Carnutes
The Carnutes or Carnuti (Gaulish: 'the horned ones'), were a
Name
They are mentioned as Carnutes by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC) and Livy (late-1st c. BC),[1] Carnūti by Tibullus (late-1st c. BC),[2] Karnoútōn (Καρνούτων) and Karnoúntōn (Καρνούντων) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),[3] Karnoũtai (Καρνοῦται) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD),[4] and as Carnunta in the Notitia Dignitatum (5th c. AD).[5][6]
The
The city of Chartres, attested ca. 400 as Carnotum (Carnotis ca. 650, Cartis in 930), is named after the Gallic tribe.[10]
Geography
Their lands were later organized as the Catholic dioceses of
History
In the 1st century BC, the Carnutes minted coins, usually struck with dies, but sometimes cast in an alloy of high
In the time of Caesar, the Carnutes were dependents of the Remi, who on one occasion interceded for them. In the winter of 58–57 BC, Caesar imposed a protectorate over the Carnutes and set up Tasgetius as his choice of king, picked from the ruling clan. Within three years, the Carnutes assassinated the puppet king. On 13 February 53 BC, the Carnutes of Cenabum massacred all the Roman merchants stationed in the town as well as one of Caesar's commissariat officers. The uprising became a general one throughout Gaul, under the leadership of Vercingetorix. Caesar burned Cenabum, where he had the men killed and women and children sold as slaves. The booty was distributed among his soldiers, an effective way of financing the conquest of Gaul. During the war that followed, the Carnutes sent 12,000 fighting men to relieve Alesia, but shared in the defeat of the Gallic army. Having attacked the Bituriges, who appealed to Caesar for assistance, they were forced to submit. Cenabum was left for years as a mass of ruins for example, with two Roman legions garrisoned there.
After they had been pacified, though not Romanized, under Augustus, the Carnutes, as one of the peoples of Gallia Lugdunensis, were raised to the rank of civitas socia or foederati. They retained their self-governing institutions, and minted coins; their only obligation was for the men to render military service to the emperor. Up to the 3rd century, Autricum (later Carnutes, whence Chartres) was the capital. In 275 Aurelian refounded Cenabum, ordaining it no longer a vicus but a civitas; he named it Aurelianum or Aurelianensis urbs (which eventually became Orléans).
References
- ^ Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 2:35; Livy. Ab Urbe Condita Libri, 5:34:5.
- ^ Tibullus. 1:7:12.
- ^ Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:2:3, 4:3:4.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:8:10.
- ^ Notitia Dignitatum, oc 42:33.
- ^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Carnutes.
- ^ a b Lambert 1994, p. 34.
- ^ Delamarre 2003, p. 106.
- ^ Matasović 2009, p. 190.
- ^ Nègre 1990, p. 153.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ "Monnaies", Vol. 15, CGB, in French
Bibliography
- ISBN 9782877723695.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- ISBN 978-2-87772-089-2.
- ISBN 9789004173361.
- ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7.
External links
- Monnayage des Carnutes: detailed illustrations of numismatics
- Coins minted by the Carnutes, 1st century BCE
- Histoire de la ville d'Orléans": map of the Carnutes territory (in French)
- R. Boutrays, Urbis gentisque Carnutum historia 1624
- A. Desjardins, Géographie historique de la Gaule, ii, I876 1893
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