John Sherman Cooper
John Sherman Cooper | |
---|---|
United States Ambassador to India | |
In office February 4, 1955 – April 9, 1956 | |
President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Preceded by | George V. Allen |
Succeeded by | Ellsworth Bunker |
Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from the 41st district | |
In office 1928–1930 | |
Preceded by | F. T. "Tom" Nichols |
Succeeded by | William E. Randall |
Personal details | |
Born | Somerset, Kentucky, U.S. | August 23, 1901
Died | February 21, 1991 Washington, D.C., U.S. | (aged 89)
Political party | Republican |
Spouses | Evelyn Pfaff
(m. 1944; div. 1947)Lorraine Rowan Shevlin
(m. 1955; died 1985) |
Alma mater | |
Profession |
|
Signature | Captain |
Unit | 15th Corps, U.S. Third Army |
Battles/wars |
|
Awards | Bronze Star Medal |
John Sherman Cooper (August 23, 1901 – February 21, 1991) was an American politician, jurist, and diplomat from the
Cooper's first political service was as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1927 to 1929. In 1930, he was elected county judge of Pulaski County. After a failed gubernatorial bid in 1939, he joined the U.S. Army in 1942. During World War II, he earned the Bronze Star Medal for reorganizing the Bavarian judicial system after the allied victory in Europe. While still in Germany, he was elected circuit judge for Kentucky's 28th district. He returned home to accept the judgeship, which he held for less than a year before resigning to seek election to A. B. "Happy" Chandler's vacated seat in the U.S. Senate. He won the seat by 41,823 votes, the largest victory margin by any Republican for any office in Kentucky up to that time.
During his first term in the Senate, Cooper voted with the majority of his party just 51% of the time. He was defeated in his re-election bid in 1948, after which he accepted an appointment by President
In 1960, Cooper was re-elected, securing his first full, six-year term in the Senate. Newly elected President John F. Kennedy – Cooper's former Senate colleague – chose Cooper to conduct a secret fact-finding mission to Moscow and New Delhi. Following Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Cooper to the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination. Cooper soon became an outspoken opponent of Johnson's decision to escalate U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War, consistently advocating negotiation with the North Vietnamese instead. After Cooper's re-election in 1966, he worked with Idaho Democrat Frank Church on a series of amendments designed to de-fund further U.S. military operations in the region. These amendments were hailed as the first serious attempt by Congress to curb presidential authority over military operations during an ongoing war. Aging and increasingly deaf, Cooper did not seek re-election in 1972. His last acts of public service were as Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976 and as an alternate delegate to the United Nations in 1981. He died in a Washington, D.C., retirement home on February 21, 1991, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Early life
John Sherman Cooper was born August 23, 1901, in
During his youth, Cooper worked delivering newspapers, in railroad yards, and in his father's coal mines in Harlan County.[9] Despite having formerly served as county school superintendent, Cooper's father had a low opinion of the public schools, and until he was in the fifth grade, Cooper was privately tutored by a neighbor.[8][10] While his father was away on business in Texas, his mother sent him to sixth grade at the public school, which he attended thereafter.[5] At Somerset High School, he played both basketball and football.[9] After the outbreak of World War I, Cooper joined an informal military training unit at the high school.[11] Two of the school's instructors organized the boys into two companies, but Cooper, who was given the rank of captain, later recalled that "they taught us how to march and that's about all."[11] During his senior year, Cooper served as class president and class poet.[9] In 1918, he graduated second in his high school class and was chosen to give the commencement speech.[5][9]
After graduation, Cooper matriculated at
Although Centre was known as one of Kentucky's foremost colleges, Cooper's father wanted him to broaden his education and, after one year at Centre, Cooper transferred to Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut.[15] At Yale, he was a classmate of his future U.S. Senate colleague, Stuart Symington.[15] Cooper was active in many extracurricular activities at Yale, including the Sophomore German Committee, the Junior Promenade Committee, the Student Council, the Class Day Committee, the Southern Club, the University Club, and Beta Theta Pi.[16] A member of the Undergraduate Athletic Association, he played football and basketball, becoming the first person in Yale history to be named captain of the basketball team in his junior and senior years.[9] In his senior year, he was accepted into the elite Skull and Bones society but regretted not being accepted into Phi Beta Kappa.[15] Upon graduation, he was voted most popular and most likely to succeed in his class.[13]
Cooper earned a
Early political career
After being urged into politics by his uncle, Judge Roscoe Tartar, Cooper ran unopposed for a seat in the Kentucky House of Representatives as a Republican in 1927.[9] As a member of the House, he was one of only three Republicans to oppose Republican Governor Flem D. Sampson's unsuccessful attempt to politicize the state department of health; the measure failed by a single vote.[12][18] Cooper supported the governor's plan to provide free textbooks for the state's school children and sponsored legislation to prohibit judges from issuing injunctions to end labor strikes, although the latter bill did not pass.[9][12]
In 1929, Cooper declared his candidacy for county judge of Pulaski County.
Cooper served on the board of trustees for the
Service in World War II
Although well above
Following the cessation of hostilities, Cooper served as a legal advisor for the 300,000
In 1943 or 1944, while he was still in the Army, Cooper married a nurse named Evelyn Pfaff.
First term in the Senate and early diplomatic career
Cooper's judicial district included his native Pulaski County, as well as
Cooper resigned his judgeship in November 1946 to seek the
Cooper described himself as "a truly terrible public speaker" and rarely made addresses from the Senate floor.
A few days after being sworn in, Cooper co-sponsored his first piece of legislation, a bill to provide federal aid for education.
Cooper continued his independence from his party throughout his term, vocally opposing Republican plans to cut taxes despite record national budget deficits and resisting the party's efforts to reduce funding for the
Cooper was opposed in his re-election bid by Democratic Congressman
Following his defeat, Cooper resumed the practice of law in the Washington, D.C. firm of Gardner, Morison and Rogers.
Second term in Senate
Cooper's supporters believed he would again seek the governorship of Kentucky or be appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States in the early 1950s; some even formed a committee to elect Cooper president.[9] Cooper considered running for governor in 1951, but when Chapman was killed in an automobile accident on March 8, 1951, he decided to make another run for the Senate against Thomas R. Underwood, Governor Lawrence Wetherby's appointee to fill the vacancy.[37] Underwood was considered a heavy favorite in the race. Some Republicans faulted Cooper for taking an appointment from Democrat Truman.[38] Both the Louisville Times and the Louisville Courier-Journal recanted their statements in 1950 for Cooper to seek election to the Senate in 1954. They now feared that the election of a Republican would allow that party to organize the Senate, giving key committee chairmanships to isolationists opposed to continued US involvement in the Korean War.[39] Nevertheless, Cooper defeated Underwood by 29,000 votes in the election and served out the remainder of Chapman's term.[40] His victory marked the first time in Kentucky's history that a Republican had been elected to the Senate more than once.[41]
Cooper was named to the
Cooper continued to be an independent voice in the Senate. During the
Cooper again sought re-election in 1954.[12] Democrats first considered Governor Wetherby as his opponent, but Wetherby's candidacy would have drawn a primary challenger from the Happy Chandler faction of the Democratic Party, possibly leading to a party split and Cooper's re-election.[47] Instead, party leaders convinced former Vice President Barkley, now 77 years old, to run for the seat in order to ensure party unity.[47] There were few policy differences between Barkley and Cooper, who had been deemed the most liberal Republican in the Senate by Americans for Democratic Action.[47][48] During the campaign, Cooper was featured on the cover of Time on July 5, 1954.[9] Cooper appealed to women voters, as well as black voters who appreciated his support for civil rights.[49] He also claimed that he would be a less partisan senator than Barkley.[50] Barkley's personal popularity carried him to a 71,000-vote victory, however.[47] Glenn Finch opined that "Barkley was unbeatable in his own state, and it is probable that no other candidate could have defeated Cooper."[47]
Ambassador to India
In 1955, President Dwight Eisenhower nominated Cooper as
India had only become an independent nation in 1947, and it was considered a bulwark against Communism in Asia.
Cooper married Lorraine Rowan Shevlin on March 17, 1955, in Pasadena, California, just ten days before leaving for India.[9][52] Twice divorced, Shevlin was the daughter of Robert A. Rowan (a wealthy California real estate developer whose projects included the Hotel Alexandria and the Security Building), step-daughter of Vatican official Prince Domenico Orsini, and a well-known socialite.[28] She was fluent in three languages and understood Russian.[52] The two had dated for much of the 1950s, but Cooper was hesitant to marry because he had doubts about moving into Shevlin's elaborate Georgetown home.[53] (While in Washington, the unmarried Cooper permanently resided in the Dodge House Hotel.)[54] The move to India removed this barrier, and Secretary Dulles encouraged Cooper to marry her before leaving so that the embassy in New Delhi might have a proper hostess.[55] On April 4, 1955, the couple stopped in England on their way to India to visit with Louis Mountbatten, the last Governor-General of India.[56] Their discussions about the situation of the Indian situation were part of the scant preparation Cooper received before arriving there.[56]
Cooper began his service as ambassador by developing a close friendship with Prime Minister Nehru.[57] Nehru's respect and admiration for Cooper soon became widely known.[58] Cooper labored to help officials in Washington, D.C. understand that India's reluctance to align with either the West or the Communists in China and the Soviet Union was their way of exercising their newly won independence.[59] At the same time, he defended the U.S. military buildup after World War II, its involvement in the Korean War, and its membership in mutual security pacts like NATO and SEATO as self-defense measures, not aggressive actions by the U.S. government, as the Indians widely perceived them.[60] Cooper condemned the Eisenhower administration's decision to sell weapons to Pakistan, which was resented by the Indians, but also felt that the Indian government took some political positions without regard to their moral implications.[60] By late 1955, the Chicago Daily News reported that Indo-American relations had "improved to a degree not thought possible six months ago".[61]
In a joint communique dated December 2, 1955, U.S. Secretary of State Dulles and Portuguese Foreign Minister Paulo Cunha condemned statements made by Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin and Soviet Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev during an eighteen-day tour of India.[61] Of particular interest was the communique's reference to "Portuguese provinces in the Far East".[62] This phrase referred to Goa, a Portuguese colony in western India.[62] Although most European nations with holdings near India had granted them to the new independent nation in 1947, Portugal refused to surrender Goa, and the region had become a source of conflict between the two nations.[63] The joint communiqué seemed to indicate U.S. recognition of Portuguese sovereignty in Goa, which undercut Cooper's assurances to the Indians of U.S. neutrality in the matter.[62] Cooper himself did not know about the communiqué until he read an account of it in the Indian media and was therefore unprepared to offer an explanation for it when asked by the Indian Foreign Secretary.[62] Cooper's cable to Washington, D.C. about the matter was reported to have been "bitter", although the contents of the cable have not been released.[62]
The Dulles–Cuhna communique touched off anti-American demonstrations in many parts of India.[62] On December 6, Dulles held a news conference during which he reaffirmed U.S. neutrality on the Goa issue, but did not recant claims of Portuguese sovereignty over the region.[64] Prime Minister Nehru announced his intent to file a formal protest with the United States over the communique and to address the Indian Parliament about the matter.[65] In the interim, Cooper secured a meeting with Nehru and forestalled both actions.[66] Cooper became even more upset with Dulles when Dulles authorized withholding $10 million of a $50 million aid package to India; Cooper protested the withholding, and Dulles decided to pay the full amount.[67]
Throughout the early part of 1956, Cooper strongly advocated that the U.S. respect Indian nonalignment and increase economic aid to the country.
Later service in the Senate
Senator Barkley died in office on April 30, 1956.[70] Republican leaders encouraged Cooper to return from India and seek the seat, but Cooper was reluctant to give up his ambassadorship.[70] After a personal appeal from President Eisenhower, however, Cooper acquiesced and declared his candidacy in July 1956.[70] Even after leaving India, he maintained close ties with the country's leaders and was the official U.S. representative at the funerals of Prime Minister Nehru in 1964, Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966, and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984.[9]
Because Barkley's death occurred after the filing deadline for the November elections, the Democratic State Central Committee had to choose a nominee for the now-open seat.[70] After unsuccessfully attempting to find a compromise candidate that both the Clements and Chandler factions could support, they chose Lawrence Wetherby, whose term as governor had recently expired.[70] Chandler, now serving his second term as governor, was angered by the choice of Wetherby, and most members of his faction either gave Wetherby lukewarm support or outright supported Cooper instead.[71] This, combined with Cooper's personal popularity, led to his victory over Wetherby by 65,000 votes.[71]
Upon his return to the Senate in 1957, Cooper was assigned to the
In 1960, Democrats nominated former governor
Shortly after his election as president in 1960, Kennedy chose Cooper to conduct a then-secret mission to Moscow and New Delhi to assess the attitudes of the Soviet government for the new administration.[76] Kennedy and Cooper had served together on the Senate Labor Committee and maintained a social friendship.[77] On the mission, Cooper discovered that the Soviets disliked Kennedy and Nixon equally.[77] Cooper concluded in his report to Kennedy that there was little potential for harmonious relations with the Soviets.[77] After meeting with Secretary Khrushchev, Kennedy confirmed to Cooper that his report had been correct and confessed that he should have taken it even more seriously.[77] Cooper supported Kennedy's decision to resume nuclear weapons testing after the Soviets resumed their testing in March 1962, but he urged Kennedy to negotiate an agreement with the Soviets if possible.[78]
President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Cooper to the Warren Commission, which was charged with investigating Kennedy's assassination in 1963.[12] Cooper attended 50 of the 94 hearings and rejected the single-bullet theory stating that "there was no evidence to show that [Kennedy and Texas Governor John Connally] were hit by the same bullet."[79] Cooper publicly criticized the report's conclusions as "premature and inconclusive", and informed Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Ted Kennedy that he strongly felt Lee Harvey Oswald had not acted alone. When Cooper expressed his same thoughts to Jacqueline Kennedy, he reportedly stated that "it's important for this nation that we bring the true murderers to justice."[80]
As one of three Republicans on the
An advocate for small businesses and agricultural interests, Cooper opposed an April 1965 bill that expanded the powers of the Federal Trade Commission to regulate cigarette advertising.[73] In March 1966, he proposed an amendment to a mine safety bill supported by the United Mine Workers of America that would have nullified provisions of the bill if they were not shown to contribute to the safety of small mines, but his amendment was defeated.[73]
Cooper voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957,[81][82] 1960,[83] 1964,[84] and 1968,[85] as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution,[86] the Voting Rights Act of 1965,[87][88] and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court.[89] Cooper was one of thirteen Republican senators to vote in favor of Medicare.[90]
In August 1970, Cooper sponsored the Health Security Act alongside fellow Senators Ted Kennedy (D-MA), William B. Saxbe (R-OH) and Ralph Yarborough (D-TX), a bill in support of the creation of a health insurance system that would have provided health care coverage to every American.[91]
Opposition to the Vietnam War
U.S. congressional opposition to American involvement in wars and interventions |
---|
1812 North America |
House Federalists’ Address |
1847 Mexican–American War |
Spot Resolutions |
1917 World War I |
Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill |
1935–1939 |
Neutrality Acts |
1935–1940 |
Ludlow Amendment |
1970 Vietnam |
McGovern–Hatfield Amendment |
1970 Southeast Asia |
Cooper–Church Amendment |
1971 Vietnam |
Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution |
1973 Southeast Asia |
Case–Church Amendment |
1973 |
War Powers Resolution |
1974 |
Hughes–Ryan Amendment |
1976 Angola |
Clark Amendment |
1982 Nicaragua |
Boland Amendment |
2007 Iraq |
House Concurrent Resolution 63 |
2018–2019 Yemen |
Yemen War Powers Resolution |
Although Cooper voted in favor of the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, he opposed escalating U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.[92] As early as April 1964, Cooper was urging President Johnson to negotiate a peaceful settlement to the tensions in Southeast Asia.[93] He questioned Southeast Asia's strategic importance to the U.S. and expressed concerns about the feasibility of deploying the U.S. military on a global scale.[94] On March 25, 1965, he joined New York Senator Jacob Javits in a call for President Johnson to begin negotiations for a settlement between North Vietnam and South Vietnam without imposing preconditions on the negotiations.[95] Later in the day, he introduced resolutions calling for Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to brief the full Senate on recent developments in Vietnam.[96]
In January 1966, Cooper accompanied Secretary of State Rusk and Ambassador
In 1966, Cooper again won re-election over John Y. Brown Sr., by 217,000 votes, breaking his own record of largest victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate, and carrying the vote of 110 of
As a delegate to the U.N. General Assembly in 1968, Cooper strongly denounced the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.[103] He also supported Montana Senator Mike Mansfield's proposal to bring the matter of the Vietnam War before the United Nations.[73] Returning to the Senate in 1969, he joined Alaska Senator Ernest Gruening and Oregon Senator Wayne Morse in protesting restrictions on orderly protests at the United States Capitol.[73]
In the Senate, Cooper helped lead the opposition to the development and deployment of anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs), putting him at odds with many in his party, including President Nixon.[102] Cooper had long been an opponent of ABMs, which he believed could intensify a worldwide nuclear arms race.[102] On August 6, 1969, a vote to suspend funding of the development of ABMs failed in the Senate by a vote of 50–51; Vice President Spiro Agnew cast the tie-breaking vote.[102] After this defeat, Cooper and Michigan Senator Philip Hart co-sponsored the Cooper–Hart Amendment that would have allowed funding for research and development of ABMs, but banned deployment of a U.S. ABM system.[9] The measure failed by three votes but increased congressional scrutiny of the Defense Department budget, leading to a reduction in funding and hastening Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with the Soviets.[104] Cooper served as an advisor to President Nixon during the events leading up to the talks.[9]
Throughout 1969 and 1970, Cooper and Senator
Seventy-one years of age and becoming increasingly deaf, Cooper announced to the Kentucky Press Association on January 21, 1972, that he would not seek re-election to his Senate seat,[109] having served longer in that body than any other Kentuckian except Alben Barkley.[27] The lame duck Cooper decided to make one more attempt to end the war, after an aggressive North Vietnamese offensive against the South in March 1972 intensified fighting in the region once again.[110] Without advance notice, Cooper addressed a nearly empty Senate chamber on July 27, 1972, proposing an amendment to a military assistance bill that would unconditionally end funding for all U.S. military operations in Indochina in four months.[110] The measure, which had no co-sponsors, stunned Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and provoked heated debate in the Senate.[110] Massachusetts Senator Edward Brooke saved the amendment from almost certain demise by adding a provision that all American prisoners of war be returned prior to the withdrawal of U.S. forces.[110] The revised amendment passed 62–33, whereupon Nixon decided to sacrifice the entire military assistance bill.[110] At Nixon's insistence, the Senate defeated the amended bill 48–42.[111] Disappointed, Cooper nevertheless proclaimed, "I feel purged inside. I've felt strongly about this for a long time. Now it's in the hands of the President. He's the only person who can do anything about ending the war now."[111]
Later life
External videos | |
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"Senator Mitch McConnell on Senator John Sherman Cooper". Mitch McConnell (R-KY) speaks on the life and work of Cooper at Somerset Community College, Somerset, Kentucky, June 30, 2015.[112] |
After the expiration of his term, Cooper took over the "Dean Acheson chair" at the prestigious Washington law firm of Covington & Burling.[113] In 1972, he was chosen as the commencement speaker at Centre College, where he had served as a trustee since 1961.[32] At the ceremony, he became the first recipient of the Isaac Shelby Award, named for two-time Kentucky governor Isaac Shelby, the chair of the college's first board of trustees.[32] In 1973, Cooper resisted an attempt to name a federal building in his honor.[9] Upon the completion of the dam that formed Laurel River Lake in 1977, Congress proposed naming the dam and lake after Cooper, but again, he declined.[9] He was pleased, however, that the Somerset school system chose to name a program to teach and reinforce leadership skills the John Sherman Cooper Leadership Institute.[9]
In April 1974, Nixon announced that he would appoint Cooper to be the
Kentucky Governor
In 1985, Cooper became the third-ever recipient of the Oxford Cup, an award recognizing outstanding past members of Beta Theta Pi.[13] Also in 1985, he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Cumberland College (now the University of the Cumberlands) in Williamsburg, Kentucky.[117] He was named a Distinguished Alumnus of Centre College in 1987.[32] A non-partisan group co-chaired by former Kentucky gubernatorial candidate Larry Forgy raised $60,000 to commission two sculptures of Cooper.[118] A life-sized bronze bust of Cooper sculpted by John Tuska was installed at the Kentucky State Capitol in 1987.[9][118] The other sculpture, a life-sized bronze statue crafted by Barney Bright, was placed in Fountain Square in Somerset.[9][118]
Cooper retired from the practice of law in 1989.
Because of his extensive support of rural electrification as a senator, the East Kentucky RECC was renamed the John Sherman Cooper Power Station in his honor.[13] In 1999, the Lexington Herald-Leader named Cooper one of the most influential Kentuckians of the 20th century.[120] In 2000, Eastern Kentucky University's Center for Kentucky History and Politics established the annual John Sherman Cooper Award for Outstanding Public Service in Kentucky.[121]
Despite his patrician background, Cooper was known for being "affable, frequently self-deprecating and approachable."[122]
References
- ^ a b c d e "Cooper, John Sherman". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- ^ Schulman, p. 16
- ^ Schulman, p. 15
- ^ Smoot, p. 134
- ^ a b c d e f g "Whittledycut". Time
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Krebs, "John Sherman Cooper Dies at 89"
- ^ a b c Finch, p. 162
- ^ a b Smoot, p. 135
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax Hewlett and Merrit, "John Sherman Cooper Dies at 89"
- ^ Schulman, p. 17
- ^ a b Smoot, p. 144
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Cooper, p. 227
- ^ a b c d e Howard, "John Sherman Cooper"
- ^ a b c d Smoot, p. 146
- ^ a b c Schulman, p. 19
- ^ Smoot, p. 151
- ^ Smoot, p. 154
- ^ Schulman, p. 21
- ^ a b c Schulman, p. 22
- ^ Schulman, p. 26
- ^ a b c d e f Finch, p. 163
- ^ Schulman, p. 28
- ^ Schulman, p. 31
- ^ Schulman, p. 32
- ^ Schulman, p. 33
- ^ Schluman, p. 34
- ^ a b c Finch, p. 161
- ^ a b Schulman, p. 67
- ^ Schluman, p. 37
- ^ a b Schulman, p. 38
- ^ a b Schulman, p. 39
- ^ a b c d "John Sherman Cooper: Centre College Class of 1922". CentreCyclopedia
- ^ a b c Finch, p. 164
- ^ Schulman, p. 41
- ^ Finch, pp. 164–165
- ^ Schulman, pp. 43, 50–51
- ^ a b c Finch, p. 165
- ^ Schulman, p. 56
- ^ Schulman, p. 57
- ^ Finch, p. 166
- ^ Finch, pp. 161, 164
- ^ Schulman, p. 63
- ^ Schulman, p. 62
- ^ Schulman, pp. 62–63
- ^ Schulman, p. 60
- ^ Schulman, p. 64
- ^ a b c d e f g Finch, p. 167
- ^ a b Franklin, p. 29
- ^ Schulman, p. 65
- ^ Schulman, p. 66
- ^ a b c Franklin, p. 31
- ^ a b Franklin, p. 32
- ^ Schulman, p. 69
- ^ Schulman, p. 68
- ^ Schulman, pp. 68–69
- ^ a b Franklin, p. 33
- ^ Franklin, p. 34
- ^ Franklin, p. 36
- ^ Franklin, p. 37
- ^ a b Franklin, p. 40
- ^ a b Franklin, p. 46
- ^ a b c d e f Franklin, p. 47
- ^ Franklin, pp. 42–43
- ^ Franklin, pp. 48–49
- ^ Franklin, p. 49
- ^ Franklin, p. 50
- ^ Franklin, p. 51
- ^ Franklin, p. 52
- ^ a b Franklin, p. 53
- ^ a b c d e Finch, p. 168
- ^ a b c Finch, p. 169
- ^ Schulman, p. 88
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bluestone, p. 113
- ^ Finch, p. 170
- ^ Finch, pp. 161, 170
- ^ Schulman, p. 89
- ^ a b c d Schulman, p. 90
- ^ Logevall, p. 243
- ISBN 978-0-393-04525-3.
- OCLC 53222690.
- ^ "Senate – August 7, 1957" (PDF). Congressional Record. 103 (10). U.S. Government Printing Office: 13900. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ^ "Senate – August 29, 1957" (PDF). Congressional Record. 103 (12). U.S. Government Printing Office: 16478. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ^ "Senate – April 8, 1960" (PDF). Congressional Record. 106 (6). U.S. Government Printing Office: 7810–7811. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ^ "Senate – June 19, 1964" (PDF). Congressional Record. 110 (11). U.S. Government Printing Office: 14511. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ^ "Senate – March 11, 1968" (PDF). Congressional Record. 114 (5). U.S. Government Printing Office: 5992. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ^ "Senate – March 27, 1962" (PDF). Congressional Record. 108 (4). U.S. Government Printing Office: 5105. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ^ "Senate – May 26, 1965" (PDF). Congressional Record. 111 (2). U.S. Government Printing Office: 11752. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ^ "Senate – August 4, 1965" (PDF). Congressional Record. 111 (14). U.S. Government Printing Office: 19378. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
- ^ "Senate – August 30, 1967" (PDF). Congressional Record. 113 (18). U.S. Government Printing Office: 24656. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- ^ TO PASS H.R. 6675, THE SOCIAL SECURITY AMENDMENTS OF 1965
- ^ National Health Insurance Hearings Before the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate, Ninety-first Congress, Second Session, on S. 4323, to Create a Health Security Program [and] S. 3830, to Amend the Public Health Service Act by Establishing a New Title X to Such Act to Provide Federal Assistance to Develop Local Comprehensive Health Service Systems, for Other Purposes, September 23 and 24, 1970 · Parts 1-2
- ^ Johns, p. 590
- ^ Johns, p. 588
- ^ Johns, p. 589
- ^ Johns, p. 591
- ^ Logevall, p. 247
- ^ a b Johns, p. 592
- ^ a b Logevall, p. 248
- ^ Logevall, p. 249
- ^ Johns, p. 608
- ^ Johns, p. 607
- ^ a b c d e Logevall, p. 252
- ^ Schulman, p. 95
- ^ Schulman, pp. 97–98
- ^ Schulman, p. 101
- ^ a b c d Logevall, p. 254
- ^ Logevall, pp. 254–255
- ^ a b c d Logevall, p. 256
- ^ Schulman, p. 103
- ^ a b c d e Logevall, p. 257
- ^ a b Logevall, p. 258
- ^ "Senator Mitch McConnell on Senator John Sherman". C-SPAN. June 30, 2015. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
- ^ Schulman, p. 105
- ^ Schulman, pp. 105–106
- ^ Schulman, p. 107
- ^ a b c Cohn, "Bill to Name Area for Cooper Opposed"
- ^ "Kentucky Colleges Mark Commencement." Lexington Herald-Leader
- ^ a b c "Group Raises $60,000 for Sculptures of Cooper." Lexington Herald-Leader
- ^ "U.S. Senate Adjourns in Memory of Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader
- ^ "John Sherman Cooper." Lexington Herald-Leader
- ^ "Ex-Gov. Breathitt to Receive Award." Lexington Herald-Leader
- ^ Hill, Ray. "The Independent From Kentucky: John Sherman Cooper". Knoxville Focus. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
Bibliography
- Bluestone, Miriam D. (2006). "Cooper, John S.". In Chester J. Pach (ed.). Presidential Profiles: The Johnson Years. New York City: Facts on File, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8160-5388-9.
- Cohn, Ray (December 8, 1983). "Bill to Name Area for Cooper Opposed". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. B1.
- Cooper, William (Spring 1986). "John Sherman Cooper: A Senator and His Constituents". Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 84: 192–210.
- "Cooper, John Sherman". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
- Cooper, William (1992). "Cooper, John Sherman". In John E. Kleber (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Associate editors: ISBN 0-8131-1772-0. Archived from the originalon April 15, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
- "Ex-Gov. Breathitt to Receive Award – New Public Service Citation Honors John Sherman Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader. October 5, 2000. p. B3.
- Finch, Glenn (April 1972). "The Election of United States Senators in Kentucky: The Cooper Period". Filson Club History Quarterly. 46: 161–178.
- Franklin, Douglas A. (Winter 1984). "The Politician as Diplomat: Kentucky's John Sherman Cooper in India, 1955–1956". Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 82: 28–59. online
- "Group Raises $60,000 for Sculptures of Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader. April 5, 1985. p. B2.
- Hewlett, Jennifer; Harry Merrit (February 23, 1991). "John Sherman Cooper Dies at 89 – U.S. Senator From Somerset Had Distinguished Political Career". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. A1.
- Howard, Robert T. "John Sherman Cooper" (PDF). Oxford Cup Roll. Beta Theta Pi. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
- "John Sherman Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader. December 31, 1999. p. 8.
- "John Sherman Cooper: Centre College Class of 1922". CentreCyclopedia. Centre College. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- Johns, Andrew L. (October 2006). "Doves Among Hawks: Republican Opposition to the Vietnam War, 1964–1968". Peace & Change. 31 (4): 585–628. .
- Johns, Andrew L. "The Diplomacy of Quiet Candor: John Sherman Cooper's Tenure as Ambassador to India." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 119.1 (2021): 37–70.
- "Kentucky Colleges Mark Commencement". Lexington Herald-Leader. May 12, 1985. p. B1.
- Krebs, Albin (February 23, 1991). "John Sherman Cooper Dies at 89; Longtime Senator From Kentucky". The New York Times. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
- Logevall, Fredrik (2003). "A Delicate Balance: John Sherman Cooper and the Republican Opposition to the Vietnam War". In Randall Bennett Woods (ed.). Vietnam and the American Political Tradition: The Politics of Dissent. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–258. ISBN 978-0-521-81148-4.
- Mitchiner, Clarice James (1982). Senator John Sherman Cooper: Consummate Statesman. New York City: Arno Press. ISBN 0-405-14099-1.
- Schulman, Robert (1976). John Sherman Cooper: The Global Kentuckian. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0220-0.
- Smoot, Richard C. (Spring 1995). "John Sherman Cooper: The Early Years, 1901–1927". Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 93: 133–158.
External links
- "John Sherman Cooper: A Featured Biography". Senate Historical Office. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
- "U.S. Senate Adjourns in Memory of Cooper". Lexington Herald-Leader. February 27, 1991. p. B2.
- "Whittledycut". Time. July 5, 1954. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- Cooper on the cover of Time magazine, July 5, 1954
- A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with John Sherman Cooper" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive
- A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with Sen-Elect John S. Cooper (December 8, 1952)" is available for viewing at the Internet Archive