Eisenhower wanted a more moderate choice than Goldwater, but he did not insert himself in the campaign. Likewise, the attempts to draft Nixon or Lodge appeared fruitless.[83] Senator Jacob Javits attempted to rally a movement to prevent Goldwater's nomination, but as the convention neared, the likelihood of Goldwater's nomination grew further.[84] He purchased time on network television and spoke directly to the American people during a half-hour segment, highlighting his political positions. The appearance was unprecedented; no previous presidential candidate had addressed a national audience before winning his party's nomination.[85] Goldwater hoped for further episodes, but was stalled by limited campaign funds.[86] At the time, Goldwater had secured 274 delegates of the 655 needed to win the nomination, well ahead of the 61 won (all in Pennsylvania) by the second place William Scranton. Rockefeller stood at fourth, with only eight delegates.[87] Goldwater won primaries in Texas,[88] Nebraska[89] and Indiana,[90] but lost Oregon and its 18 delegates to Rockefeller. He labeled the defeat as "a victory for the radical left."[91] After the primary, Goldwater predicted that Rockefeller would join with the Lodge campaign in a last-ditch effort to prevent his nomination; with focus on the June 2 California Primary. Goldwater refused to engage in what he called "personal vindictiveness and smear" and commented that Republicans should instead focus on defeating President Johnson.[92]
At the end of May, Goldwater appeared to be faltering a bit. A rally planned at the
Securing the nomination
Goldwater won the California primary on June 2 with 51% of the vote, gaining the state's 86 delegates, and all but securing the nomination.
Goldwater mathematically secured the nomination after winning an additional 56 delegates at the Texas Republican Convention in Dallas on June 16. His address to the convention drew 11,000 people to the
On June 30, Goldwater received the endorsement of moderate Senator Everett Dirksen of Illinois[110] after traveling to the Midwest to gain delegates.[111] Dirksen's support further deflated the Stop Goldwater movement, as the Senator had criticized Goldwater's earlier vote against the Civil Rights Act, but concluded upon further review that he was only being consistent with his views.[110] Richard Nixon followed suit and endorsed Goldwater two days later.[112]
Goldwater feared that race would become a major issue during the general election and incite violence. He refused to criticize Democrats for using his vote against the Civil Rights Act to attack him, saying that he would do the same in their position.[113] But the attacks on the vote continued. Scranton launched his toughest assault, six days ahead of the convention, calling the vote an attempt to "gain by [causing] racial unrest". Likewise, Michigan Governor George W. Romney mustered a veiled attack on Goldwater, proposing to add an amendment to the Republican platform, excluding "extremists of the right" from the party. The Goldwater campaign did not respond to the comments,[114] but the candidate affirmed that he would honor the law as president, as it reflected "the voice of the majority".[115] However, as the convention neared and with his nomination seemingly imminent, Goldwater told Der Spiegel that at this point in the campaign, he could not defeat President Johnson.[116]
Republican National Convention
The 1964
Goldwater selected William E. Miller, U.S. Representative and chairman of the Republican National Committee, as his running mate for the general election.[119] Although virtually unknown to many voters, Miller was viewed by those familiar with him as a wise choice for the vice-presidential nomination, with his supporters arguing that he would play a key role in waging an aggressive campaign against Lyndon Johnson and the Democrats.[119]
General election
In the wake of John F. Kennedy's death and favorable economic circumstances, Lyndon Johnson was the favorite candidate early on in the general election campaign. In light of Nelson Rockefeller's rebuke of Goldwater's political ideology at the Republican Convention, which was televised nationally, the media speculated as to whether or not Rockefeller would endorse Goldwater in the general election, barring the Goldwater campaign with more negative publicity. In addition to this, Johnson was known for his ability to manipulate the press in order to provide favorable coverage of his own campaign. Johnson, along with the media, who also had a generally unfavorable opinion of Goldwater, portrayed his opponent as a political extremist. Johnson also used Goldwater's speeches to imply that he would willingly wage a nuclear war, quoting Goldwater: "by one impulse act you could press a button and wipe out 300 million people before sun down." In turn, Goldwater defended himself by accusing Johnson of making the accusation indirectly, and contending that the media blew the issue out of proportion.[2]
While Johnson campaigned on a platform of limited involvement in
In reference to Goldwater's policies regarding the use of nuclear weaponry, the Johnson campaign launched a television ad that would come to be known as the "
Throughout much of the campaign, Goldwater was on the defensive, using television commercials to respond to accusations from Johnson and clarify statements that he had made previously. In turn, Goldwater attempted to launch a counterattack via television, featuring a commercial showing
In September, a poll conducted by the Goldwater campaign revealed that Johnson had a comfortable lead over him.[128] Indeed, Goldwater's campaign was an uphill battle against an incumbent administration during a prosperous economy. In the wake of the death of John Kennedy, who had been leading in polls for reelection in 1964,[129] there lingered the possibility that Johnson had the sympathy of the media and voters.[2]
On October 27, actor Ronald Reagan, who had not yet entered politics, gave his official endorsement to Goldwater in what would come to be known as the "A Time for Choosing" speech. In his speech, Reagan emphasized issues such as the spread of Communism, taxes and the national debt and advocated limited government, aggressive tactics against the Soviet Union and laissez-faire capitalism.[130][131] The speech was Reagan's "unofficial entrance to politics" and played a crucial role in his election as Governor of California in 1966.[132]
Throughout October, the media emphasized the lead Johnson had over Goldwater, stating that Goldwater had little chance of winning the election. This negative coverage of the campaign caused many independent voters, who were not strong supporters of either candidate, not to vote, for they believed the result of the election had been already determined.[2]
Endorsements
Presidents:
- Dwight D. Eisenhower, (R-US)[133]
Vice Presidents:
- Richard Nixon, (R-US)[134]
Senators:
- George Aiken, (R-VT)[135]
- J. Glenn Beall, (R-MD)[136]
- J. Caleb Boggs, (R-DE)[135]
- John Sherman Cooper, (R-KY)[135]
- Norris Cotton, (R-NH)[137]
- Carl Curtis, (R-NE)[138]
- Everett Dirksen, (R-IL)[110]
- James Eastland, (D-MS)[139]
- Hiram Fong, (R-HI)[135]
- William Knowland, (R-CA)[138]
- Thruston Morton, (R-KY)[135]
- Winston Prouty, (R-VT)[135]
- Leverett Saltonstall, (R-MA)[135]
- Hugh Scott, (R-PA)[140]
- Margaret Chase Smith, (R-ME)[141]
- John C. Stennis, (D-MS)[139]
Representatives:
- John M. Ashbrook, (R-OH)[142]
- Mark Andrews, (R-ND)[142]
- John F. Baldwin Jr., (R-CA)[135]
- Robert R. Barry, (R-NY)[135]
- Page Belcher, (R-OK)[142]
- Ellis Yarnal Berry, (R-SD)[142]
- Ralph F. Beermann, (R-NE)[142]
- James E. Bromwell, (R-IA)[142]
- Joel Broyhill, (R-VA)[142]
- William Broomfield, (R-MI)[135]
- James C. Cleveland, (R-NH)[135]
- Bob Dole, (R-KS)[142]
- Paul Findley, (R-IL)[142]
- Peter Frelinghuysen Jr., (R-NJ)[135]
- Ed Foreman, (R-TX)[142]
- James R. Grover Jr., (R-NY)[143]
- Durward Gorham Hall, (R-MO)[142]
- William Henry Harrison III, (R-WY)[142]
- Ralph Harvey, (R-IN)[142]
- Frank Horton, (R-NY)[143]
- August E. Johansen, (R-MI)[142]
- Carleton J. King, (R-NY)[143]
- Melvin Laird, (R-WI)[144]
- John C. Kunkel, (R-PA)[135]
- Charles Mathias, (R-MD)[140]
- Robert T. McLoskey, (R-IL)[142]
- George Meader, (R-MI)[135]
- Bob Michel, (R-IL)[142]
- Arch A. Moore Jr., (R-WV)[142]
- Rogers Morton, (R-MD)[135]
- Charles Mosher, (R-OH)[135]
- Jimmy Quillen, (R-TN)[142]
- Charlotte Reid, (R-IL)[142]
- Howard Robison, (R-NY)[143]
- John Jacob Rhodes, (R-AZ)[142]
- Abner Sibal, (R-NY)[135]
- Richard Schweiker, (R-PA)[135]
- Katharine St. George, (R-NY)[143]
- Robert Stafford, (R-VT)[135]
- Thor Tollefson, (R-WA)[135]
- William Widnall, (R-NJ)[145]
- John Bell Williams, (D-MS)[142]
- John W. Wydler, (R-NY)[135]
Governors:
- Ross Barnett (D-MS)[146]
- Paul Fannin, (R-AZ)[138]
- Marvin Griffin, (D-GA)[147]
- William Scranton, (R-PA)[148]
Actors:
- Ray Bolger[149]
- Walter Brennan[150]
- Wendell Corey[151]
- Jeanne Crain[151]
- Frances Dee[151]
- Joanne Dru[151]
- Irene Dunne[148]
- Alice Faye[151]
- Colleen Gray[151]
- Kathryn Grayson[151]
- Corinne Griffith[151]
- Jeffrey Hunter[151]
- Rock Hudson[152]
- Raymond Massey[153]
- Jeanette MacDonald[151]
- Joel McCrea[151]
- John Mitchum[154][full citation needed]
- Robert Mitchum[155]
- Terry Moore[151]
- John Payne[151]
- Ronald Reagan[132]
- Donna Reed[156]
- Burt Reynolds[151]
- Cesar Romero[148]
- Joel McCrea[151]
- Randolph Scott[151]
- Robert Stack[156]
- James Stewart[148]
- Gloria Swanson[151]
- Robert Taylor[148]
- John Wayne[152]*
- Efrem Zimbalist Jr.[151]
Musicians:
Military:
Writer:
Doctors:
Others:
- Robert Creel, Grand Dragon of Alabama for the United Klans of America[160]
Foreign:
- National-Zeitung[161][162][163]
- Die Vaterland (South Africa)[163]
- ABC (newspaper)[163]
- Association Francaise des Amis de Goldwater (French Association
Senators:
- Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., (R-MA)[140]
- Clifford Case, (R-NJ)[135]
- Jacob Javits, (R-NY)[166]
- Kenneth Keating, (R-NY)[166]
- Thomas Kuchel, (R-CA)[167]
Representatives:
- Silvio Conte, (R-MA)[168]
- James G. Fulton, (R-NY)[135]
- Charles Goodell, (R-NY)[169]
- Seymour Halpern, (R-NY)[135]
- John Lindsay, (R-NY)[166]
- F. Bradford Morse, (R-MA)[135]
- Ogden Reid, (R-NY)[135]
- Fred Schwengel, (R-IA)[135]
- Stanley Tupper, (R-ME)[170]
Governors:
- John Chafee, (R-RI)[171]
- Mark Hatfield, (R-OR)[172]
- Theodore McKeldin, (R-MD)[147]
- John H. Reed, (R-ME)[147]
- Nelson Rockefeller, (R-NY)[166]
- George Romney, (R-MI)[173]
State Attorney Generals:
- Edward Brooke, (R-MA)[174]
Results
On
Goldwater lost the popular vote in both the male and female electorate with 40% and 38%, respectively. Goldwater's most narrow regional loss was in the South, with 48% of the popular vote, but he lost by greater margins in the East, Midwest and West with 32%, 39% and 40% of the popular vote, respectively. Johnson was heavily favored over Goldwater among
Aftermath
Four years after the election, Goldwater returned to the Senate and was re-elected twice.[4] He became an influential member of the party's conservative wing, serving as chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Committee on Armed Services.[4] He supported the presidential candidacy and eventual presidency of Richard Nixon; however, he was critical of Nixon's attempt to control prices and wages. Initially, Goldwater defended Nixon in light of the Watergate scandal until August 5, 1974, when he withdrew his support. Nixon resigned from office four days later.[10]
Goldwater grew libertarian as he reached the end of his career,[178] and chose to retire from the Senate in 1987.[4] He was succeeded by John McCain, who praised his predecessor as the man who "transformed the Republican Party from an Eastern elitist organization to the breeding ground for the election of Ronald Reagan."[178] Goldwater strongly supported the 1980 presidential campaign of Reagan, who had become the face of the conservative movement after his Time for Choosing speech. Reagan reflected many of the principles of Goldwater's earlier run in his campaign. Washington Post columnist George Will took note of this, writing, "We...who voted for him in 1964 believe he won, it just took 16 years to count the votes."[179]
After leaving the Senate, Goldwater's views cemented as libertarian. He began to criticize the "moneymaking ventures by fellows like
In 1997, Goldwater was revealed to be in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. He died in 1998 at the age of 89.[5]
See also
- 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries
- 1964 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection
- 1964 Republican National Convention
- 1964 United States presidential election
- Lyndon B. Johnson 1964 presidential campaign
- Electoral history of Barry Goldwater
- Neoconservatism
References
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- ^ a b c d e "Goldwater, Barry Morris – Biographical Information". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "A Look at the Life of Barry Goldwater". The Washington Post. May 29, 1998. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ White, p. 12
- ^ "Goldwater, Barry Morris, (1909–1998)". Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Barry Goldwater's Early Senate Career and the De-legitimization of Organized Labor". Journal of American History. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
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- ^ a b "Barry Goldwater : Biography". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 2011-10-09. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ Busch, pp. 57–60
- ^ Edson, Peter (July 3, 1963). "July 4 Rally Is Set To Skyrocket Goldwater". Ocala Star-Banner.
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- ^ a b c "Through The Confusion". Ocala Star-Banner. November 5, 1963. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
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- ^ a b "Goldwater Still Leads Poll". The Spokesman-Review. December 27, 1963. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
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- ^ "Goldwater Hit on His UN stand". The Milwaukee Journal. October 24, 1963. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
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- ^ Alan I. Abramowitz & Wendy Davis, "Georgia: Ripe for the Picking--Presidential Politics in the Peach State" in The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics (ed. Laurence W. Moreland, Robert P. Steed & Tod A. Baker: Praeger, 1991), p. 55.
- ^ Michelle Brattain, The Politics of Whiteness: Race, Workers, and Culture in the Modern South (Princeton University Press, 2001; paperback ed. University of Georgia Press, 2004), p. 246.
- ^ "Goldwater Plans Promised Friday". The Victoria Advocate. 31 December 1963. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Goldwater Formally Declares Candidacy". The Evening Independent. January 20, 1964. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ "Sen. Goldwater Announces For President Race". Toledo Blade. 3 January 1964. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ a b c "Senator Barry Goldwater 1964 Candidacy Announcement". Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Race Entered by Goldwater". The Spokesman-Review. January 4, 1964. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
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{{cite news}}
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