La Tène culture

The La Tène culture (

Centered on ancient Gaul, the culture became very widespread, and encompasses a wide variety of local differences. It is often distinguished from earlier and neighbouring cultures mainly by the La Tène style of Celtic art, characterized by curving "swirly" decoration, especially of metalwork.^[10]

It is named after the type site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland, where thousands of objects had been deposited in the lake, as was discovered after the water level dropped in 1857 (due to the Jura water correction).^[11]

In the popular understanding, La Tène describes the culture and art of the ancient Celts, a term that is firmly entrenched in the popular understanding, but it is considered controversial by modern scholarship.^[12]

Extensive contacts through

The archaeological period is now mostly divided into four sub-periods, following Paul Reinecke.^[15]

The preceding final phase of the Hallstatt culture, HaD, c. 650–450 BC, was also widespread across Central Europe, and the transition over this area was gradual, being mainly detected through La Tène style elite artefacts, which first appear on the western edge of the old Hallstatt region.

Though there is no agreement on the precise region in which La Tène culture first developed, there is a broad consensus that the centre of the culture lay on the northwest edges of

From their homeland, La Tène culture expanded in the 4th century BCE to more of modern France, Germany, and

The bearers of the La Tène culture were the people known as

Current knowledge of this cultural area is derived from three sources comprising archaeological evidence, Greek and Latin literary records, and ethnographical evidence suggesting some La Tène artistic and cultural survivals in traditionally Celtic regions of far western Europe. Some of the societies that are archaeologically identified with La Tène material culture were identified by Greek and Roman authors from the 5th century onwards as Keltoi ("Celts") and Galli ("Gauls"). Herodotus (iv.49) correctly placed Keltoi at the source of the Ister/Danube, in the heartland of La Tène material culture: "The Ister flows right across Europe, rising in the country of the Celts".^[24]

Whether the usage of classical sources means that the whole of La Tène culture can be attributed to a unified

Artefacts typical of the La Tène culture have been discovered in stray finds as far afield as Scandinavia, Northern Germany, Poland and in the Balkans. It is therefore common to also talk of the "La Tène period" in the context of those regions even though they were never part of the La Tène culture proper, but connected to its core area via trade.

"In the final phases of the Iron Age, before the expansion of the Roman empire northwards in the first century BC, major changes are apparent in the economy and society of temperate Europe from central France to the Black Sea. The settlement pattern was transformed by the growth of large sites which functioned as towns, and new centres of industrial production distributed standardized wares over larger distances. At the same time, political power was becoming increasingly centralized … Coinage was introduced… The use of writing was known, at least for keeping official records. Thus even before the Roman conquest, large parts of Europe were occupied by literate societies with a high degree of social, economic and political development."^[25]

Initially La Tène people lived in open settlements that were dominated by the chieftains' hill forts. The development of walled towns and cities—known as oppida—appears during the mid-La Tène culture in the 2nd century BC. The name of oppida (singular oppidum) was given by Julius Caesar to the Celtic towns and cities that he encountered during the conquest of Gaul.^[27] Oppida were characterized by very large surface areas (up to hundreds of hectares) and were defended by often massive ramparts and walls.^[28] They are often described as 'the first cities north of the Alps', though this description has also been applied to earlier settlements of the Hallstatt and Urnfield periods.^[29] Oppida served as centres of craft production and commerce and were also important political and religious centres, with major oppida functioning as the capitals of Celtic states.^[30]

Oppida appeared more or less simultaneously from the Atlantic to central Europe in the second century BC.^[31] More than 180 oppida are known today, stretching from France in the west to Hungary in the east. Oppida-like settlements are also known from Britain and northern Spain.^[32][33]

Many oppida had planned layouts and some had standardised building designs, indicating a high level of central organization.^[34][35] At the oppidum of Manching in Germany all the buildings were constructed with the same standardised measurements, and a metal measuring rod conforming to this standard was found within the settlement.^[36][37] Similar standards have been identified at multiple other oppida.^[38] The layout and structure of oppidum buildings demonstrates a knowledge of geometric principles that suggests the role of specialized craftsmen, surveyors or master builders in their construction.^[38] Large buildings inside the oppida included temples, assembly spaces and other public buildings.^[39][40] At the oppidum of Bibracte a monumental stone basin was constructed in the centre of the oppidum based on a precise geometric design with an astronomical alignment.^{[41][42][43][44]}

La Tène buildings were typically built of wood though stone was used in massive quantities for the construction of oppida walls, known as Murus Gallicus.^[45] Some oppida walls were several kilometres long.^[46] The construction and effectiveness of these walls was described by Julius Caesar in his account of the Gallic Wars.^[47]

Major oppida were connected by a network of roads.^[48][49][50] Wooden bridges and causeways are also known from archaeological remains and historical accounts.^[49][51]

A significant number of oppida developed into Roman cities following the expansion of the Roman empire.^[52] These include Vesontio (Besancon), Durocororum (Reims), Lutetia (Paris) and Avaricum (Bourges) among others.^[53]

By the Iron Age, trade operated intensively and extensively throughout Europe. Trade within Celtic lands involved raw materials and manufactured goods, with a large increase in the trade of manufactured goods occurring in the last two centuries BC. Goods were mass produced within the oppida by specialist industrial workers and craftsmen and distributed to surrounding areas. Items such as pottery, iron weapons, bronze vessels and glass jewellery were produced for export. Goods were transported by merchants with packhorses, wagons and on freight boats along rivers, and tolls were charged on trade routes by local rulers or states. Weighing balances and coins are found in both small and large settlements.

Some Celtic-language inscriptions are known from this period, written in Lepontic, Greek and Latin scripts. Writing appears on Celtic coins (such as the names of Celtic rulers or peoples), and writing equipment in the form of wax tablets and styli has also been found within settlements.^[58][59] Markings on pottery have been interpreted as a possible distinct 'La Tène alphabet'.^[60] Historical accounts by Greek and Roman authors provide descriptions of the use of writing by Celtic peoples at this time, such as the keeping of public records.^[61][62]

Celtic coinage originated in the late 4th century BC in a period of intensified contact with Greek states through trade and the employment of Celtic mercenaries in Greek armies.^[63][64] Coins were minted by individual Celtic rulers or states and are found in large quantities in settlements and hoards throughout Europe.^[65] Designs on coins include stylized portraits, abstract symbols and mythological imagery. Coins were made from gold, silver and bronze and were used for official payments, taxes, tribute, fines, religious offerings, dowries and other customary payments.^[66]

The La Tène period saw a vast increase in iron production, with huge quantities and varieties of iron objects becoming common on all types of settlements.

According to Julius Caesar trade with the British Isles was dominated by the Veneti from Armorica,^[55] who commanded "a very great number of ships", which he describes as follows:

The ships were built wholly of oak, and designed to endure any force and violence whatever; the benches which were made of planks a foot in breadth, were fastened by iron spikes of the thickness of a man's thumb; the anchors were secured fast by iron chains instead of cables, and for sails they used skins and thin dressed leather.^[81]

Close similarities have been noted between Caesar's description and shipwrecks discovered at Blackfriars in London (dating from the 2nd century AD) and at St Peter Port in Guernsey (dating from the 3rd century AD), which have been described as Romano-Celtic ships built according to a native Celtic tradition, distinct from that of the Mediterranean.^{[55][82][83][84]} McGrail (1995) suggests that the frame-first construction process of these ships represents a specific Celtic ship-building innovation.^[85]

Wooden barrels bound with metal hoops were also invented by Celtic craftsmen during the La Tène period^[86] and gradually replaced the use of amphorae within the Roman empire from the 2nd century AD.^[87]

The 3rd century BC saw the development of iron chain mail, the invention of which is credited to Celtic armourers by the Roman author Varro.^[88][89] Celtic helmet designs also served as the basis for the design of Roman imperial helmets following Caesar's campaigns in Gaul.^[90][91] The spatha, a long sword of Celtic design, was introduced to the Romans by Celtic mercenaries and auxilaries, gradually becoming a standard heavy infantry weapon within the Roman army by the 2nd century AD and replacing the earlier gladius.^[92]

The 1st century Roman author Pliny the Elder attributed the invention of soap and mattresses to the Gauls.^[93][94] The 2nd century Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia also attributed the invention of soap to the Gauls.^[95]

At the site of the oppidum of Paule in Brittany the remains of a wooden structure thought to be a 'machine for drawing water' incorporating a crank and connecting-rod mechanism were discovered at the bottom of a well, dating from 68-27 BC.^[96][97][98] This is the earliest known evidence for such a mechanism, which is also known from later Roman machines.^[99]

In his account of the siege of Avaricum during the Gallic War, Julius Caesar writes:

To the extraordinary valor of our soldiers, devices of every sort were opposed by the Gauls; since they are a nation of consummate ingenuity, and most skillful in imitating and making those things which are imparted by any one; for they turned aside the hooks with nooses, and when they had caught hold of them firmly, drew them on by means of engines, and undermined the mound the more skillfully on this account, because there are in their territories extensive iron mines, and consequently every description of mining operations is known and practiced by them.^[100]

La Tène

Burial sites included weapons, carts, and both elite and household goods, evoking a strong continuity with an afterlife.^[102]

La Tène peoples also dug ritual shafts, in which votive offerings and even human sacrifices were cast. Severed heads (particularly of defeated enemies) appear to have held great power and were often represented in carvings.^[103]

• 
  Celtic warrior garments
• 
  Bronze helmet
• 
  Chariot's axle cover
• 
  Torrs Horns
• 
  Copper pot with lid
• 
  Gaulish warrior garments
• 
  Warrior statue, Roquepertuse, France
• 
  Gaulish bronze helmet
• 
  Celtic gold-plated disc
• 
  La Téne burial goods
• 
  Celtic sword
• 
  Gallic gold coin
• 
  Celtic mirror, England
• 
  Golden bracelet from Reinheim Princess burial
• 
  Flagons from Basse Yutz, France
• 
  Princess of Reinheim burial reconstruction

The La Tène type site is on the northern shore of Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland, where the small river Thielle, connecting to another lake, enters the Lake Neuchâtel.^[104] In 1857, prolonged drought lowered the waters of the lake by about 2 m (6 ft 7 in). On the northernmost tip of the lake, between the river and a point south of the village of Epagnier (47°00′16″N 7°00′58″E / 47.0045°N 7.016°E / 47.0045; 7.016), Hansli Kopp, looking for antiquities for Colonel Frédéric Schwab, discovered several rows of wooden piles that still reached up about 50 cm (20 in) into the water. From among these, Kopp collected about forty iron swords.

The Swiss archaeologist

With the first systematic lowering of the Swiss lakes from 1868 to 1883, the site fell completely dry. In 1880, Emile Vouga, a teacher from Marin-Epagnier, uncovered the wooden remains of two bridges (designated "Pont Desor" and "Pont Vouga") originally over 100 m (330 ft) long, that crossed the little Thielle River (today a nature reserve) and the remains of five houses on the shore. After Vouga had finished, F. Borel, curator of the Marin museum, began to excavate as well. In 1885 the canton asked the Société d'Histoire of Neuchâtel to continue the excavations, the results of which were published by Vouga in the same year.

All in all, over 2500 objects, mainly made from metal, have been excavated in La Tène. Weapons predominate, there being 166 swords (most without traces of wear), 270 lanceheads, and 22 shield bosses, along with 385 brooches, tools, and parts of chariots. Numerous human and animal bones were found as well. The site was used from the 3rd century, with a peak of activity around 200 BCE and abandonment by about 60 BCE.^[105] Interpretations of the site vary. Some scholars believe the bridge was destroyed by high water, while others see it as a place of sacrifice after a successful battle (there are almost no female ornaments).

An exhibition marking the 150th anniversary of the discovery of the La Tène site opened in 2007 at the Musée Schwab in

Some sites are:

• 
  Manching oppidum, Germany
• 
  Manching oppidum, Germany
• 
  Bibracte oppidum, France, outer walls
• 
  Bibracte oppidum
• 
  Corent oppidum, France.^[107]
• 
  Entremont oppidum remains, France
• 
  Mont Vully oppidum, Switzerland
• 
  Gallic farm at Verberie, France
• 
  Vesontio oppidum, France
• 
  Sanctuary of Gournay-sur-Aronde, France
• 
  Otzenhausen hillfort wall remains, Germany
• 
  Glauberg oppidum, Germany
• 
  Maiden Castle hillfort, Britain
• 
  Fortifications at Ipf, Germany
• 
  Donnersberg hillfort, Germany
• 
  Temple buildings at Acy-Romance, France^[108][109]
• 
  Heidengraben oppidum, rampart, Germany.^[110]

Some outstanding La Tène artifacts are:

• Mšecké Žehrovice Head, a stone head from the modern Czech Republic
• A life-sized sculpture of a warrior that stood above the Glauberg burials
• Chariot burial found at
  Musée des Antiquités Nationales
  )
• Basse Yutz Flagons 5th century
• Agris Helmet, with gold covering, c. 350
• Waldalgesheim chariot burial, Bad Kreuznach, Germany, late 4th century BCE, Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn; the "Waldalgesheim phase/style" of the art takes its name from the jewellery found here.
• A gold-and-bronze model of an oak tree (3rd century BCE) found at the Oppidum of Manching.
• Sculptures from Roquepertuse, a sanctuary in the south of France
• The silver Gundestrup cauldron (2nd or 1st century BCE), found ritually broken in a peat bog near Gundestrup, Denmark, but probably made near the Black Sea, perhaps in Thrace. (National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen)
• Battersea Shield (350–50 BCE), found in London in the Thames, made of bronze with red enamel. (British Museum, London)
• Waterloo Helmet, 150–50 BCE, Thames
• "Witham Shield" (4th century BCE). (British Museum, London) ^[111]
• Torrs Pony-cap and Horns, from Scotland
• Cordoba Treasure
• Turoe stone in Galway and Killycluggin Stone in Cavan Ireland
• Great Torc from Snettisham, 100–75 BCE, gold, the most elaborate of the British style of torcs
• Meyrick Helmet, post-conquest Roman helmet shape, with La Tène decoration
• Noric steel

• 
  Scissors, found at Oppidum of Manching
• 
  Celtic flagon
• 
  Phallerum
• 
  Gold armlets from Saarland
• 
  Bronze flask from the salt mines at Dürrnberg
• 
  Mass-produced pottery from Manching
• 
  Chariot mounts from Somme-Bionne
• 
  Bronze bracelet, France
• 
  Helmet made of iron, bronze, and coral
• 
  Statue of a bard with a Gallic lyre, found at the Paula Fortress
• 
  Gold-plated decorative disc made of iron and bronze
• 
  Figure of a Gallic aristocrat with a torc, from Trémuson, France
• 
  Gallic daggers
• 
  cinerary urn

  )
• 
  Deer statue found in Salzburg
• 
  Silver torque

A genetic study published in the

patrilocal, which is in agreement with archaeological and literary evidence.^[116]

A genetic study published in the

W.^[119] The examined individuals of the Hallstatt culture and La Tène culture were genetically highly homogeneous and displayed continuity with the earlier Bell Beaker culture. They carried about 50% steppe-related ancestry.^[120]

A genetic study published in

iScience in April 2022 examined 49 genomes from 27 sites in Bronze Age and Iron Age France. The study found evidence of strong genetic continuity between the two periods, particularly in southern France. The samples from northern and southern France were highly homogeneous, with northern samples displaying links to contemporary samples form Great Britain and Sweden, and southern samples displaying links to Celtiberians. The northern French samples were distinguished from the southern ones by elevated levels of steppe-related ancestry. R1b was by far the most dominant paternal lineage, while H was the most common maternal lineage. The Iron Age samples resembled those of modern-day populations of France, Great Britain and Spain. The evidence suggested that the Gauls of the La Tène culture largely evolved from local Bronze Age populations.^[121]

Gallery

• 
  Jug (glass replica) with bronze mounting found in Hallein, Austria
• 
  Painted pottery vase
• 
  The Mšecké Žehrovice Head, Bohemia, c. 150–50 BC
• 
  Celtic torque
• 
  Châlons chariot burial
• 
  Waldalgesheim chariot burial, bronze situla
• 
  Gundestrup Cauldron
• 
  Gold jewelry from Erstfeld, Switzerland
• 
  Gold stater (currency)
• 
  Bucket made of Yew wood, from Luxembourg
• 
  Decorated metal sword scabbards
• 
  Bibracte oppidum, monumental basin
• 
  Chariot burial

See also

• Archaeology of Northern Europe
• Iron Age Britain
• Iron Age France
• Iron Age Iberia
• Jublains archeological site
• Krakus Mound, Poland
• Tasciaca

Notes

1. ^ Sarunas Milisauskas, European Prehistory: a survey, p. 354
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   , a translation of Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire. Des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme, Robert Laffont, Paris, 2000, without the dictionary
3. ^ McIntosh, 89-91
4. ISBN 978-1-4685-4600-2
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5. doi:10.3406/mefr.1996.1954
   .
6. ^ The La Tène culture was present in the southwestern part of Slovakia, bordering on or overlapping with the Púchov culture of north/central Slovakia.
7. ^ Mócsy, András (1974). Pannonia and Upper Moesia. A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. Translated by S. Frere. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-7714-1.
8. ^ Croatia was part of the Eastern Hallstatt zone, and the Illyrians of classical antiquity were culturally influenced both by Celtic (La Tène) and by Hellenistic culture.
9. ^ G. Kazakevich, "The La Tène culture of the Trans-Carpathian area: Is the migration model still relevant?", UDK 94(477.87:364): "The only region of the present day Ukraine where the La Tène sites are sufficiently widespread is the Trans-Carpathian area which lies south-westwards of the Carpathian mountains."
10. ^ Garrow, Ch 1 and 2
11. ^ Or just "La Tene" in English. More rarely also spelt "Latène" (especially in French adjectival forms) or "La-Tène". In German Latènezeit or La-Tène-Zeit equate to "La Tène culture. "
12. ^ Megaw, 9-16; Green, 11-17
13. ^ Megaw, 228-244
14. ^ Laing, Chapter 3, especially 41-42
15. ^ Sabine Rieckhoff, Geschichte der Chronologie der Späten Eisenzheit in Mitteleuropa und das Paradigma der Kontinuität Archived 13 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Leipziger online-Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie 30 (2008).
16. ^ Megaw, 51
17. ^ Mystery of the Celts Archived 15 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine
18. ^ McIntosh, 89
19. ^ McIntosh, 89-91
20. ^ Cunliffe 1997:66.
21. ^ Green, 26
22. ^ Garrow, chapter 2; Laing, chapter 4; Megaw, chapter 6
23. ^ McIntosh, 91-92
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27. ^ Bogucki, Peter (2004). "Oppida in Britain". Ancient Europe, Vol. II (PDF). Thomson-Gale. p. 154.
28. ^ Fichtl, Stephan (2023). "21: Urbanization and Oppida". The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age. Oxford University Press. pp. 717–741.
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32. ^ Fernandez-Gotz, Manuel (2020). Chapter 2: A World of 200 Oppida: Pre-Roman Urbanism in Temperate Europe. Brill.
33. ^ Bogucki, Peter (2004). "Oppida in Britain". Ancient Europe, Vol. II (PDF). Thomson-Gale. p. 157.
34. ^ Fichtl, Stephan (2023). "21: Urbanization and Oppida". The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age. Oxford University Press. pp. 717–741.
35. ^ Vandemoortele, Kathleen (2011). Late La Tene oppida in West and Central Europe (PhD thesis). Cardiff University. p. 114.
36. ^ Vandemoortele, Kathleen (2011). Late La Tene oppida in West and Central Europe (PhD thesis). Cardiff University. p. 114.
37. ^ "Metrological research into the foot measurement found in the celtic oppidum of Manching". Complutum. 4: 227–236. 1993.
38. ^ ^{a b} Wassong, Rémy (2018). Architectures et métrologie en Europe celtique entre le VIIe et le Ier siècle avant notre ère (PhD thesis). Strasbourg University. pp. 317–357.
39. ^ Fernandez-Gotz, Manuel (2020). Chapter 2: A World of 200 Oppida: Pre-Roman Urbanism in Temperate Europe. Brill.
40. ^ Hantrais, Juliette; Barral, Philippe; Nouvel, Pierre; Thivet, Matthieu; Joly, Martine (2020). "The PC15 Building: a Wood-Built Public Place at the Center of the Oppidum of Bibracte (France)". Chronika. 10: 44–53.
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99. ^ "L'exposition « Les Premières Villes de l'ouest »" (PDF). patrimoine.lamayenne.fr.
100. ^ "C. Julius Caesar, Gallic War, 7.22". perseus.tufts.edu.
101. ^ Harding, D. W. The Archaeology of Celtic Art. New York: Routledge, 2007; other schemes of classification are available, indeed more popular; see Vincent Megaw in Garrow
102. ^ Megaw, chapters 2-5; Laing, chapter 3
103. ^ Megaw, chapters 2-5; Laing, chapter 3
104. ^ Swisstopo map (1931) geo.admin.ch
105. ^ Megaw, 132-133
106. ^ Reconstruction of the Zavist oppidum. Středočeský kraj. 2022.
107. ^ 3D reconstruction of Corent oppidum, France.
108. ^ "Digital reconstruction of Acy-Romance".
109. ^ "Acy-Romance". archeologie.culture.gouv.fr.
110. ^ "Digital reconstruction of the Heidengraben oppidum".
111. ^ British Museum – The Witham Shield Archived 3 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
112. ^ Fischer et al. 2018, p. 1.
113. ^ Fischer et al. 2018, pp. 4, 15.
114. ^ Fischer et al. 2018, p. 7.
115. ^ Fischer et al. 2018, pp. 14–15.
116. ^ ^{a b} Fischer et al. 2019, p. 1.
117. ^ ^{a b} Fischer et al. 2019, p. 6.
118. ^ Fischer et al. 2019, pp. 4–5. "[A] striking homogeneity of the Y-chromosome lineages could be observed, all of them corresponding either to R* or R1b (M343) haplogroups... [W]e consistently found in our Iron Age samples R*/R1b paternal lineages that are linked to the massive migration from the steppes and dated to the Late Neolithic-to-Bronze Age transition (Haak et al., 2015). This migration was responsible for an impressive genetic turnover in the European populations, with Neolithic haplogroups being replaced by new paternal (R1a and R1b) lineages originating from the eastern regions..."
119. ^ Brunel et al. 2020, Dataset S1, Rows 221-245.
120. ^ Brunel et al. 2020, p. 5.
121. ^ Fischer et al. 2022.

References

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Related topics Iron Age metallurgy Archaeometallurgical slag
↓ Ancient history
v t e

• Brunel, Samantha; et al. (9 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history".
  PMID 32457149
  .
• Fischer, Claire-Elise; et al. (6 December 2018). "The multiple maternal legacy of the Late Iron Age group of Urville-Nacqueville (France, Normandy) documents a long-standing genetic contact zone in northwestern France".
  PMID 30521562
  .
• Fischer, Claire-Elise; et al. (October 2019). "Multi-scale archaeogenetic study of two French Iron Age communities: From internal social- to broad-scale population dynamics".
  doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101942
  .
• Fischer, Claire-Elise; et al. (2022). "Origin and mobility of Iron Age Gaulish groups in present-day France revealed through archaeogenomics".
  PMID 35402880
  .
• Garrow, Duncan (ed), Rethinking Celtic Art, 2008, Oxbow Books,
  ISBN 1842173189, 9781842173183, google books
• Green, Miranda, Celtic Art, Reading the Messages, 1996, The Everyman Art Library,
  ISBN 0-297-83365-0
• Laing, Lloyd and Jenifer. Art of the Celts, Thames and Hudson, London 1992
  ISBN 0-500-20256-7
• McIntosh, Jane, Handbook to Life in Prehistoric Europe, 2009, Oxford University Press (USA),
  ISBN 9780195384765
• ISBN 0-500-28265-X

Further reading

• Cunliffe, Barry. The Ancient Celts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1997
• Collis, John. The Celts: Origins, Myths, Invention. London: Tempus, 2003.
• Kruta, Venceslas, La grande storia dei Celti. La nascita, l'affermazione, la decadenza,
  ISBN 978-88-8289-851-9
  (492 pp. - a translation of Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire. Des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme, Robert Laffont, Paris, 2000, without the dictionary)
• James, Simon. The Atlantic Celts. London: British Museum Press, 1999.
• James, Simon & Rigby, Valery. Britain and the Celtic Iron Age. London: British Museum Press, 1997.
• Reginelli Servais Gianna and Béat Arnold, La Tène, un site, un mythe, Hauterive : Laténium - Parc et musée d'archéologie de Neuchâtel, 2007, Cahiers d'archéologie romande de la Bibliothèque historique vaudoise, 3 vols,
  ISBN 9782940347353

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Tène culture.

• Charles Bergengren, Cleveland Institute of Art, 1999: illustrations of La Tène artifacts
• Les Premieres Villes de l'Ouest - Exhibition on La Tene period towns and cities
• La Tène Archaeological Sites in Romania Archived 24 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine
• "La Tène" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.