Breguet 14

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Breguet 14
Role Bomber and reconnaissance
Manufacturer Breguet
Designer Marcel Vuillierme
First flight 21 November 1916
Introduction May 1917
Status Retired
Primary users
US Army Air Service
Polish Air Force
Royal Thai Air Force
Produced 1916–1928
Number built c. 8,000[1]
Developed from Breguet AV
Variants
17

The Breguet XIV (in contemporary practice) or Breguet 14 was a French biplane bomber and reconnaissance aircraft of World War I. It was built in very large numbers and production continued for many years after the end of the war.

The Breguet 14 was among the first mass-produced aircraft to use large amounts of aluminium, rather than wood or steel, in its structure. This allowed the airframe to be both lighter and stronger, in turn making the aircraft fast and agile and it was able to outrun some contemporary fighters.

Development

Background

The Breguet 14 was designed by aviation pioneer and

First World War in 1914 led to Breguet-built aircraft being ordered by the military air services of several Triple Entente nations.[3] He temporarily abandoned the preferred tractor configuration for a pusher design to satisfy the French general staff, who sought a clear forward view for the observer.[3]

Renault powered Breguet XIV A.2 with prominent camera fairing on fuselage side for photo reconnaissance

In spite of the French official preference for pushers, Breguet remained a proponent of tractor aircraft.

Hispano-Suiza 8A V-8 engine of 130 kW (180 hp).[5] Breguet determined that the Hispano-Suiza lacked sufficient power, and instead chose the Renault V-12 engine previously used in the Breguet Type V.[5]

Two variants of the Breguet AV (Type XIII and Type XIV to the French authorities) were built. Both had a boxy shape that was complemented by a rectangular frontal radiator and the unusual

rubber bungee cords.[6]

The airframe's structure was constructed primarily of

ash shims at the attachment points and wrapped in a sheet steel sheath.[5] The wooden box ribs had fretted plywood webs and ash flanges. The tail unit was built up from welded steel tube, while the elevators featured large horn balances.[5] French officials were initially wary of the Type XIV's innovative materials due to a lack of experience with them.[7]

Into flight

French Breguet XIV B.2 showing off the substantial flaps on the lower wings
American Breguet showing off its full load of bombs
Fiat powered Breguet XIV A.2

Louis Breguet took the prototype into the air for the first time on 21 November 1916.[7] In November 1916, the S.T.Aé. had issued requirements for four new aircraft types, and Breguet submitted the XIV for two of those - reconnaissance and bomber.[7]

The prototype was passed to the S.T.Aé on 11 January 1917 for trials and was accepted to fill both roles. The report issued on 7 February 1917 from the trials stated that the prototype had attained a speed of 172 km/h (107 mph) at an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[7] On 22 February 1917, Breguet asked the S.T.Aé about initiating production and informed them on 2 March that jigs were ready.[7] On 6 March 1917, the first official production order was received by Breguet, calling for 150 Breguet XIV A.2 reconnaissance aircraft and an additional order for 100 XIV B.2 bombers was received on 4 April.[7] The A.2 was equipped with several

bomb sight.[8]

By mid-1917, the French authorities ordered a substantial increase in production.

Indo-China, although these are likely to have been reliant on imported parts.[10]

As an insurance against engine shortages, alternatives to the standard Renault powerplant were installed, both for experimental purposes and in production quantities.

Liberty engine. To distinguish these aircraft, they were designated Breguet XIV B.2 L.[13]

Other minor variants of the Breguet 14 were flown in small numbers during the Great War; these included the XIV B.1 (Bombardement) long-range single-seat bomber, the XIV GR.2 (Grande Raid) long-range reconnaissance/bomber, the XIV H (Hydro)

XVII C.2 (Chasse) two-seat fighter, which would only be built in small numbers due to the end of the war.[11] Production of the Breguet 14 would continue long after the end of the war, only ending in 1926.[10]

Operational history

United States Army Air Service Breguet 14 in France, 1918

The Breguet 14 was used in large numbers from May 1917 onwards, and at its peak equipped at least 71 escadrilles, and was deployed on both the Western Front, where it participated in number major actions in which it typically acquitted itself well,[8] and in the east, on the Italian front.

For its actions during the Battle of the Lys, the Section Artillerie Lourde, equipped with the type, received a citation and was further lauded for its actions during the Allied counter-attack to the German spring offensive. On 9 July 1918, Capitaine Paul-Louise Weiller shot down two enemy aircraft during one sortie while flying the type.[8]

Following its introduction by the French, during 1918, the Breguet 14 was also ordered by the

Belgian Army (40 aircraft) and the United States Army Air Service (over 600 aircraft).[15] Around half the Belgian and U.S. aircraft were fitted with Fiat A.12 engines due to shortages of the original Renault 12F. Prior to the Armistice of 11 November 1918, the Breguet 14 was typically assigned to serve in both reconnaissance and bombing roles. By the end of the conflict, the type was reportedly responsible for having dropped over 1,887,600 kg (4,161,400 lb) of bombs.[16]

A Breguet 14 played a role in one of the last actions of the war. During November 1918, one aircraft was used to transport a German military officer, Major von Geyer, from Tergnier and Spa. It was covered in large white flags of truce to avoid being attacked.[16]

The type continued to be widely used after the war, equipping the French occupation forces in Germany and being deployed to support French troops in the colonies.[10] A special version was developed for the harsh conditions encountered overseas, designated "14 TOE" (Théatres des Operations Extérieures). These saw service in putting down uprisings in Syria and Morocco, in Vietnam and in the French intervention in the Russian Civil War. The last trainer examples were not withdrawn from French military service until 1932.

Polish Breguet 14 during the Kiev offensive

Other air arms using the type included

Polish-Soviet war. In Japan, Breguet 14s were licence-built by Nakajima. The type was also heavily used in various internal wars in China during the 1920s and 1930s.[10]

Weeks after the signing of the Armistice, the Breguet 14 was used to conduct several long-distance flights to demonstrate its capabilities.

in-flight refuelling operations.[18]
After the war, Breguet manufactured of dedicated civil versions of the Breguet 14. The 14 T.2 Salon carried two passengers in a specially modified fuselage. An improved version, the 14 Tbis, was built as both a land-plane and
Lignes Aeriennes Latécoère.[17] After changing its name to "CGEA", the airline used, among others, 106 Breguet 14s for flights over the Sahara Desert. The 18 T was a single 14 T re-engined with a Renault 12Ja engine and equipped to carry four passengers.[17]
When production finally ceased in 1928, the total for all versions built had exceeded 7,800 (according to other sources, 8,000 or even 8,370).

Variants

Breguet 14T bis Sanitaire photo from L'Aéronautique October 1921

Data from:[20]

Breguet AV 1
(Given the STAé designation Breguet 13) Company designation of the first aircraft of the Breguet 13/14 family. Powered by a 263 hp (196 kW) Renault V-12 engine with short fuselage and all-flying rudder.
Breguet AV 2
(Given the STAé designation Breguet 14) Company designation of the second aircraft of the Breguet 13 / 14 family. Powered by a 263 hp (196 kW) Renault V-12 engine in a longer fuselage with fixed fin.
Breguet 13
AV 1 the first of the Breguet 14 family with a short fuselage and no fixed fin.
Breguet 14 A.2
Basic production variant to the two-seat Army co-operation specification (A.2), typically powered by a 300 hp (220 kW) Renault 12Fe V-12 engine.[21]
Breguet 14 AP.2
High-altitude, long-range reconnaissance variant, powered by a 400 hp (300 kW) Liberty L-12 engine. One converted from an A.2
Breguet 14 AE
A single aircraft, (F-AEEZ), converted for use in the colonies.
Breguet 14/400
Postwar aircraft powered by 400 hp (300 kW)
Lorraine-Dietrich 12Da V-12 engines. Seventy aircraft delivered to China and Manchuria
.
Breguet 14 C
A single aircraft powered by a 450 hp (340 kW) Renault 12Ja V-12 engine for use as a postal aircraft in the United States.
Breguet 14 H
A floatplane version powered by a 320 hp (240 kW)
Indo-China
.
Breguet 14 B.2
The two-seat bomber version.
Breguet 14 B.1
A single-seat bomber version: two were ordered for a planned raid on Berlin.
Breguet 14 floatplane
A twin float hydroplane version, tested at St Raphaël in 1924.
Breguet 14 S
(S – Sanitaire) Ambulance aircraft modified to carry two stretchers in the rear fuselage. (A later dedicated ambulance aircraft was also produced).
Nakajima B-6
Breguet 14 B.2 bombers licence-built in Japan by Nakajima, powered by 360 hp (270 kW) Rolls-Royce Eagle V-12 engines.
Yackey BRL-12 Transport
American conversion of a 14 B.2 with corrugated fuselage skins and floats.[22]

Operators

 Argentina
 Belgium
  • Belgian Air Force operated by the 2nd, 3rd, 5th escadrilles until the mid-1920s.[23]
  • SNETA
 Brazil
 China
  • Nationalist Chinese Air Force operated 50 until 1932.[25]
 Czechoslovakia
 Denmark
  • Danish Air Force operated several from 1920 until 1927.[25]
 El Salvador
  • Air Force of El Salvador a single example was bought from France in the mid-1920s, but crashed in 1927 while delivering smallpox vaccine.[25]
 Estonia
 Finland
 France
  • Armée de l'Air
  • French Navy used the Breguet 14 for reconnaissance from 1922, with the type remaining in service until 1930.[26]
 Greece
  • Breguet 19s in 1925.[25]
 Guatemala
 Japan
  • Imperial Japanese Army Air Force One 14 B.2 was purchased and a second one was built locally by Nakajima as the B-6.[25]
Central Lithuania
Persia
  • Iranian Air Force received two aircraft in 1924.[25]
 Paraguay
 Poland
  • Polish Air Force - three French escadrilles were redesignated as Polish and transferred with their aircraft to Poland in 1919.[28] These were supplemented with an additional 70 aircraft which were eventually retired in 1924.[29]
 Portugal
 Romania
 Serbia
  • Serbian Air Force - During WW1 three French escadrilles operated in Serbia with Serbian crews, and their aircraft eventually transferred to Serbia - who used them until 1923 [29]
 Soviet Union
  • Soviet Air Force[30]
Spain Spain
  • Spanish Air Force[30]
 Sweden
  • Swedish Air Force - received one aircraft only in 1919, which was given a civil registration in 1923.[30]
Siam
 Turkey
 United States
 Uruguay
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia
  • Yugoslav Royal Air Force
    may have operated one ex-Serbian example.

Survivors and replicas

Replica Breguet 14 at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum
  • Bre.2016 - Breguet 14 A.2 is on display at the Musée de l'air et de l'espace in Paris, France in French markings.[32]
  • 3C30 - The last survivor of 22 (or 30) examples bought shortly after the end of WW1, this Breguet 14 A.2 arrived in 1921, and was operational from 1922 until retired in 1927.[33] It was on display following an extensive restoration at the Finnish Air Force Museum in Jyväskylä, Finland to its original Finnish markings.[32]
  • A replica Breguet 14 built in 1980 as F-AZBP, and which appeared in several movies has been on display at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Bangkok since 2012 in Siamese markings as B.TH1.[34]
  • A replica registered as F-AZBH is regularly flown on the French Airshow circuit, currently marked as an early aircraft, without camouflage, while it was previously marked as a
    Latécoère
    machine.
  • A replica marked as Bre.2812 and carrying the markings of the US Air Service's 96th Aero Squadron is on display at the Omaka Aviation Heritage Centre in New Zealand.

Specifications (14 B.2)

Breguet 14 B.2 drawing

Data from French aircraft of the First World War,[20] Profile #157 :The Breguet 14[35]

General characteristics

  • Crew: Two
  • Length: 8.870 m (29 ft 1 in)
  • Upper wingspan: 14.364 m (47 ft 2 in) with original ailerons
14.86 m (48.8 ft) with balanced ailerons
  • Lower wingspan: 13.664 m (44 ft 10 in) with original ailerons
13.284 m (43.58 ft) with balanced ailerons
  • Height: 3.33 m (10 ft 11 in)
  • Wing area: 50.2 m2 (540 sq ft) with original ailerons
48.5 m2 (522 sq ft) with balanced ailerons
  • Airfoil: Eiffel 4.6%[36]
  • Empty weight: 1,017 kg (2,242 lb)
  • Gross weight: 1,769 kg (3,900 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 ×
    Renault 12Fcx
    V-12 water-cooled piston engine, 220 kW (300 hp)
Alternative engines
Renault 12Fcy
230 kW (310 hp)
Renault 12Fe 240 kW (320 hp) sometimes fitted with Rateau turbocharger
Renault 12Ff
260 kW (350 hp)
Renault 12K 300 kW (400 hp)
Fiat A.12 190 kW (260 hp)
Fiat A.14 450 kW (600 hp)
Lorraine-Dietrich 12Da
280 kW (370 hp)
Lorraine-Dietrich 12E
290 kW (390 hp)
Liberty L-12 300 kW (400 hp)
Panhard 12C 260 kW (350 hp)
Panhard 12D 250 kW (340 hp)
Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII
270 kW (360 hp) (Nakajima B-6)
  • Propellers: 2-bladed Ratier série 34 fixed-pitch wooden propeller, 2.940 m (9 ft 8 in) diameter with Renault 12F engines
(2-bladed Ratier série 34 fixed-pitch wooden propeller with Liberty L-12 engine)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 195 km/h (121 mph, 105 kn)
  • Endurance: 2 hours 45 minutes
  • Service ceiling: 6,200 m (20,300 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 4.867 m/s (958.1 ft/min)
  • Time to altitude: ::2,000 m (6,600 ft) in 9 minutes 15 seconds
3,000 m (9,800 ft) in 16 minutes 30 seconds
5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 47 minutes
  • Wing loading: 32 kg/m2 (6.6 lb/sq ft) (at max. takeoff weight)
  • Power/mass: 0.15 kW/kg (0.09 hp/lb) (at max. takeoff weight)

Armament

  • Guns: 1 × fixed 7.7 mm (0.303 in)
    Lewis Gun
    on T.O.3 or T.O.4 mount for the observer
  • Bombs: up to 355 kg (783 lb) of bombs, typically 32x 8 kg (18 lb) 115mm bombs

See also

Related development

  • Breguet 16
  • Breguet 17

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bréguet 14.

Citations

  1. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 16.
  2. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 3.
  3. ^ a b Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 4.
  4. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 4–5.
  5. ^ a b c d e Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 5.
  6. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 5–6.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 6.
  8. ^ a b c d e Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 7.
  9. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 6–7.
  10. ^ a b c d Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 12.
  11. ^ a b c Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 8.
  12. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 8–9.
  13. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 9.
  14. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 10.
  15. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 10–11.
  16. ^ a b Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 11.
  17. ^ a b c d Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 13.
  18. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, pp. 13–14.
  19. ^ "1921 Paris Air Salon: Breguet 14Tbis." Flight, 24 November 1921.
  20. ^
    ISBN 1891268090
    .
  21. ^ Type 14 A2. Model 1921 (PDF). Notice technique de l'avion Breguet (Report). Ministere de la guerre. 24 April 1922.
  22. ^ Eckland, K.O. "Aerofiles Y–Z". www.aerofiles.com. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  23. ^ Davilla, 1997, p.115
  24. ^ Flores Jr., 2015, pp.359-364
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Davilla, 1997, p.116
  26. ^ Morareau 1990, p. 16
  27. ^ "All-Time Aircraft Used List | Paraguayan Air Force".
  28. ^ Davilla, 1997, pp.116-117
  29. ^ a b c d Davilla, 1997, pp.117
  30. ^ a b c d Davilla, 1997, pp.118
  31. ^ a b c Davilla, 1997, pp.119
  32. ^ a b Rimell, 1990, pp.38-39
  33. ^ "Breguet 14 A2 Plane Info". Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  34. ^ "Aero Visuals Airframe Dossier". Aerial Visuals. 1993–2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  35. ^ Bruce and Noel 1967, p. 14.
  36. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

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