Bolton
Bolton | ||
---|---|---|
Town | ||
| ||
Region | ||
Country | England | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom | |
Areas of the town | ||
Post town | BOLTON | |
Postcode district | BL1-BL7 | |
Dialling code | 01204 | |
Police | Greater Manchester | |
Fire | Greater Manchester | |
Ambulance | North West | |
UK Parliament | ||
Website | bolton | |
Bolton (/ˈboʊltən/ ⓘ BOHL-tən, locally /ˈboʊtən/ BOH-tən)[2] is a town in Greater Manchester in England. In the foothills of the West Pennine Moors, Bolton is between Manchester (10 miles (16 km) south-east), Blackburn, Wigan, Bury and Salford. It is surrounded by several towns and villages that form the wider borough, of which Bolton is the administrative centre. The town is also within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire.
A former
The town has a population of 139,403, whilst the wider metropolitan borough has a population of 262,400. Bolton originated as a small settlement in the moorland known as
History
Toponymy
Bolton is a common Northern English name derived from the Old English bothl-tun, meaning a settlement with a dwelling.[3][4] The first recorded use of the name, in the form Boelton, dates from 1185 to describe Bolton le Moors, though this may not be in relation to a dwelling.[5] It was recorded as Bothelton in 1212, Botelton in 1257, Boulton in 1288, and Bolton after 1307.[6] Later forms of Botheltun were Bodeltown, Botheltun-le-Moors, Bowelton, Boltune, Bolton-super-Moras, Bolton-in-ye-Moors, Bolton-le-Moors.[7] The town's motto of Supera Moras means "overcome difficulties" (or "delays"), and is a pun on the Bolton-super-Moras version of the name meaning literally, "Bolton on the moors".
Early history to the Civil War
There is evidence of human existence on the moors around Bolton since the early part of the Bronze Age, including a stone circle on Cheetham Close above Egerton,[9] and Bronze Age burial mounds on Winter Hill.[10] A Bronze Age mound was excavated in Victorian times outside Haulgh Hall. The Romans built roads from Manchester to Ribchester to the east and a road along what is now the A6 to the west. It is claimed that Agricola built a fort at Blackrod by clearing land above the forest. Evidence of a Saxon settlement exists in the form of religious objects found when the Victorian parish church was built.[11]
In 1067
A charter to hold a market in Churchgate was granted on 14 December 1251 by King
During the
Industrial Revolution onward
Bolton was a 19th-century boomtown and, at its zenith in 1929, its 216 cotton mills and 26 bleaching and dyeing works made it one of the largest and most productive centres of cotton spinning in the world. The British cotton industry declined sharply after the First World War and, by the 1980s, cotton manufacture had virtually ceased in Bolton.
A tradition of cottage spinning and weaving and improvements to spinning technology by local inventors, Richard Arkwright and Samuel Crompton, led to rapid growth of the textile industry in the 19th century. Crompton, whilst living at Hall i' th' Wood, invented the spinning mule in 1779. Streams draining the surrounding moorland into the River Croal provided the water necessary for the bleach works that were a feature of this area.[20] Bleaching using chlorine was introduced in the 1790s by the Ainsworths at Halliwell Bleachworks. Bolton and the surrounding villages had more than thirty bleachworks including the Lever Bank Bleach Works in the Irwell Valley.[21] The mule revolutionised cotton spinning by combining the roller drafting of Arkwright's water frame with the carriage drafting and spindle tip twisting of James Hargreaves's spinning jenny, producing a high quality yarn. Self-acting mules were used in Bolton mills until the 1960s producing fine yarn.[21] The earliest mills were situated by the streams and river as at Barrow Bridge, but steam power led to the construction of the large multi-storey mills and their chimneys that dominated Bolton's skyline, some of which survive today.[18]
Growth of the textile industry was assisted by the availability of coal in the area. By 1896 John Fletcher had coal mines at Ladyshore in Little Lever; The Earl of Bradford had a coal mine at Great Lever; the Darcy Lever Coal Company had mines at Darcy Lever and there were coal mines at Tonge, Breightmet, Deane and Doffcocker. Some of these pits were close to the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal providing the owners with markets in Bolton and Manchester.[22] Coal mining declined in the 20th century.
Important transport links contributed to the growth of the town and the textile industry; the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal
Bolton's first Mayor, Charles James Darbishire was sympathetic to
One of two statues prominent on Victoria Square near
Another engineering company
By 1911 the textile industry in Bolton employed about 36,000 people. The cotton industry declined from the 1920s. A brief upturn after the Second World War was not sustained, and the industry had virtually vanished by the end of the 20th century.
During the night of 26 September 1916, Bolton was the target for an aerial offensive. L21, a Zeppelin commanded by Oberleutnant Kurt Frankenburg of the Imperial German Navy, dropped twenty-one bombs on the town, five of them on the working class area of Kirk Street, killing thirteen residents and destroying six houses. Further attacks followed on other parts of the town, including three incendiaries dropped close to the Town Hall.[35][36]
Lord Leverhulme
In 1899 William Lever,
Governance
Lying within the county boundaries of
In 1838 Great Bolton, most of Little Bolton and the Haulgh area of
Under the
It is surrounded by several neighbouring towns and villages that together form the Borough of Bolton, of which Bolton is the administrative centre. The town of Bolton has a population of 139,403, whilst the wider metropolitan borough has a population of 262,400.
Geography
Close to the West Pennine Moors, Bolton is 10 miles (16 km) north-west of Manchester.
The early name, Bolton le Moors, described the position of the town amid the low hills on the edge of the
Climate in the Greater Manchester area is generally similar to the
Demography
2021 Census
|
Bolton | Bolton (borough) |
Greater Manchester |
England |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total population | 296,000 | 295,963 | 2,867,752 | 56,490,048 |
White | 71.9% | 72% | 76.4% | 81% |
Asian | 20.1% | 19.8% | 13.5% | 9.7% |
Black | 3.8% | 3.8% | 4.7% | 4.2% |
Source: Office for National Statistics[54] |
At the time of the
The majority of the population of Bolton were born in England (87.10%); 2.05% were born elsewhere within the United Kingdom, 1.45% within the rest of the European Union, and 9.38% elsewhere in the world.[59]
Data on religious beliefs across the town in the 2001 census show that 67.9% declared themselves to be
Population change
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sources: County Borough 1891–1971.[7][61][62] Urban Subdivision 1981–2001.[56][63][64] |
Economy
2001 UK Census |
Bolton | GM Urban Area |
England | |
Population (16–74) | 97,859 | 1,606,414 | 35,532,091 | |
Full-time employment | 37.0% | 40.1% | 40.8% | |
Part-time employment | 11.7% | 11.2% | 11.8% | |
Self-employed | 6.7% | 6.6% | 8.3% | |
Unemployed | 4.2% | 3.6% | 3.3% | |
Retired | 13.0% | 13.0% | 13.5% | |
Source: Office for National Statistics[65] |
At the time of the 2001 Census, 56,390 people resident in Bolton were in employment. Of these, 21.13% worked in the wholesale and retail trade, including repair of motor vehicles; 18.71% worked within manufacturing industry; 11.00% worked within the health and social work sector and 6.81% were employed in the transport, storage and communication industries.[66]
In the last quarter of the 20th century heavy industry was replaced by service-based activities including data processing, call centres, hi-tech electronics and IT companies. The town retains some traditional industries employing people in paper-manufacturing, packaging, textiles, transportation, steel foundries and building materials. Missiles were produced at the
Bolton attracts visitors to its shopping centres, markets, public houses, restaurants and cafes in the town centre as well retail parks and leisure facilities close to the town centre and in the surrounding towns and suburbs.[68][69] Tourism plays a part in the economy, visitor attractions include Hall i' th' Wood, Smithills Hall and Country Park, Last Drop Village, Barrow Bridge and the Bolton Steam Museum.[70][71]
There are several regeneration projects planned for Bolton over the next ten years, including Church Wharf by Ask Developments and Bluemantle[72] and Merchant's Quarter by local developer Charles Topham group, which together will contribute 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of business space.[73] The Bolton Innovation Zone is a large £300 million development with the University of Bolton at its core.
Landmarks
Situated in the town centre on the site of a former market is the
The Great Hall of
Bolton's 26 conservation areas contain 700 listed buildings, many of which are in the town centre, and there is parkland including the Victorian Queen's Park, Leverhulme Park and other open spaces in the surrounding area.[79][80] These include Le Mans Crescent, Ye Olde Man & Scythe, Little Bolton Town Hall, the Market Place, Wood Street and Holy Trinity Church. The Market Hall of 1854 is a Grade II listed building.[81] Outside the town centre can be found Mere Hall, Firwood Fold, Haulgh Hall, Park Cottage, St Mary's Church, Deane, Lostock Hall Gatehouse and All Souls Church. Notable mills still overlooking parts of the town are Sir John Holden's Mill[82] and Swan Lane Mills.[83]
Most views northwards are dominated by Rivington Pike and the
Transport
Bolton is well served by the local road network and national routes. The
A network of local buses coordinated by
Education
Religion
UK Census 2001 |
Bolton (borough) |
Greater Manchester |
England |
---|---|---|---|
Christian | 74.56% | 78.01% | 71.74% |
No religion | 8.75% | 10.48% | 14.59% |
Muslim | 7.07% | 3.04% | 3.1% |
Buddhist | 0.10% | 0.18% | 0.28% |
Hindu | 2.00% | 0.40% | 1.11% |
Jewish | 0.06% | 0.42% | 0.52% |
Sikh | 0.03% | 0.10% | 0.67% |
Other religions | 0.15% | 0.16% | 0.29% |
Religion not stated | 7.28% | 7.23% | 7.69% |
There is evidence from Saxon times of
Today, the parish of
The Church of St Peter, commonly known as Bolton Parish Church, is an example of the gothic revival style. Built between 1866 and 1871 of Longridge stone to designs by Paley, the church is 67 ft (20.4 m) in width, 156 ft (47.5 m) in length, and 82 ft (25.0 m) in height. The tower is 180 ft (54.9 m) high with 13 bells.[11] The first church on the same site was built in Anglo-Saxon times. It was rebuilt in Norman times and again in the early 15th century. Little is known of the first two earlier churches, but the third building was a solid, squat building with a sturdy square tower at the west end. It was modified over the years until it fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1866.[14] Fragments of stone and other artefacts from these first three buildings are displayed in the museum corner of the present church.[11]
St Mary's Deane, once the only church in a parish of ten townships in the hundred of Salford, is a church established in Saxon times. The current building dates from 1250 with extensions and restoration in the 19th century and is a
St George's Church was built between 1794 and 1796 when Little Bolton was a separate township. Built by Peter Rothwell and paid for by the Ainsworth family.[105] in 1975 it was leased to Bolton Council, and became a craft centre in 1994.[106] St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church on Great Moor Street, was built in 1861.[107]
The New Zakaria Mosque, the first mosque in Bolton, served the Muslim community from Pakistan and India from the 1960s. The first place of worship for Hindus was in the former St Barnabas Church, converted into a Hindu temple.[99]
Sport
Culture and society
According to a survey of the
Bolton has several theatres including the
Bolton Central Library was one of the earliest public libraries established after the Public Libraries Act 1850, opening in October 1853 in the Exchange Building on the old market square (Victoria Square) before moving to Le Mans Crescent in July 1938.[122] The Bolton Symphony Orchestra performs regular concerts at the Albert Halls and Victoria Hall in the town centre.[123] The 2008 BBC Radio 3 Adult Choir of the Year[124] and five times gold-medal winning barbershop chorus The Cottontown Chorus is based in Bolton.[citation needed]
The town's daily newspaper is
The fictional village of Newbank in Benjamin Disraeli's novel Coningsby was based in part on the industrial village of Barrow Bridge.[126] Spring and Port Wine by playwright, Bill Naughton was filmed and set in Bolton and The Family Way based on Naughton's play All in Good Time was also filmed and set in the town.[127] Peter Kay filmed comedy TV series That Peter Kay Thing in the town.
Bolton has been used as a setting for film and television drama. Le Mans Crescent has featured as a London street in the Jeremy Brett version of Sherlock Holmes, a Russian secret service building in the 1990s comedy series Sleepers and in Peaky Blinders in 2014.[128] The 1990s BBC drama Between the Lines filmed an episode in Victoria Square.[129]
Bolton Community and Voluntary Services supports voluntary and community activities.[130] A network of volunteer groups look after the environment in Bolton supported by Bolton Green Umbrella.[131]
The first Bolton LGBT+ Pride was held in 2015 and has been an ongoing annual event which since its second year has included a parade and live music.[132][133]
Public services
Bolton is policed by the Bolton Division of Greater Manchester Police. The statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, from Bolton Central, Bolton North, Horwich and Farnworth Fire Stations.[134] Hospital services are provided by the Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, which provides Accident and Emergency and other services at Royal Bolton Hospital in Farnworth.[135] Community health services, including GPs, district and community nurses, dentists and pharmacists, are co-ordinated by the Bolton Primary Care Trust.[136] Waste management is co-ordinated by the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority.[137] Bolton's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is Electricity North West Ltd.[138] United Utilities manage Bolton's drinking and waste water.[139]
Notable people
Among the notable people born in Bolton are the Protestant martyr George Marsh, 1515–55,[77] the inventor of the spinning mule that revolutionised the textile industry, Samuel Crompton, 1753–1827,[140] and industrialist Lord Leverhulme of Bolton-le-Moors, 1851–1925.[38]
More recently, people born and raised in Bolton include
See also
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- Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2004), Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-10583-4
- Lewis, Samuel (1835), A Topographical Dictionary of England (3rd ed.)
- Mills, David (2011), A Dictionary of British Place-Names, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-852758-9
- ISBN 978-0-9529333-0-4
- Smith, Peter J. C. (1991), Zeppelins over Lancashire, Neil Richardson, ISBN 1-85216-066-7
- Sweeney, D. J. (1996), A Lancashire Triangle Part One, Triangle Publishing, ISBN 978-0-9529333-0-4
- Wood, C. M. (1974), The Geography of Pollution: A Study of Greater Manchester, Manchester University Press, ISBN 9780719005640
Further reading
- Southern, Christine (1975), The Changing Face of Bolton, Hendon Publishing Lancs., ISBN 0-902907-76-X