Borrelia

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Borrelia
"Borrelia burgdorferi" the causative agent of Lyme disease (borreliosis) magnified 400 times
Borrelia burgdorferi the causative agent of Lyme disease (borreliosis) magnified 400 times
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Spirochaetota
Class: Spirochaetia
Order: Spirochaetales
Family: Borreliaceae
Genus: Borrelia
Swellengrebel, 1907
Type species
Borrelia gallinara
(Sakharoff 1891) Bergey et al. 1925
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Borreliella Adeolu & Gupta 2015
  • "Cacospira" Enderlein 1917
  • Spironema Bergy et al. 1923 non Vuillemin 1905 non Klebs 1892 non Léger & Hesse 1922 non Rafinesque 1838 non Hochst. 1842 non Lindley 1840 non Meek 1864
  • "Spiroschaudinnia" Sambon 1907

Borrelia is a

lice, depending on the species of bacteria.[2] A few Borrelia species as Candidatus Borrelia mahuryensis harbor intermediate genetic features between Lyme disease and relapsing fever Borrelia.[3] The genus is named after French biologist Amédée Borrel (1867–1936), who first documented the distinction between a species of Borrelia, B. anserina, and the other known type of spirochete at the time, Treponema pallidum.[4] This bacterium must be viewed using dark-field microscopy,[5] which make the cells appear white against a dark background. Borrelia species are grown in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly medium.[5] Of 52 known species of Borrelia, 20 are members of the Lyme disease group (with an additional 3 proposed),[6] 29 belong to the relapsing fever group, and two are members of a genetically distinct third group typically found in reptiles.[4] A proposal has been made to split the Lyme disease group based on genetic diversity and move them to their own genus, Borelliella,[7] but this change is not widely accepted.[4] This bacterium uses hard and soft ticks and lice as vectors.[8][9] Testing for the presence of the bacteria in a human includes two-tiered serological testing, including immunoassays and immunoblotting.[10]

Biology

Borrelia species are members of the family Spirochaetaceae, so present the characteristic

Gram staining.[5] They are typically 20–30 μm long and 0.2–0.3 μm wide.[5]

Spirochetes move using axial filaments called

endoflagella in their periplasmic space.[5] The filaments rotate in this space, between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan layer, propelling the bacterium forward in a corkscrew-like motion.[5] The outer membrane of Borrelia species contains outer surface proteins (Osp) that play a role in their virulence.[5]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[12] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[13]

16S rRNA based
LTP_08_2023[14][15][16]
 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[17][18][19]
Borrelia
Relapsing fever
Borrelia
Lyme disease

B. mayonii

B. americana

B. lanei

B. turdi

B. tanukii Fukunaga et al. 1997

B. californiensis

B. kurtenbachii Margos et al. 2013

B. maritima

B. lusitaniae Le Fleche et al. 1997

B. garinii

B. g. garinii Baranton et al. 1992

"B. g. bavariensis" (Margos et al. 2013)

B. japonica Kawabata et al. 1994

B. sinica Masuzawa et al. 2001

Borrelia
Borrelia

"Ca. B. tachyglossi" Loh et al. 2017

B. turcica
Güner et al. 2004

B. miyamotoi Fukunaga et al. 1995

B. persica (Dschunkowsky 1913) Steinhaus 1946

B. hispanica (de Buen 1926) Steinhaus 1946

B. duttonii
(Novy & Knapp 1906) Bergey et al. 1925 [incl. B. crocidurae (Léger 1917) Davis 1957; B. recurrentis (Lebert 1874) Bergey et al. 1925]

B. anserina (Sakharoff 1891) Bergey et al. 1925

B. hermsii (Davis 1942) Steinhaus 1946

B. coriaceae Johnson et al. 1987

B. turicatae (Brumpt 1933) Steinhaus 1946 [incl. B. parkeri (Davis 1942) Steinhaus 1946; "B. puertoricensis" Bermudez et al. 2021; B. venezuelensis (Brumpt 1921) Brumpt 1922]

Borreliella

"B. chilensis" (Ivanova et al. 2014) Adeolu & Gupta 2014

B. japonica (Kawabata et al. 1994) Adeolu & Gupta 2015

Borrelia maritima Margos et al. 2020

B. valaisiana (Wang et al. 1997) Adeolu & Gupta 2018

B. yangtzensis (Margos et al. 2015) Gupta 2020

B. afzelii (Canica et al. 1994) Adeolu & Gupta 2018

B. spielmanii (Richter et al. 2006) Adeolu & Gupta 2015

B. garinii (Baranton et al. 1992) Adeolu & Gupta 2015 [incl. B. bavariensis (Margos et al. 2013) Adeolu & Gupta 2015]

"B. turdi" (Fukunaga et al. 1997) Adeolu & Gupta 2014

B. mayonii (Pritt et al. 2016) Gupta 2020

B. bissettii (Margos et al. 2016) Gupta 2020

B. californiensis
(Margos et al. 2016) Gupta 2020

B. americana
(Rudenko et al. 2010) Adeolu & Gupta 2018

B. lanei (Margos et al. 2017) Gupta 2020

B. burgdorferi (Johnson et al. 1984) Adeolu & Gupta 2015

"B. finlandensis" (Casjens et al. 2011) Adeolu & Gupta 2014

Species incertae sedis::

  • "Ca. Borrelia africana" Ehounoud et al. 2016
  • "Ca. Borrelia algerica" Fotso et al. 2015
  • "Ca. Borrelia aligera" Norte et al. 2020
  • "Ca. Borrelia amblyommatis" corrig. Jiang et al. 2021 ["Ca. Borrelia javanense" Jiang et al. 2021]
  • Borrelia baltazardii
     corrig. Karimi et al. 1979 ex Karimi et al. 1983
  • Borrelia brasiliensis
     Davis 1952
  • "Ca. B. caatinga" de Oliveira et al. 2023
  • Borrelia caucasica
     (Kandelaki 1945) Davis 1957
  • Borrelia dugesii (Mazzotti 1949) Davis 1957
  • "Ca. Borrelia fainii" Qiu et al. 2019
  • Borrelia graingeri (Heisch 1953) Davis 1957
  • Borrelia harveyi (Garnham 1947) Davis 1948
  • "Ca. Borrelia ibitipocensis" corrig. Muñoz-Leal et al. 2020
  • "Ca. Borrelia ivorensis" Ehounoud et al. 2016
  • "Ca. Borrelia johnsonii" Schwan et al. 2009
  • "Ca. Borrelia kalaharica" Fingerle et al. 2016
  • Borrelia latyschewii (Sofiev 1941) Davis 1948
  • "
    Borrelia lonestari
    " Barbour et al. 1996
  • "Ca. Borrelia mahuryensis" Binetruy et al. 2020
  • Borrelia mazzottii Davis 1956
  • "Borrelia merionesi" Hougen 1974 non (Blanc & Maurice 1948) Davis 1948
  • "
    Borrelia microti
    " (Rafyi 1946) Davis 1948
  • "Ca. Borrelia mvumii" Mitani et al. 2004
  • "Borrelia myelophthora" (Steiner 1931) Ahrens & Muschner 1958
  • "Ca. Borrelia paulista" Weck et al. 2022
  • "B. rubricentralis" Gofton et al. 2023
  • "Ca. B. sibirica" Sabitova et al. 2022
  • Borrelia theileri
     (Laveran 1903) Bergey et al. 1925
  • Borrelia tillae
     Zumpt & Organ 1961
  • "B. undatumii" Gofton et al. 2023
  • "Borreliella andersonii" (Marconi, Liveris & Schwartz 1995) Adeolu & Gupta 2014
  • Borreliella carolinensis (Rudenko et al. 2011) Adeolu & Gupta 2015
  • Borreliella kurtenbachii (Margos et al. 2013) Adeolu & Gupta 2015
  • "Borreliella lusitaniae" (Le Fleche et al. 1997) Adeolu & Gupta 2014
  • "Borreliella tanukii" (Fukunaga et al. 1997) Adeolu & Gupta 2014
  • Borreliella sinica (Masuzawa et al. 2001) Adeolu & Gupta 2015
  • "Ca. Borreliella texasensis" (Lin et al. 2005) Adeolu & Gupta 2014

Vectors

Ticks

Hard ticks of the family Ixodidae are common vectors of Borellia bacteria[20] and are the only type of ticks shown to transmit Lyme disease bacteria to humans.[21] Some tick species of the Ambylomma genus are vectors of Candidatus Borrelia mahuryensis in South America.[3]

Global hard tick species that cause Lyme disease[8]
Region Tick species Common name
East and Midwest (US) Ixodes scapularis Black-legged tick, deer tick
Pacific Coast (US) Ixodes pacificus Western black-legged tick
Europe Ixodes ricinus Sheep tick
Asia Ixodes persulcatus Taiga tick

Other species are carried by soft ticks. The soft tick Ornithodoros carries the species of Borellia that cause relapsing fever.[9] Another species, B. anserina, is carried by the soft tick Argas.[4] Inside the ticks, the bacteria grow in the midgut and then travel to the salivary glands to be transmitted to a new host.[21] Ticks can spread the bacteria to each other when co-feeding.[20] If an animal has been infected by a tick and then is bitten by a second tick, the second tick can become infected.[22] The bacteria are most commonly transmitted to humans through ticks in the nymph stage of development, because they are smaller and less likely to be noticed and removed.[22] The ticks must have around 36 to 48 hours of contact with a host to successfully transmit the bacteria.[22]

Lice

Lice that feed on infected humans acquire the Borrelia organisms that then multiply in the hemolymph and gut of the lice.[9] When an infected louse feeds on an uninfected human, the organism gains access when the victim crushes the louse or scratches the area where the louse is feeding.[9] The U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that no credible evidence shows that lice can carry Borrelia.[22]

Lyme disease

Main article: Lyme disease microbiology

Of the 52 known species of Borrelia, 20 belong to the Lyme disease group and are transmitted by ticks.

Borreliosis.[6] The major Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii.[23] All species that cause Lyme disease are referred to collectively as B. burgdorferi sensu lato,[10] while B. burgdorferi itself is specified as B. burgdorferi sensu stricto.[10][21] B. burgdorferi was previously believed to be the only species to cause Lyme disease in the US, but B. bissettiae and a new species called B. mayonii cause Lyme disease in the US, as well.[23]
The remaining five human pathogenic species occur only in Europe and Asia.

Relapsing fever

Main article: Relapsing fever

Relapsing fever (RF) borreliosis often occurs with severe

bacteremia.[24] Twenty-five species of Borrelia are known to cause relapsing fever.[25] While most species use the soft tick family Argasidae as their vector, some outliers live in hard ticks or lice.[25] Relapsing fever can be spread epidemically through lice or endemically through ticks.[9]

B. recurrentis, a common species underlying relapsing fever, is transmitted by the human body

mucous membranes and then invades the bloodstream.[9]

Other tick-borne relapsing infections are acquired from other species, such as B. hermsii, B. parkeri, or B. miyamotoi,[26] which can be spread from rodents, and serve as a reservoir for the infection, via a tick vector. B. hermsii and B. recurrentis cause very similar diseases, although the disease associated with B. hermsii has more relapses and is responsible for more fatalities, while the disease caused by B. recurrentis has longer febrile and afebrile intervals and a longer incubation period.

Diagnosis

Direct tests include culture of Borrelia from skin, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and detection of genetic material by

immunoblotting, either by using Western blots or blots striped with diagnostically important purified antigens. Positive results for second-tier tests are confirmatory for the presence of Borrelia infection.[10][27] Spirochetes can also be seen using Wright-stained blood smears.[9]

See also

References

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  2. ISBN 978-1-913652-61-6
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  7. PMID 24744012
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    PMID 25452659
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  9. ^
    ISBN 9781437716047
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  10. ^
    PMID 25999225
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  11. PMID 16814991
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  12. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Borrelia". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  13. ^ Sayers; et al. "Borrelia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  14. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  15. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  16. ^ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  17. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  18. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  19. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  20. ^
    S2CID 85564512
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  21. ^
    PMID 18452798
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  22. ^ a b c d "Transmission | Lyme Disease | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  23. ^ a b "Borrelia mayonii | Ticks | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
  24. PMID 19884498
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  25. ^
    ISBN 9780123971692
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  26. ^ McNeil D (19 September 2011). "New Tick-Borne Disease Is Discovered". The New York Times. pp. D6. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  27. PMID 8699065
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Further reading

External links
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