Culture of Lebanon
Part of a series on the |
Culture of Lebanon |
---|
People |
Languages |
Cuisine |
Religion |
Art |
Literature |
Music |
Sport |
The culture of Lebanon and the
The
The hilly Mediterranean geography of Lebanon has played a role in shaping the history of Lebanon and its culture. Archaeology of Lebanon is conducted to explore the region's past.
Arts
By the turn of the 20th century, Beirut was vying with Cairo to be the major centre for Near Eastern and Middle Eastern thought, with many newspapers, magazines and literary societies. Additionally, Beirut became a thriving epicenter of Armenian culture with varied productions[3] that was exported to the Armenian diaspora.
Visual arts
Daoud Corm (1852-1930), Habib Serour (1860-1938) and Khalil Saleeby (1870-1928) are considered the first successful professional studio artists in Lebanon, with careers extending to Europe. All were trained outside Lebanon, with Corm and Serour attending Roman academies and Saleeby British and American ones. They were known for portraiture of Lebanese high society and men of religion, as well as Christian sacred art in the case of Corm and Serour.[4][5]
Mustafa Farroukh (1901-1957) was one of Lebanon's most important painters between the 1920s and the 1950s. Formally trained in Rome and Paris, he exhibited in venues from Paris to New York to Beirut over his career.[6]
Farid Mansour (1929-2010) was a Lebanese multi-talented painter and sculptor . Being trained in Italy and England, Mansour mastered several painting and sculpting techniques. His works were exhibited in London, Paris, New York as well as Lebanon and Syria.
Contemporary art
Contemporary art started in Beirut immediately after the end of the civil war (1975-1991).
Many contemporary artists are currently active, such as Walid Raad, a contemporary media artist currently residing in New York.[7]
Two contemporary art exhibition centers, the Beirut Art Center and the Beirut Exhibition Center (does not exist anymore) in the BIEL area reflect the vibrant Lebanese contemporary art scene. These two centers are intended to host exhibitions and are a must in the world of international as well as local contemporary art. Many art galleries also add to the local art scene, exhibiting the works of artists such as Ayman Baalbaki,[8] Akram Zaatari,[9] Marwan Sahmarani,[10] Nadim Asfar,[11] Lamia Joreige,[12] Jean Marc Nahas,[13][14] Ricardo Mbarkho,[15] Mansour El-Habre,[16] Anita Toutikian and many others. These galleries are run by gallerists such as Saleh Barakat[17] > Fadi Mogabgab,[18] Nadine Begdache (Galerie Janine Rubeiz),[19] Odile Mazloum (Galerie Alwane).[20]
Located in Foch Street in the Solidere area, FFA Private Bank is home to many temporary exhibitions of contemporary local artists as well as to a permanent display of paintings by Lebanese artists (Sahmarani, Baalbaki, Hanibal Srouji ... ) or foreign artists such as Fabienne Arietti's "Nasdaq".[21] A Jean Dubuffet's huge sculpture can also be seen when visiting the atrium of Bank Audi Plaza, located in a beautiful contemporary building designed by Kevin Dash. By Strolling through the streets of the city one can find some interesting works such as sculptures of Michel Basbous in the Bank of Lebanon street.
Ashkal Alwan, the Lebanese association for plastic arts and a platform for the creation and exchange of artistic practices. It was founded by Christine Tohmé, Marwan Rechmaoui, Rania Tabbara, Mustapha Yamout and Leila Mroueh. Initially, Ashkal Alwan promoted and introduced the work of artists who have been engaged in critical art practices within the context of post-war Lebanon. The Home Works Forum is a multidisciplinary platform that takes place in Beirut, Lebanon about every other year. it has evolved into one of the most vibrant platforms for research and exchange on cultural practices in the region and beyond.
Umam Documentation & Research runs an exhibition space (The Hangar) located at Haret Hreik, in Beirut's Southern suburb with extensive events.
In the field of digital art, the artist Ricardo Mbarkho investigates the transformation of cultural industries into creative industries.
In the field of photography, the Arab Image Foundation has a collection of +4000 photographs from Lebanon and the Middle East. The photographs can be viewed in a research center and various events and publications have been produced in Lebanon and worldwide to promote the foundation.
Architecture
Architecture in Lebanon includes the legacies of various occupying powers including the Romans, Phoenicians, Ottomans and French, as well as post independence developments.
When the Ottomans exiled
The Italianate, specifically, Tuscan, influence on architecture in Lebanon dates back to the Renaissance when Fakhreddine, the first Lebanese ruler who truly unified Mount Lebanon with its Mediterranean coast executed an ambitious plan to develop his country.
The influence of these buildings, such as the ones in
Literature
Several contemporary Lebanese writers
Poetry
There are many well known Lebanese poets that marked the history of poetry. For example, there is Gibran Khalil Gibran who wrote "Love" in 1920, "On Friendship" in 1923 and many more.[32]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017) |
Popular culture
Music
Music is famous in Lebanese society.
According to the World Intellectual Property Organization, Lebanon's music industry is growing and could attain leading status in the region.[44] Lebanese performers are celebrated throughout the Arab World,[45] and with the notable exception of Egypt enjoy increasing regional popularity.[44] Rising demand for Arabic music outside Western Asia has provided Lebanese artists with a small but significant global audience. However, widespread piracy continues to inhibit the music industry's growth.[44]
Media
Lebanon is not only a regional center of media production but also the most liberal and free in the Arab world.[46] According to Press freedom's Reporters Without Borders, "the media have more freedom in Lebanon than in any other Arab country".[47] Despite its small population and geographic size, Lebanon plays an influential role in the production of information in the Arab world and is "at the core of a regional media network with global implications".[48]
After independence, Beirut emerged as the epicenter of publishing in the Arab world, characterized by free and liberal media and literary scenes.[49] Lebanon's press became a huge industry despite the country's small size and has remained a haven for Arabic publishing.[50] The establishment of modern printing presses and sophisticated book distribution channels made Beirut a regional publishing leader, and gave the Lebanese publishers a dominant role in Arab publishing.[51] Lebanon hosts annually two important regional publishing events, the Beirut Book Fair and the Beirut Francophone Book Fair.[52]
Lebanon was one of the first countries in the Arabic-speaking world to introduce internet. Beirut's newspapers were the first in the region to provide readers with web versions of their newspapers. By 1986, three newspapers from Lebanon were online, Al Anwar, Annahar, and Assafir, and by 2000, more than 200 websites provided news out of Lebanon.[48]
Cinema
Cinema of Lebanon, according to film critic and historian, Roy Armes, was the only other cinema in the Arabic-speaking region, beside Egypt's, that could amount to a national cinema.[54] Cinema in Lebanon has been in existence since the 1920s, and the country has produced over 500 films,[55] some of which are:
- Prix François Chalais at the Directors' fortnight of the Cannes Film Festival(1998)
- Mabrouk Again – by Hany Tamba, released in 2000
- Randa Chahal, released in 2003, received many prestigious awards including the Silver Lion, Prix de la paix- Gillo Pontecorvo and Prix de la Lanterne Magique at the Venice Film Festival(2003)
- César Awardfor best foreign short film
- Bosta – by Philippe Aractingi, released in 2005
- Under the Bombs – by Philippe Aractingi, released in 2006
- Caramel – starring and directed by Nadine Labaki, released in 2007
- Where Do We Go Now? – starring and directed by Nadine Labaki, released in 2011, received the Cadillac People's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival (2011)
- Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards.
Theatre
Lebanese theatre has its origin in
Cultural relations between Lebanon and Egypt
The cultural and historical relations between Lebanon and Egypt are considered to be unique, because there is a considerable overlap between the Lebanese and Egyptian cultures, especially in the fields of literature, theater, cinema and journalism. All of them played an integral role towards each other especially in theater, cinema and journalism, that's what was confirmed by the Conference Egypt in the eyes of the Lebanese and which is Within the activities of the cultural program Egypt in the eyes of the World . Which is held at the headquarters of the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism, and in the presence of the Lebanese Ambassador in Egypt, Madeleine Tabar and Ahmed Ghanem founder of cultural program Egypt in the eyes of the World and an elite of Lebanese artists.[58]
Fashion
Many Christians and most Muslims who live in the cities wear modern stylish clothes. In the countryside, women sometimes wear traditional colorful skirts and men wear a traditional sherwal (baggy trousers). Dress was historically Ottoman, but remains only as part of the
Famous names in the Lebanese fashion industry include Elie Saab, Zuhair Murad, Darin Hachem, Reem Acra, and Rabih Kayrouz
Holidays and festivals
Lebanon celebrates national holidays and both Christian and Muslim holidays.
Christian holidays are celebrated following both the Gregorian Calendar and Julian Calendar.
Muslim holidays are followed based on the Islamic lunar calendar. Muslim holidays that are celebrated include Eid al-Fitr (the three-day feast at the end of the Ramadan month), Eid al-Adha (The Feast of the Sacrifice) which is celebrated during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca and also celebrates Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son to God, Mawlid (the Birthday of Muhammad), and Ashura. Lebanon's National Holidays include Workers Day, Independence day, and Martyrs Day.
Music festivals, often hosted at historical sites, are a customary element of Lebanese culture.[59] Among the most famous are Baalbeck International Festival, Byblos International Festival, Beiteddine International Festival, Broumana Festival, Batroun Festival, Dhour Chwer Festival and Tyr Festival.[59][60] These festivals are promoted by Lebanon's Ministry of Tourism, Lebanon Hosts about 15 Concerts from International Performers Each Year Ranking Number one for Nightlife in the Middle east and 6th Worldwide.[61]
Cuisine
Lebanese cuisine is similar to those of many countries in the Eastern Mediterranean, such as Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus.
The Lebanese national dishes are the
Society
Lebanese society is similar to certain cultures of the Mediterranean as the country is uniquely diverse religiously .[62] It is often considered as a gateway to Western Asia, Levant and the Arab World.[63]
Mixed-sex groups of youth are very common especially in Verdun,
The contraceptive prevalence rate is estimated at 58%, of which 34% modern contraceptives, primarily IUDs, pills and condoms.[64] Prostitution in Lebanon is nominally legal.[65]
By comparison to most other Arab capitals, Beirut is more
Notwithstanding the persistence of traditional attitudes regarding the role of women,
While gay sex does not enjoy wide acceptance, Beirut has a number of gay bars and nightclubs, in addition to five LGBT rights organizations, namely Helem, Arab Foundation for Equality (AFE), Nasawiya-Feminist Collective, Proud Lebanon, and Mosaïque. [citation needed]
Sports
- In national teams.
- In basketball, the governing body is the Antranik SCfor women.
- The Lebanon national rugby league team qualified and played in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup and 2017 Rugby League World Cup. In the latter, they beat France in their pool match, qualifying for the knockout stages and securing automatic qualification for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup.
- Weightlifting - In the Mohamed Traboulsi won the weightliftingsilver medal.
- Winter sports - Lebanon has six ski resorts
- In the summer, skilifts can be used to access hiking trails.
- The Beirut International Marathonis held every fall.
- Rugby union was introduced from France. The Lebanon national rugby union team represents Lebanon in international rugby union, and is governed by the Lebanon Rugby Union.
In 2009, the country hosted the Francophone Games, which took place in the capital, Beirut.
See also
References
- ISBN 9780817916664.
the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
- ^ a b Stokes, Jamie. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, page 406
- ^ Migliorino, p. 166
- ^ "Khalil Saleeby (1870-1928): A Founder of Modern Art in Lebanon". www.aub.edu.lb. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
- ^ "One Fine Art | artists - painters / habib srour". www.onefineart.com. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
- ^ "Moustafa Farroukh". Kaftoun.com. 2 July 2010. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Media Art Net | Ra'ad, Walid: Biography". Medienkunstnetz.de. Archived from the original on 30 April 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Ayman Baalbaki". lucegallery. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Earth of Endless SecretsWriting for a Posterior TimeAkram Zaatari". Beirut Art Center. 22 July 2009. Archived from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Marwan Sahmarani Biography and Links – Marwan Sahmarani on artnet". Artnet.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
- ^ "Nadim Asfar". Galerie Tanit. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Independent Curators International – Lamia Joreige". Curatorsintl.org. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Jean-Marc Nahas". Jean-Marc Nahas. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Jean-Marc Nahas". Art of the Mid East. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Ricardo Mbarkho". www.ricardombarkho.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ "Mansour el Habre". ArtMed Gallery. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Yale World Fellows Program | The World Fellows". Yale.edu. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Art – Creativity's capital". Executive-magazine.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "galerie JANINE RUBEIZ". galerie JANINE RUBEIZ. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ^ "Galerie Alwane". SAIFI VILLAGE. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ^ "Media Relations". FBI Private Bank. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-86450-333-3. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ISBN 978-0-86372-297-4. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ "Premium content". Economist.com. 2008-09-11. Archived from the original on 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ The Hindu (5 January 2003). Called by life[usurped]. The Hindu. 5 January 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2007.
- ^ ago·, Chloe Ghaleb·People·4 months (2020-06-14). "12 Most Influential Lebanese Writers". The961. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Seeing the Opportunities in Disruptive Interruptions". 20 November 2018.
- ^ "Family Business Expert Shares Secrets to Multi-Generational Success". finance.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-25.
- ^ "Family Business Expert Shares Secrets to Multi-Generational Success". forbes.com. Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2019-11-20.
- ^ "Our Authors | Raméz A. Baassiri". ForbesBooks. 2 May 2018.
- ISBN 9781946633361.
- ^ Poets, Academy of American. "Poems by Kahlil Gibran". poets.org. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-74104-609-0. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7614-2081-1. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ISBN 0-205-40242-9
- ISBN 978-0-7425-0061-7. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Library and Archives Subject File (Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Records--Curatorial Affairs Division Records) - Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum - Library and Archives - Catalog". catalog.rockhall.com. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ a b O'Connor, Tom. "Lydia Canaan One Step Closer to Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame" Archived 2016-04-29 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Star, Beirut, April 27, 2016.
- ^ Salhani, Justin. "Lydia Canaan: The Mideast's First Rock Star" Archived 2015-05-05 at the Wayback Machine, The Daily Star, Beirut, November 17, 2014.
- ^ Livingstone, David. "A Beautiful Life; Or, How a Local Girl Ended Up With a Recording Contract in the UK and Who Has Ambitions in the U.S." Archived 2016-04-23 at the Wayback Machine, Campus, No. 8, p. 2, Beirut, February 1997.
- ^ Ajouz, Wafik. "From Broumana to the Top Ten: Lydia Canaan, Lebanon's 'Angel' on the Road to Stardom" Archived 2015-06-19 at the Wayback Machine, Cedar Wings, No. 28, p. 2, Beirut, July–August 1995.
- ^ Aschkar, Youmna. "New Hit For Lydia Canaan" Archived 2015-06-19 at the Wayback Machine, Eco News, No. 77, p. 2, Beirut, January 20, 1997.
- ^ One source says "cult following", other says "folk hero"
- ^ ISBN 978-92-805-1316-5. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-86356-598-4. Archived from the originalon 14 May 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
- ^ Migliorino, p. 122
- ^ "Lebanon profile – Overview". BBC News. 24 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-253-34252-2. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ Migliorino, p. 123
- ISBN 978-1-85109-449-3. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ Anker, Jean. Libri: Volume 51
- ^ "Culture :: Books :: Francophone book fair showcases Lebanese and foreign authors". The Daily Star. 28 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-84885-120-7. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-253-35518-8. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ Harabi, Najib (University of Applied Sciences, Northwestern Switzerland) Knowledge Intensive Industries: Four Case Studies of Creative Industries in Arab Countries Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, World Bank Project (May 2009) p. 16.
- ISBN 978-0-415-77273-0. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ^ Badawī, Muḥammad Muṣṭafá. Modern Arabic Literature
- ^ "سفير لبنان بالقاهرة : حريصون على تدعيم أواصر التعاون مع مصر". el-balad.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7614-2081-1.
- ISBN 978-1-86450-333-3.
- ^ "Lebanon Summer & Winter Festivals". Lebanese Ministry of Tourism. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
- ^ Davis, Craig S. The Middle East For Dummies
- ^ Lebanon Culture. hangoverguide.com Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, 18 December 2006.
- ^ "UNFPA Lebanon - Country Profile". www.unfpa.org.lb. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ "Prostitution – The business of sex". Executive Magazine. Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2014-10-22.