Catholic Church in Russia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Chairman
Clemens Pickel
Apostolic NuncioGiovanni d'Aniello
RegionRussia
LanguageEcclesiastical Latin, Church Slavonic, Russian
HeadquartersMoscow, Russia
Origin11th century
SeparationsRussian Orthodox Church
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Ethnic affiliation of Russia's Catholics (2012)[1][2]

  
Germans (15.9%)
  Armenians (9.4%)
  Belarusians (4.9%)
  Ukrainians (4.8%)
  Koreans (2.7%)
  Kabardians (1.9%)
  Bashkirs (1.8%)
  Other (mainly Poles, Lithuanians, and Latvians
) (11.5%)
Part of a series on the
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The Catholic Church in Russia is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.

According to the 2016 Annuario Pontificio, there are approximately 773,000 Catholics in Russia, which is 0.5% of the total Russian population.[3] However, a 2012 survey[1] determined that there are approximately 240,000 Catholics in Russia (0.2% of the total Russian population),[4] accounting for 7.2% of Germans, 1.8% of Armenians, 1.3% of Belarusians, and just under 1% of Bashkirs. The survey also found 45% of Catholics praying every day versus 17% of Eastern Orthodox.[5]

History

Origins

Since Rus' (the

anachronistic to talk of the Catholic versus the Eastern Orthodox Church in the origins of Russian Christianity. However, the Great Schism of 1054 was actually the culmination of a long process and the churches had been in schism before that (e.g., the Photian schism
of the 9th century) and had been growing apart for centuries before that.

Western sources indicate that

Bremen with missionary work to the Rus'; Adaldag consecrated the monk Libutius of the Convent of St. Albano as bishop of Russia, but Libutius died before he ever set foot in Russia. He was succeeded by Adalbertus, a monk of the convent of St. Maximinus at Trier, but Adalbertus returned to Germany after several of his companions were killed in Russia.[6]

Western sources also indicate that Olga's grandson,

Archbishop of Magdeburg consecrated a Saxon as archbishop of Russia and that the latter arrived in Russia, where he preached the Gospel and was killed there with 18 of his companions on February 14, 1002.[7] At this same time, Bishop Reinbert of Kolberg accompanied the daughter of Boleslaus the Intrepid to her wedding when she married Vladimir's son Sviatopolk, (known to history as "the Damned" for his later murder of his half-brothers Boris and Gleb). Reinbert was arrested for his efforts to proselytize and died in prison.[7] Bruno of Querfort was sent as a missionary bishop to the Pechenegs and spent several months in Kyiv in 1008; he wrote a letter to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II in 1009.[8]

These embassies to and from Rus' may be the basis for the somewhat fanciful account in the Russian Primary Chronicle of Prince Vladimir sending out emissaries to the various religions around Rus' (Islam, Judaism, Western and Eastern Christianity), including to the Catholic Church in Germany, although the emissaries returned unimpressed by Western Christianity, explaining in part the eventual adoption of Orthodox Christianity.[9]

Catholicism in Rus' From the 11th century to the Council of Florence

The

Nifont of Novgorod (1135–1156) in the instructional "Questions of Kirik", responded that a woman who took her children to be baptised by a Catholic (the term "Varangian", that is, Viking, is used) priest was to incur the same penance as one who took them to be blessed by a pagan sorcerer.[11] Other sources, including the Kormchaia Kniga (the code of canon law of the medieval Russian Church) attacked Catholicism as a heresy to be shunned.[12] Up until the time of Metropolitan Isidor
(1431–1437), a Greek sent from Constantinople to preside over the Church in Rus, the metropolitans of Kyiv had almost no contact with Rome.

This did not mean that there was no Catholic presence in Rus'. The

Vytautas the Great
, attempted to establish separate metropolitanates in the Russian lands they controlled. The Russian church always fought against this, in large part out of fear that the new metropolitanates would be converted to Catholic provinces.

The popes attempted more peaceful means of conversion as well. Pope

Urban II
(1088–99), who in 1091 sent Bishop Teodoro to Vsevolod with relics.

One line of descent from the Russian royal family in a Catholic dynasty produced several saints from the

House of Arpad in Hungary, most notably St. Elizabeth of Hungary, who was a direct descendant of Vladimir the Great
(through her father's side).

Council of Florence to 19th century

The first Catholic diocese established in Russia was the

Pope Pius VI in 1783. In 1798 Diocese of Mohilev was raised to Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev. When the Jesuit order was suppressed in the second half of the 18th century, the papal brief promulgating the suppression was not promulgated in Russia. Catherine the Great
valued the contribution of the Jesuits to learning, and invited them to Russia, where they remained active until they were expelled in 1820 at the instigation of Russian Orthodox hierarchs.

Main articles: Pope Pius IX and Russia and The Vatican, Russia, Lithuania and Poland (Pius IX - Pius XII)

20th century

Main articles: Pope Pius XII and Russia and Vatican and Eastern Europe (1846–1958)

Before 1917, there were two dioceses in Russia: in

Tiraspol with its episcopal see in Saratov. 150 Catholic parishes were present with more than 250 priests to serve around half a million Catholic believers in Russia.[18]

Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin Mary, opened in 1911, closed by the Communist authorities in 1937 and reopened in 1999[19]

During the 69 years of the Soviet time (1922-1991) many Catholic faithful lost their lives, were persecuted or imprisoned for their faith.[18] Besides being Christian, the Catholics had an additional stigma by belonging to a church that, unlike the Eastern Orthodox Christians, has not been considered indigenously Russian. By the end of the 1930s, there were only two functioning Catholic churches in the USSR, staffed by and catering largely to French expatriates: the Church of St. Louis in Moscow and the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes in St. Petersburg.[18]

In the aftermath of

Relics of St. Andrew Bobola, which were then transported to Rome by the Mission's Assistant Director, Louis J. Gallagher.[20][21]

21st century

Samara
Catholic church in Kabardino-Balkaria (Diocese of Saratov, Blagoveshchenka)

As of 2017, there are approximately 140,000 Catholics in Russia - about 0.1% of the total population.[2] After the Soviet Union collapsed, there were an estimated 500,000 Catholics in the country, but most have since died or emigrated to their ethnic homelands in Europe, such as Germany, Belarus, or Ukraine. The members of European Catholic ethnic groups are mostly elderly and rapidly decreasing (see here), although they do still account for most of the senior clergy. At the same time, the numbers of ethnic Russian Catholics account for more of the younger faithful, especially as the children of mixed marriages between European Catholics and Russians are registered as ethnic Russians. There also has been a slight boost in Catholics via immigration of Armenians, some of whom are Catholic, and a few of Russia's ethnic minority communities (such as the Circassians) also have small Catholic populations.[22][1]

Relations with the Russian Orthodox church have been rocky for nearly a millennium, and attempts at re-establishing Catholicism have met with opposition.

Diocese of Elk in the Catholic Church in Poland. In 2002, five foreign Catholic priests were denied visas to return to Russia, construction of a new cathedral was blocked in Pskov, and a church in southern Russia was shot at.[25] On Gregorian Christmas Day 2005, Russian Orthodox activists planned to picket outside of Moscow's Catholic Cathedral, but the picket was cancelled.[26] Despite the recent thawing of relations with the election of Pope Benedict XVI, there are still issues such as the readiness of the police to protect Catholics and other minorities from persecution.[27]

One thousand Russian Catholics gathered in the

Virgin Mary's Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Moscow to watch the funeral of Pope John Paul II.[28]

A 2004 Ecumenical conference was organized for Russia's "traditional religions" Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Buddhism, and therefore excluded Catholicism.[29]

Latin Church dioceses

Main article: List of Catholic dioceses in Russia

The ecclesiastical province of Moscow consists of the archdiocese of Moscow with three suffragan dioceses in Saratov, Irkutsk and Novosibirsk. These four dioceses comprise the whole of Russia except for the Sakhalin Oblast, which forms the Apostolic Prefecture of Yuzhno Sakhalinsk.

These dioceses and this apostolic prefecture all belong to the Latin Church. There is a separate jurisdiction for those of the Byzantine Rite (see Russian Greek Catholic Church), called the Apostolic Exarchate of Russia, but it has few followers. There has been no exarch since 1951, but in 2004 Latin Bishop Joseph Werth was appointed Ordinary for Byzantine Catholics in Russia.

The then Apostolic Administrations were formed into the current archdiocese in Moscow and the three dioceses in February 2002.[30]

Crimea

Even though the

Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Crimea, which is a suffragan of the archeparchy of Kyiv
.

Russian Byzantine Catholic Church

See also: Russian Greek Catholic Church

Aside from the Latin Church, there is also the sui iuris Russian Byzantine Catholic Church (for Russian Catholics of the Byzantine Rite), which follows Russian ecclesiastical traditions and uses the Russian language, established in 1905. Leonid Feodorov was appointed exarch of the church by the Holy See, which was of the opinion that the Byzantine rite would be a better fit for the Russian people than the Roman.

Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe

There are 59,000 members of the Armenian Catholic Church in Russia. The government refuses for the most part to allow them to register their parishes. They are of the pastoral care of the Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  2. ^ a b 2012 Survey Maps Archived 2017-03-20 at the Wayback Machine. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.
  3. ^ Cheney, David M. "Structured View of Dioceses in Europe [Catholic-Hierarchy]". Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  4. ^ http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived 2017-03-20 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL image file]
  5. Catholicism by country
  6. ^ See Miroslav Labunka, “Religious Centers and Their Missions to Kievan Rus': From Olga to Volodimir.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 12-13 (1988-1989): 159-93; Andrzej Poppe, "The Christianization and Ecclesiastical Structure of Kyivan Rus to 1300," Harvard Ukrainian Studies21, nos. 3-4 (1997): 318.
  7. ^ a b Charles George Herbermann, Edward Aloysius Pace, et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: The Universal Knowledge Foundation, 1912 vol. 13, p. 254
  8. ^ Poppe, "Christainization and Ecclesiastical Structure," 334
  9. ^ Lavrentevskaia Letopis, in Polnoe Sobranie Russkikh Letopis, vol. 1, cols. 106-108.
  10. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, 254; Dmitrii Tolstoy, Romanism in Russia (London: J. T. Hayes, 1874), 6.
  11. ^ Stella Rock. “What’s in a Word: A Historical Study of the Concept Dvoeverie.” Canadian American Slavic Studies 35, no. 1 (2001): 26.
  12. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, 254.
  13. ^ Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusade: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100-1525 (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1980); Michael C. Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest," Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 8, No. 2 (Spr 2007): 131-170; William Urban, The Baltic Crusade (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1975)
  14. ^ Paul, "Archbishop Vasilii Kalika of Novgorod, the Fortress of Orekhov, and the Defense of Orthodoxy," 262-269.
  15. ^ a b Tolstoi, Romanism in Russia, 8.
  16. ^ Tolstoi, Romanism in Russia, 9.
  17. ^ Christian Raffensperger, “Evpraksia Vsevolodovna between East and West” Russian History/Histoire Russe 30:1–2 (2003):23–34.
  18. ^ a b c The Catholic Church in Russia, Its History, Present Situation and Problems, Perspectives, by Thaddaeus Kondrusiewicz, August 1998
  19. ^ "Charitable Foundation "de Boni Arti" website". Archived from the original on 2012-12-31. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  20. ^ "The Catholic Diplomat: Edmund A. Walsh, S.J." Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  21. De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas suscepta ab Societate Jesu
  22. ^ Foundation, St. Basil. "How many Catholics in Russia". Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  23. ^ Kishkovsky, Sophia (July 3, 2006). "Putin warns of 'clash of civilisations' at Moscow religious summit". Ecumenical News International. Archived from the original on 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
  24. ^ Myers, Steven Lee (July 9, 2002). "Church Dispute Festers". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
  25. ^ Kishkovsky, Sophia (September 13, 2002). "Archbishop Appeals To Rights Groups". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
  26. ^ Khroul, Victor (December 21, 2005). "Moscow: Orthodox will picket Catholic Christmas celebration". Asia News.it. Archived from the original on January 27, 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
  27. ^ "Whose side are police on? Russian Christians ask". Catholic World News. June 7, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-06-29. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
  28. ^ "Moscow Watches Broadcast of Pope's Funeral at Catholic Cathedral". Moscow News.com. August 4, 2005. Archived from the original on November 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
  29. ^ "Catholics Barred". New York Times. March 2, 2004. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
  30. ^ Kishkovsky, Sophia (August 1, 2002). "Orthodox Church Berates Vatican". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-07-04.
  31. ^ "Armenian Catholic Community in Russia".

External links

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