Culture during the Cold War
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The
Fiction
Spy stories
Cloak and dagger stories became part of the popular culture of the Cold War in both East and West, with innumerable novels and movies that showed how polarized and dangerous the world was.[1] Soviet audiences were thrilled by spy stories showing how their KGB agents protected the motherland by foiling dirty work by the intelligence agencies of the United States, United Kingdom, and Israel. After 1963, Hollywood increasingly depicted the CIA as clowns (as in the comedy TV series Get Smart) or villains (as in Oliver Stone's 1992 film JFK).[2] Ian Fleming's infamous spy novels about the MI6 agent James Bond also referenced elements of the Cold War when being adapted into films. One example of this includes the first Bond film, Dr. No, which was released in 1962 and used the Cuban Missile Crisis as a plot base. However, Cuba was substituted for Jamaica in the film.
Books and other works
- Paul Linebarger, published in 1949, is the first espionage novel of the Cold War.
- Alas, Babylon by Pat Frank
- Arc Light by Eric L. Harry
- Cat's Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut
- Ursula Le Guinis a science fiction novel exploring the differences in culture and philosophy between several alien societies, including that of an anarcho-syndicalist planet where most of the novel is set.
- Red Alert by Peter George
- Resurrection Day by Brendan DuBois
- Twilight 2000, role-playing game.
- Warday by Whitley Strieber and James Kunetka
- Red Storm Rising a 1986 novel by Tom Clancy, about a conventional NATO/Warsaw Pact war.[3]
- Other Tom Clancy novels which are part of the Jack Ryan universe, most especially The Hunt for Red October and The Cardinal of the Kremlin, though all of his books from this era are featured against a background of east–west conflict. Later Red Rabbitnarrates a "What-If" scenario of the Soviets being behind the 1981 assassination attempt on the Pope.
- Other Tom Clancy novels which are part of the
- 1984 by George Orwell
- Frederick Forsyth's spy novels sold in the hundreds of thousands. The Fourth Protocol, whose title refers to a series of conventions that, if broken, will lead to nuclear war and that are now, of course, all broken except for the fourth and last thread, was made into a major film starring British actor Michael Caine.
- The Manchurian Candidate, by Richard Condon, took a different approach and portrayed a Communist conspiracy against the US acting not through leftists or pacifists but through a thinly veiled allusion to Joseph McCarthy. The logic of this was that if McCarthyists were accusing so many people of being communist agents, it could only be to divert attention from the real communists. The theme of collusion between international communists and Western rightists would be picked up again by many movies (Goldfinger, A View to a Kill) or television shows (episodes of MacGyver or Airwolf), which would feature an alliance between power-hungry communists attacking the free world from the outside and profit-driven capitalists undermining it for financial gain.
- William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick. Originally published in 1958, this book tells the story of how the US government handled foreign policy very poorly. The main character, Homer Atkins, discovers this sad truth when he is dispatched to the fictitious country of Sarkhan (in Southeast Asia.)[4]
- One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. This acclaimed book, first published in 1962, exposed the horrors of the Russian prison camps during WWII under the Stalinist regime. It is a semi-autobiographical tale about a dutiful soldier who is sent to a Siberian camp, after being falsely accused of treason. Solzhenitsyn received the Nobel Prize in literature.[5]
- Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein
- Twilight Struggle is a 2005 card-based board game by GMT Games that depicts the events of the entire Cold War, starting from Joseph Stalin to Ronald Reagan.[6] The game was turned into a video game in 2016.[7]
Cinema
Use as early Cold War propaganda
During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union each invested heavily in propaganda designed to sway both domestic and foreign opinion in the respective country's favor, especially using motion pictures.
US cinema
The Americans took advantage of their pre-existing cinematic advantage over the Soviet Union, using movies as another way to create the Communist enemy. In the early years of the Cold War (between 1948 and 1953), seventy explicitly anti-communist films were released.[10] American films incorporated a wide scale of Cold War themes and issues into all genres of film, which gave American motion pictures a particular lead over Soviet film. Despite the audiences' lack of zeal for Anti-Communist/Cold War related cinema, the films produced evidently did serve as successful propaganda in both the United States and the Soviet Union. The films released during this time received a response from the Soviet Union, which subsequently released its own array of films to combat the depiction of the Communist threat.
Several organizations played a key role in ensuring that Hollywood acted in the national best interest of the US, like the
In the 1960s, Hollywood began using
Soviet cinema
Between 1946 and 1954, the Soviet Union mimicked the US adoption of cinema as a weapon. The Central United Film Studios and the Committee on Cinema Affairs were committed to the Cold War battle. Under
In the same fashion as the United States, the Soviets were eager to depict their enemy in the most unflattering light possible. Between 1946 and 1950, 45.6% of on-screen villains in Soviet films were either American or British.[12] Films addressed non-Soviet themes that emerged in American film in an attempt to derail the criticism and paint the US as the enemy. Attacks made by the United States against the Soviet Union were simply used as material by Soviet filmmakers for their own attacks on the US. Soviet cinema during this time took its liberty with history: "Did the Red Army engage in the mass rapes of German women and pillage German art treasures, factories, and forests? In Soviet cinema, the opposite was true in [The Meeting on the Elbe]."[13] This demonstrated the heightened paranoia of the Soviet Union.
Despite efforts made to elevate the status of cinema, such as changing the Committee of Cinema Affairs to the Ministry of Cinematography, cinema did not seem to work as invigorating propaganda as was planned. Although the anti-American films were notably popular with audiences, the Ministry did not feel the message had reached the general public, perhaps due to the fact that the majority of moviegoers seeing the films produced were, perhaps, the Soviets most likely to admire American culture.[14]
After Stalin's death, a Main Administration of Cinema Affairs replaced the Ministry, allowing the filmmakers more freedom due to the lack of direct government control. Many of the films released throughout the late 1950s and 1960s focused on spreading a positive image of Soviet life, intent to prove that Soviet life was indeed better than American life.
Russian science fiction emerged from a prolonged period of censorship in 1957, opened up by de-Stalinization and real Soviet achievements in the space race, typified by Ivan Efremov's galactic epic, Andromeda (1957). Official Communist science fiction transposed the laws of historical materialism to the future, scorning Western nihilistic writings and predicting a peaceful transition to universal communism. Scientocratic visions of the future nevertheless implicitly critiqued the bureaucratically developed socialism of the present. Dissident science fiction writers emerged, such as the Strugatski brothers, Boris and Arkadi, with their "social fantasies," problematizing the role of intervention in the historical process, or Stanislaw Lem's tongue-in-cheek exposures of man's cognitive limitations.[15]
Films depicting nuclear war
- Duck and Cover, a 1951 educational movie explaining what to do in the event of a nuclear attack.
- Five, a 1951 film about five survivors, one woman and four men, of an atomic war that has wiped out the rest of the human race (while leaving all infrastructure intact). The five come together at a remote, isolated hillside house in Southern California, where they try to figure out how to survive while also being forced to face an unknown future.
- On the Beach (1959) depicted a gradually dying, post-apocalyptic world in Australia that remained after a nuclear Third World War.
- Ladybug Ladybug (1963) an elementary school nuclear bomb warning alarm sounds.
- Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) – A black comedyfilm that satirizes the Cold War and the threat of nuclear warfare.
- Fail-Safe (1964) – A film based on a novel of the same nameabout an American bomber crew and nuclear tensions.
- The War Game (BBC, 1965; aired 1985) – Depicts the effects of a nuclear war in Britain following a conventional war that escalates to nuclear war.
- missile silo in the Mojave Desert in California to reach another group of survivors in Albany, New York.
- The Children's Story (1982) short film, which originally aired on TV's Mobil Showcase, depicts the first day of indoctrination of an elementary school classroom by a new teacher, representing a totalitarian government that has taken over the United States. It is based on the 1960 short story of the same name by James Clavell.
- The Day After (1983) – This made-for-television-movie by ABC that depicts the consequences of a nuclear war in Lawrence, Kansas and the surrounding area.
- computer hackerwho unknowingly hacks into a defense computer and risks starting a nuclear war.
- San Francisco, California.
- Countdown to Looking Glass (HBO, 1984) – A film that presents a simulated news broadcast about a nuclear war.
- and shows the long-term results of a nuclear war on the surrounding area.
- The Sacrifice (Sweden, 1986) – A philosophical drama about nuclear war.
- The Manhattan Project (1986) – Though not about a nuclear war, it was seen as a cautionary tale.
- When the Wind Blows (1986) – An animated film about an elderly British couple in a post-nuclear war world.
- Los Angelesleading up to a nuclear war.
- By Dawn's Early Light (HBO, 1990) – About rogue Soviet military officials framing NATO for a nuclear attack in order to spark a full-blown nuclear war.
- Showtime, 2000) – A remake of the 1959 film.
- Fail-Safe (CBS, 2000) – A remake of the 1964 film.
Films depicting a conventional United States–Soviet Union war
In addition to fears of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union, during the Cold War, there were also fears of a direct, large scale conventional conflict between the two superpowers.
- Invasion U.S.A. (1952) – The 1952 film showed a Soviet invasion of the United States succeeding because the citizenry had fallen into moral decay, war profiteering, and isolationism. The film was later parodied on Mystery Science Theater 3000.
- Red Nightmare, a 1962 government-sponsored short subject narrated by Jack Webb, imagined a Soviet-dominated United States as a result of the protagonist's negligence of his "all-American" duties.
- NBCminiseries about a Soviet invasion of Alaska.
- Red Dawn (1984) – presented a conventional Soviet attack with limited, strategic Soviet nuclear strikes on the United States, aided by allies from Latin America, and the exploits of a group of high schoolers who form a guerrilla group to oppose them.
- Invasion U.S.A. (1985) – This film depicts a Soviet agent leading Latin American Communist guerillas launching attacks in the United States, and an ex-CIA agent played by Chuck Norris opposing him and his mercenaries.
- Amerika(ABC, 1987), a peaceful takeover of the United States by the Soviet Union.
Films depicting Cold War espionage
- Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 2011 Cold War spy thriller adaptation of the 1974 John le Carré novel of the same name. It is set in London in the early 1970s and follows the hunt for a Soviet double agent at the top of the British secret service.
- novel. The film depicts a British agent's mission as a faux defector to East Germanyto sow damaging disinformation about a powerful East German intelligence officer.
- MiG-31 Firefox) which is capable of Mach 6, is invisible to radar, and carries weapons controlled by thought.
- The Hunt for Red October is a 1990 film based on a Tom Clancy novel of the same name about the captain of a technologically advanced Soviet ballistic missile submarine that attempts to defect to the United States.
- The Living Daylights) featured a rogue Soviet general as the enemy.
- TASS is Authorized to Announce ... ) – a Soviet TV series based on Julian Semenov's novel. The plot of the movie is set around fictional African country Nagonia, where CIAagents are preparing a military coup, while KGB agent Slavin is trying to prevent it. Slavin succeeds by blackmailing the corrupt American spy John Glebe.
- Daulton Lee, who sold United States security secrets to the Soviet Union. The film is based upon the 1979 book The Falcon and the Snowman: A True Story of Friendship and Espionage by Robert Lindsey.
- Gotcha! (1985 film) is a film about a college student named Jonathan (Anthony Edwards) who plays a game called Gotcha in which he hunts and is hunted by other students with paint guns on campus. Jonathan goes to France on vacation, meets a beautiful woman named Sasha (Linda Fiorentino), travels with her to East Germany, and unknowingly becomes involved in the spy game between the US and USSR.
- The Kremlin Letter is a 1970 American neo-noir espionage thriller set in the winter of 1969–1970, at the height of US-Soviet tensions.
- No Way Out a 1987 film about a spy myth that is created to cover up the killing of the mistress of a high American official.
Other films about Soviet Union–United States fears and rivalry
- refugee status of a Czechoslovakianwoman, and the Russian attempts to deport her back to Czechoslovakia.
- The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming(1966) – A film about a Soviet submarine that accidentally runs aground near a small New England town.
- Russian Roulette (1975) – A film starring George Segal about a Canadian Mounty attempting to stop a KGB plot to assassinate a Soviet premier in Vancouver.
- Telefon (1977) – A film starring Charles Bronson and Donald Pleasence about the net of deep-cover sleeper agents in the US who are being activated by the deserted KGB agent.
- The Return of Godzilla (1984) — In the 16th installment of the Toho Godzilla franchise, a Soviet nuclear submarine is destroyed by the titular creature, causing tensions between the Soviet Union & America until it is proven by the Japanese government that Godzilla was responsible for its destruction. Later in the movie, a Russian nuclear missile is accidentally fired at Godzilla from a space satellite until an American missile detonates it in the stratosphere long before it can strike Godzilla in Tokyo.
- Rocky saga, Rocky Balboahas to fight an extremely powerful boxer from the Soviet Union.
- Spies Like Us (1985) – A comedy film starring Dan Aykroyd and Chevy Chase as decoy agents send to infiltrate the Soviet Union.
- Russkies (1987) – A movie about a shipwrecked Soviet Navy sailor who washes ashore in Key West, Florida and is befriended by three American boys.
- Project X (1987) – A film starring Matthew Broderick where a US airman works with chimpanzees on Cold War-related projects.
Television
- Airwolf
- Danger Man, (Known as Secret Agent in the United States)
- I Led Three Lives – The first foray into mass culture dealing with the Cold War.[16]
- I Spy (1965–68 US television series)
- Get Smart
- MacGyver
- The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
- Mission: Impossible
- Quatermass II
- Several episodes of Star Trek featured a futuristic version of the Cold War, in terms of the United Federation of Planets vs. The Klingon Empire and the Romulan Star Empire, analogs for the United States, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China, respectively. "A Taste of Armageddon" also showed the concept of MAD in a war between opposing sides.
- Scarecrow and Mrs. King
- Ivan the Terrible 1976 sitcom
- The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show1960s cartoon for children and adults where the villains are Boris and Natasha, who were both parodies of the soviets.
- The Sandbaggers
- World Peace include the 1986 A Small Talent for War.
- The Transformers (TV series), including the fact that the two first seasons take place during the latter years of the Cold War, an episode, Prime Target directly refers to an event of the episode as The highest point of tension between United States and Soviet Union, since the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Television commercials
Wendy's Hamburger Chain ran a television commercial showing a supposed "Soviet Fashion Show", which featured the same large, unattractive woman wearing the same dowdy outfit in a variety of situations, the only difference being the accessory she carried (for example, a flashlight for 'nightwear' or a beach ball for 'swimwear'). This was supposedly a lampoon on how the Soviet society is characterised with uniformity and standardisation, in contrast to the US characterised with freedom of choice, as highlighted in the Wendy's commercial.
Political commercials
Daisies and mushroom clouds
The commercial opens with a very young girl standing in a meadow with chirping birds, slowly counting the petals of a
As the
Bear in the woods
Bear in the woods was a 1984 campaign advertisement endorsing Ronald Reagan for President that depicted a brown bear (likely symbolizing the Soviet Union) wandering through the woods. Despite the fact that the ad never explicitly mentioned the Soviet Union, the Cold War or Walter Mondale, it thematically suggested that Reagan was more capable of dealing with the Soviets than his opponent.
Humor
The 1984 "
- My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes.
The joke was a parody of the opening line of that day's speech:
- My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation that will allow student religious groups to begin enjoying a right they've too long been denied—the freedom to meet in public high schools during non-school hours, just as other student groups are allowed to do.[19]
Following his trip to Los Angeles in 1959 and being refused entry into Disneyland, on security grounds, a dejected Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev joked, "... just now I was told that I could not go to Disneyland, I asked 'Why not?' What is it, do you have rocket launching pads there?"[20] The only person more disappointed than Khrushchev was Walt Disney himself, who claimed he had been looking forward to showing off his 'submarine fleet', which was actually the Submarine Voyage ride.
Arts
The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in competition vis-à-vis the arts. Cultural competition played out in Moscow, New York, London, and Paris. In 1946 America opened an exhibition called 'Advancing American Art' which gained popularity with the aims of expressing American art, in response the Soviets opened a respective exhibition showcasing Soviet Realism.[21] The Soviets excelled at ballet and chess, the Americans at jazz and abstract expressionist paintings.[22] The US funded its own ballet troupes, and both used ballet as political propaganda, using dance to reflect life style in the "battle for the hearts and minds of men." The defection of a premier dancer became a major coup.[23]
Chess was inexpensive enough—and the Russians always won until America unleashed Bobby Fischer.[24] Vastly more expensive was the Space Race, as a proxy for scientific supremacy (with a technology with obvious military uses).[25] As well when it came to sports the two countries both competed in the Olympics during the Cold War period which also created severe tension when the West boycotted the first Russian Olympics in 1980.[26]
Music
1940s
External audio | |
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You may listen to |
As President Franklin D. Roosevelt died and World War II concluded with the detonation of nuclear weapons over Japan in 1945, the stage was quickly set for the emergence of Cold War hostilities between the new superpowers in 1946. Musicians concertizing in the United States during this period were suddenly exposed to rapidly shifting diplomatic and political circumstances.
In 1946 the US State Department assumed control of the cultural diplomacy initiatives in South America which were initiated in 1941 by President Roosevelt's Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.[27][28][29] At first, the State Department continued to encourage leading musicians to concertize and broadcast music in support of its Pan-Americanism policy in the region through its Office of International Broadcasting and Cultural Affairs.[30] As a result, live radio broadcasts to South America by such musicians as Alfredo Antonini, Néstor Mesta Cháyres and John Serry Sr. on CBS's Viva América show continued into the first years of the cold war era.[31][32][33] As the decade came to a close, however, the focal point for American foreign policy shifted toward the superpower rivalry in Europe and such cultural broadcasting to South America was gradually eliminated.[34]
1950s and 1960s
Musicians of these decades, especially in jazz and folk music, were influenced by the shadow of nuclear war. Probably the most famous, passionate and influential of all was Bob Dylan, notably in his songs "Masters of War" and "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" (written just before the Cuban Missile Crisis). In 1965 Barry McGuire's version of P. F. Sloan's apocalyptic "Eve of Destruction" was a number one hit in the United States and elsewhere.
From 1956 through the late 1970s, the US State Department sent its finest jazz musicians to show off music that appealed to youth, to demonstrate racial harmony at home, and to undergird freedom as jazz was a democratic music form, free flowing and improvised. Jazz tours of the Soviet Union were organized in 1956, and lasted through the 1970s.[35][36]
In addition to jazz, the US State Department also supported the performance of classical music by noteworthy American orchestras and soloists as part of its cultural diplomacy initiatives during the cold war. During the 1950s, the bass-baritone William Warfield was recruited by the Department of State to perform in six separate European tours which featured productions of the opera Porgy and Bess .[37][38][39] In 1961-1962 Howard Hanson's Eastman Philharmonia Orchestra at the Eastman School of Music was selected to represent the nation on an international concert tour which included thirty four cities and sixteen countries in Europe, the Middle East and Russia.[40]
External audio | |
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You may listen to radio broadcasts of performances by Samuel Adler and members of the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra from 1956–2006 here on 7aso.org |
The
In 1969, Jimi Hendrix performed an instrumental version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the Woodstock, distorting the tone while holding up peace symbols.[44][45]
Later
Many protest songs during the 1980s reflected general unease with escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States brought on by Ronald Reagan's and Margaret Thatcher's hard line against the Soviets. For example, various musical artists wore military uniform-like costumes, as a reflection of the increased feeling of militarism seen in the 1980s. Songs symbolically showed the superpowers going to war, as in the Frankie Goes to Hollywood song "Two Tribes". This song's MTV music video featured caricatures of United States President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Konstantin Chernenko in a wrestling match.
Other songs expressed fear of World War III, as in the
A number of punk rock bands from the 1980s attacked Cold War era politics, such as Reagan's and Thatcher's
Probably the most famous of the 1980s songs against increased confrontation between the Soviets and the Americans was Nena's "99 Luftballons", which described the events – ostensibly starting with the innocent release of 99 (red) toy balloons – that could lead to a nuclear war.
The Swedish band Imperiet's "Coca Cola Cowboys" is rock song about how the world is divided by two super powers that both claim to represent justice.
Musicals and plays
- Chess The game of chess was another mode of competition between the two superpowers, which the musical demonstrates.
- Miss Saigon The concluding and final era of the Vietnam War which culminates in the fall of Saigon on April 30 1975.
Consumerism
Historians debate whether the spread of American-style consumerism to Western Europe (and Japan) was part of the Cold War. Steigerwald reviews the debate by looking at the book Trams or Tailfins? Public and Private Prosperity in Postwar West Germany and the United States (2012) by Jan L. Logemann:
In arguing that West Germany was not "Americanized" after the war, Logemann joins a long debate about American consumer capitalism's power, sweep, and depth of influence in the developed world through the second half of the twentieth century. In pointed contrast to Reinhold Wagnleitner's Coca-colonization and the Cold War (1994) and Victoria de Grazia's Irresistible Empire (2005), Logemann argues that, for all the noisy commentary, pro and con, about postwar Americanization, West Germans shaped their version of the affluent society according to deeply held and distinctly un-American values. Rather than a sweeping homogenization of the developed world, postwar affluence ran along "different paths to consumer modernity" ... Instead of the "consumer-as-citizen" (whom Lizabeth Cohen, in The Consumer's Republic [2003], defined as the main social type in postwar America), West Germans promoted the social consumer who practiced "public consumption," which Logemann defines as "the provision of publicly funded alternatives to private consumer goods and services in areas ranging from housing to transportation or entertainment" (p. 5).[47]
The Freakonomics Radio podcast episode "How the Supermarket Helped America Win the Cold War (Ep. 386)"[48] explores the impact that the supermarket had and has on American culture, including the depth of policy decisions by the US Government that impacted agriculture, as well as serving a propaganda weapon against the Soviet Union. The role of makeup and the consumption of makeup played a role in society and propaganda, and in the conflict between capitalism and communism.[49]
Sports
Cold war tensions between the US and the USSR were the backdrop of sports competitions, especially in ice hockey, basketball, chess and the Olympic Games.[50]
- 1956: Soviet invasion of Hungary
- 1969: Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia
- 1972: controversial gold medal game
- 1972: Canada–USSR Summit Series – Canada defeats the Soviet Union in this best-on-best eight-game series
- 1972: 1972 World Chess Championship Fischer (USA) – Spassky (USSR) – Bobby Fischer beats Spassky in this championship held in Reykjavik, Iceland
- 1980: Miracle on Ice – The United States upsets the favoured USSR at the 1980 Winter Olympics
- 1980: 1980 Summer Olympics boycott – by the United States
- 1984: 1984 Summer Olympics boycott – by the Soviet Union
Playground equipment
Playground equipment constructed during the Cold War was intended to foster children's curiosity and excitement about the Space Race. It was installed in both Communist and non-Communist countries throughout the Cold War.
Video games
Games created during this time period often used a motif of nuclear war, as was the threat at that time. Some of the games listed have been made after the conclusion of the Cold War, but feature a central plot point around the Cold War.[51][52][53]
- Firefox
- Missile Command
- Raid over Moscow
- SDI
- Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater
- DEFCON
- World in Conflict
- Crisis in the Kremlin
- Call of Duty: Black Ops
- Call of Duty: Black Ops: Declassified
- Call of Duty: Black Ops II
- Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War
- Fallout (series)
Protest culture
In the early 1980s, the revival of the
Other
- Barbie—Barbie represented the American way of life, because she was the ultimate consumer.[68]
- New Math was a strong reaction to the launch of Sputnik, by changing the way mathematics was taught to school age children.
- The Kitchen Debate was an impromptu debate (through interpreters) between Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, on July 24, 1959.
See also
- Americanization
- Anti-American sentiment
- American stereotypes
- Cocacolonization
- Cultural imperialism
- Debates over Americanization
- Military globalization
- McDonaldization
- Pax Americana
- Sovietization
- Sovietization of the Baltic states
- Soviet socialist patriotism
- United States in the 1950s
References
- ^ Katy Fletcher, "Evolution of the Modern American Spy Novel." Journal of Contemporary History 1987 22(2): 319-331. in Jstor
- ISBN 9780275985561.
- ^ Walter L. Hixson, "'Red Storm Rising': Tom Clancy Novels and the Cult of National Security" Diplomatic History (1993): 17#4 pp 599-614.
- ISBN 978-0-393-31867-8.
- ^ Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (1962). One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. New York: 1962. pp. Back cover.
- ^ https://www.gmtgames.com/living_rules/TS_Rules_Deluxe.pdf.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "Twilight Struggle on Steam". store.steampowered.com. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
- ^ Anthony Shaw and Denise Youngblood, Cinematic Cold War: The American and Soviet struggle for hearts and minds (University Press Kansas, 2010).
- ^ a b Classen, Christoph (9 September 2011). "The Cold War in the Cinema: The Boom in Spy Films in the 1960s, its Causes and Implications".
- ^ Tony Shaw and Denise J. Younglood, Cinematic Cold War: The American and Soviet Struggle for Hearts and Minds (2010) pp 20-21
- ^ Shaw and Younglood, Cinematic Cold War (2010) pp 20-21
- ^ Shaw, Youngblood, Tony, Denise J. (2010). Cinematic Cold War: The American Struggle for Hearts and Minds. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 41–42.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Shaw, Youngblood, Tony, Denise J. (2010). Cinematic Cold War: The American Struggle for Hearts and Minds. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 42.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Shaw, Youngblood, Tony, Denise J. (2010). Cinematic Cold War: The American Struggle for Hearts and Minds. Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ISSN 1468-2745Fulltext: in Ebsco
- ^ Whitfield, Stephen J., The Culture of the Cold War, page 66
- ^ "Twilight Zone 1987, Shelter Skelter". IMDb.
- ^ "The :30 Second Candidate: Lyndon Johnson campaign spots". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
- ^ "Radio Address to the Nation on Congressional Inaction on Proposed Legislation". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ "Nikita Khrushchev at Disneyland". snopes.com. 22 April 2000. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
- ISBN 9780812201239.
- ^ Serge Guilbaut, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War (U. of Chicago Press, 1983).
- ^ David Caute, The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy during the Cold War (Oxford University Press, 2003)
- ^ Caute, The Dancer Defects: The Struggle for Cultural Supremacy During the Cold War pp 611-613
- ^ Walter A. McDougall, "Sputnik, the Space Race, and the Cold-War." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (1985):41#5 20-25.
- ^ Stephen Wagg, and David L. Andrews, eds. East plays west: Sport and the Cold War (Routledge, 2007)
- ISBN 978-0-8166-7316-2OCIAA (Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs), DR's Good Neighbor Policy, CBS, Viva America, La Cadena de las Americas radio network on google.books.com
- LCCN 73-600146.
- ISBN 0-8262-1302-2Voice of America, President Roosevelt, Office of the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs (CIAA), State Department and cultural programming on books.google.com
- ISBN 978-0-307-78671-5William S. Paley, CBS, Edmund A. Chester, Pan-Americanism, Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Cadena de las Americas on books.google
- OCLC 1475068. (Photograph - John Serry Sr, Alfredo Antonini, Juan Arvizu and Viva America Orchestra at CBS)
- ^ Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection: Autographed Photograph of John Serry accordionist on CBS' C de Las A program circa 1940s p. 3, Series 3, Collection Box 3, Item 1: The John J. Serry Sr. Collection archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music
- ISBN 0-8262-1302-2Voice of America, State Dept. Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs (OIC), cultural programming funding 1947-1948 on books.google.com
- ^ Penny Von Eschen, Satchmo blows up the world: Jazz ambassadors play the cold war (Harvard University Press, 2009)
- ^ Lisa E. Davenport, Jazz diplomacy: Promoting America in the cold war era (U. Press of Mississippi, 2010).
- ^ William Warfield - Biography at the Rochester Music Hall of Fame on rochestermusic.org
- ^ William Warfield biography at the Eastman School of Music on esm.rochester.edu
- ^ New York Times Obituary - William Warfield on nytimes.com
- ISBN 9780810884014 Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra founded by Samuel Adler in 1952 on https://books.google.com
- ISBN 9781580460194 Seventh Army Symphony on https://books.google.com
- ISBN 978-0-520-24755-0 "Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952–1962) performing works by Roy Harris, Morton Gould and Leroy Anderson" on https://books.google.com
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Further reading
- Belmonte, Voir Laura A. "A Family Affair? Gender, the US Information Agency, and Cold War Ideology, 1945-1960." Culture and International History, (2003): 79–93.
- Brooks, Jeffrey. Thank You, Comrade Stalin!: Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (2001) excerpt and text search
- Day, Tony and Maya H. T. Liem. Cultures at War: The Cold War and Cultural Expression in Southeast Asia (2010)
- Defty, Andrew. Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945-53: The Information Research Department (London: Routledge, 2004) on a British agency
- Devlin, Judith, and Christoph H Muller. War of Words: Culture and the Mass Media in the Making of the Cold War in Europe (2013)
- Fletcher, Katy. "Evolution of the Modern American Spy Novel." Journal of Contemporary History (1987) 22(2): 319–331. in Jstor
- Footitt, Hilary. "'A hideously difficult country': British propaganda to France in the early Cold War." Cold War History (2013) 13#2 pp: 153–169.
- Gumbert, Heather. Envisioning Socialism: Television and the Cold War in the German Democratic Republic (2014) excerpt and text search
- Hammond, Andrew (2013). British Fiction and the Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 86. ISBN 9781137274854.
- Hendershot, Cynthia (2001). I was a Cold War Monster: Horror Films, Eroticism, and the Cold War Imagination. Popular Press. ISBN 9780879728496.
- Hixson, Walter L. Parting the curtain: Propaganda, culture, and the Cold War (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997)
- Iber, Patrick, Neither peace nor freedom: The cultural Cold War in Latin America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2015.
- Jones, Harriet. "The Impact of the Cold War" in Paul Addison, and Harriet Jones, editors, A Companion to Contemporary Britain: 1939-2000 (2008) ch 2
- Kuznick, Peter J. ed. Rethinking Cold War Culture (2010) excerpt and text search
- Major, Patrick. "Future Perfect?: Communist Science Fiction in the Cold War." Cold War History (2003) 4(1): 71–96.
- Marwick, Arthur. The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974 (Oxford University Press, 1998).
- Miceli, Barbara. "Super-secret spies, living next door: Family and Soft Power in The Americans". "Screening American Nostalgia" (edited by Susan Flynn and Antonia McKay), (McFarland, 2021, pp. 80–98).
- Orwell, George. (1949). Nineteen-Eighty-Four. London: Secker & Warburg. (later edn. ISBN 0-451-52493-4)
- Polger, Uta G. Jazz, Rock, and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany (2000)
- Shaw, Tony. British cinema and the Cold War: the state, propaganda and consensus (IB Tauris, 2006)
- Shaw, Tony. and Denise J. Youngblood. Cinematic Cold War: The American Struggle for Hearts and Minds (University Press of Kansas, 2010). excerpt and text search
- Vowinckel, Annette, Marcus M. Pavk and Thomas Lindenberger, eds. Cold War Cultures: Perspectives on Eastern & Western Societies (2012)