Democracy in Marxism

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alienation of labour;[1] as such, the state would eventually wither away as its conditions of existence disappear.[3][4][5]

right to revolt if they were denied political expression.[10][11]

In response to the question "What will be the course of this revolution?" in

communal society) are the same.[13]

Marx criticized

surplus labor is to be organized.[18]

Soviet Union and Bolshevism

In the 19th century, The Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels called for the international political unification of the European working classes in order to achieve a communist revolution. It also proposed that since the socio-economic organization of communism was of a higher form than that of capitalism, a workers' revolution would first occur in the economically advanced industrialized countries. Marxist social democracy was strongest in Germany throughout the 19th century, and the Social Democratic Party of Germany inspired Vladimir Lenin and other Russian Marxists.[19]

During the revolutionary ferment of the

All-Russian Constituent Assembly was disbanded in January 1918.[20]

Russian historian

one-party system to the conditions which were "imposed on Bolshevism by hostile political forces". Rogovin highlighted the fact that the Bolsheviks made strenuous efforts to preserve the Soviet parties such as the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the Mensheviks, and other left-wing parties within the bounds of Soviet legality and their participation in the Soviets on the condition of abandoning armed struggle against the Bolsheviks.[21] Similarly, British historian E. H. Carr drew attention to the fact "the larger section of the party (the SR party – V.R) had made a coalition with the Bolsheviks, and formally broke from the other section which maintained its bitter feud against the Bolsheviks."[22]

Functionally, the Leninist

Soviet Russia had improved.[25]

In November 1917, Lenin issued the Decree on Workers' Control, which called on the workers of each enterprise to establish an elected committee to monitor their enterprise's management.

left communists and some factions in the Bolshevik Party critiqued the decline of democratic institutions in Russia.[28] Internationally, some socialists decried Lenin's regime and denied that he was establishing socialism; in particular, they highlighted the lack of widespread political participation, popular consultation, and industrial democracy.[29]

Following

multi-party socialist representation, autonomous union organizations (economic democracy), internal party democracy, and the mass participation of the working masses.[31][32]

Communist Party of China

See also: Democracy in China

bourgeois patriotic democrats.[35] Led by a communist party, a New Democracy allows for limited development of national capitalism as part of the effort to replace foreign imperialism and domestic feudalism.[35]

The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) was the primary government body through which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) sought to incorporate non-CCP elements into the political system pursuant to principles of New Democracy.[36]: 43  On 29 September 1949, the CPPCC unanimously adopted the Common Program as the basic political program for the country following the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution.[37]: 25  The Common Program defined China as a new democratic country, which would practice a people's democratic dictatorship led by the proletariat and based on an alliance of workers and peasants that would unite all of China's democratic classes (defined as those opposing imperialism, feudalism, and bureaucratic capitalism and favoring an independent China).[37]: 25 

From 2007 to 2009, Hu Jintao promoted intra-party party democracy (dangnei minzhu, 党内民主) in an effort to decrease the party's focus on top-down decision-making.[38]: 18  The Core Socialist Values campaign, which was introduced during the 18th National Congress in 2012,[39] promotes democracy as one of its four national values.[40]: 204  The Xi Jinping administration promotes a view of consultative democracy (xieshang minzhu 协商民主) rather than intra-party democracy.[38]: 18  This view of socialist democracy emphasizes consulting more often with society at large while strengthening the leading role of the party.[38]: 18 

Beginning in 2019, the party developed the concept of "whole-process democracy", which by 2021 was named

consequentialist view, in which the most important criterion for evaluating the success of democracy is whether democracy can "solve the people's real problems", while a system in which "the people are awakened only for voting" is not truly democratic.[41] As a result, whole-process people's democracy critiques liberal democracy for its excessive focus on procedure.[41]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Calhoun 2002, p. 23
  2. ISBN 978-0-275-96370-5
    . Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  3. Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012 – via Marxists Internet Archive
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0415255837. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2012 – via Google Books
    .
  5. S2CID 221178956
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-85345-973-6
    .
  7. ^ "Introduction to Marx's Class Struggles in France by Frederick Engels 1895". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
  8. ^ Marx, Engels and the vote (June 1983)
  9. ^ "Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme".
  10. ^ Mary Gabriel (29 October 2011). "Who was Karl Marx?". CNN.
  11. ^ "IWMA 1872: La Liberte speech". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
  12. ISBN 978-3-030-36044-3
    . Retrieved 26 March 2025 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ Hal Draper (1970). "The Death of the State in Marx and Engels". Socialist Register.
  14. doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2010.07.002
    .
  15. ^ Miliband, Ralph. Marxism and politics. Aakar Books, 2011.
  16. JSTOR 191498
    .
  17. ^ Meister, Robert. "Political Identity: Thinking Through Marx." (1991).
  18. ISSN 0893-5696
    .
  19. ISBN 978-90-04-13120-0
    .
  20. ^ Cliff, Tony (1978). "The Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly". Lenin 3: Revolution Besieged. London: Pluto Press. Retrieved 26 March 2025 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
  21. ISBN 978-1-893638-97-6
    .
  22. ISBN 978-0-14-020749-1
    .
  23. ^ The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition (1999) pp. 476–477.
  24. ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Fifth Edition. (1994), p. 1,558.
  25. ISBN 978-1-78168-721-5
    .
  26. ^ Pipes 1990, p. 709; Service 2000, p. 321.
  27. ^ Rigby 1979, p. 50; Pipes 1990, p. 689; Sandle 1999, p. 64; Service 2000, p. 321; Read 2005, p. 231.
  28. ^ Sandle 1999, p. 120.
  29. ^ Service 2000, pp. 354–355.
  30. ^ Trotsky, Leon (1935). "The Workers' State, Thermidor and Bonapartism". New International. 2 (4): 116–122. "Trotsky argues that the Soviet Union was, at that time, a "deformed workers' state" or degenerated workers' state, and not a socialist republic or state, because the "bureaucracy wrested the power from the hands of mass organizations," thereby necessitating only political revolution rather than a completely new social revolution, for workers' political control (i.e. state democracy) to be reclaimed. He argued that it remained, at base, a workers' state because the capitalists and landlords had been expropriated". Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  31. ISBN 978-1-78960-701-7
    .
  32. ISBN 978-0-87348-524-1
    .
  33. ISBN 9780674271913
    .
  34. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8223-4780-4
    .
  35. ^
    OCLC 63178961
    .
  36. ISBN 9781736850084
    .
  37. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4878-0391-9
    .
  38. ^
    ISBN 9781760466244
    .
  39. ^ "How Much Should We Read Into China's New 'Core Socialist Values'?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  40. ISBN 978-0-295-74738-5
    .
  41. ^
    OCLC 1354535847
    .
  42. ^ "Whole-Process Democracy". China Media Project. 23 November 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2023.

Works cited

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