Fahd of Saudi Arabia
Fahd | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
King Saud | |||||
Minister of Education | |||||
In office | 1953–1962 | ||||
Predecessor | Office established | ||||
Successor | Abdullah bin Saleh bin Obaid | ||||
Prime Minister | King Saud | ||||
Born | 1920, 1921 or 1923 Riyadh, Sultanate of Nejd | ||||
Died | (aged 82–85) King Faisal Hospital, Riyadh | ||||
Burial | 2 August 2005 Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh | ||||
Issue | |||||
| |||||
Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi |
Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (
Fahd was the eldest of the
Upon the death of King Khalid in 1982, Fahd ascended to the throne. He is credited for having introduced the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia in 1992. He suffered a debilitating stroke in 1995, after which he was unable to continue performing his full official duties. His half-brother Crown Prince Abdullah served as de facto regent of the kingdom and succeeded Fahd as king upon his death in 2005. With a reign of 23 years, Fahd remains the longest-reigning Saudi king.
Early life and education
Fahd bin Abdulaziz was born in the
Fahd's education took place at the Princes' School in Riyadh, a school established by King Abdulaziz specifically for the education of members of the House of Saud.[10] He received education for four years as a result of his mother's urging.[11] While at the Princes' School, Fahd studied under tutors including Sheikh Abdul Ghani Khayat.[12] He then went on to receive education at the Religious Knowledge Institute in Mecca.[10][13]
Early political roles
Prince Fahd was made a member of the royal advisory board at his mother's urging.
Prince Fahd led the Saudi delegation to the
On 2 January 1967 Prince Fahd survived an assassination attempt when an explosion occurred in his private office at the ministry.[21] He was not there during the incident, but the explosion injured nearly 40 staff of the ministry.[21]
Prince Fahd was named second deputy prime minister in 1967 when King Faisal established the office.[13][22] The post was created upon the request of Crown Prince Khalid due to the fact that he himself did not want to continue to preside over the council of ministers.[23] King Faisal was not very enthusiastic about the appointment of Prince Fahd to the post.[23] Between October 1969 and May 1970 Prince Fahd was on leave which was regarded by Nadav Safran as an indication of major confrontation in the government.[22] One of the reasons for this confrontation was the disagreement between King Faisal and Prince Fahd concerning security policies.[24] Because King Faisal accused him of being late to implement severe measures to arrest those who had contacts with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).[24] The PFLP attacked and damaged the Saudi-owned Trans-Arabian Pipeline in the Golan Heights on 31 May 1969 and also, was planning a plot against the King.[24] During his absence which was reported by the officials as a medical leave Prince Fahd stayed in London and then, in Spain where he spent the time on gambling and leisure.[25] King Faisal sent him both Omar Al Saqqaf, his envoy, and several letters asking him to return to the country, but Prince Fahd did not follow his request.[25]
Prince Fahd was made the head of the Supreme Council on Petroleum in March 1973 when it was established by King Faisal.[26] However, the relations between King Faisal and Prince Fahd were still strained due to Prince Fahd's gambling visits to Monte Carlo, Monaco.[27] In addition, Prince Fahd was not a supporter of the oil embargo which he regarded as a potential threat to the relationships between Saudi Arabia and the United States of America.[27] Because of these and other disagreements King Faisal had planned to remove Prince Fahd from the post of second deputy prime minister which was not materialized by the king.[27]
Crown Prince
After the murder of King Faisal in 1975 and the accession of King Khalid, Fahd was named first deputy prime minister and concurrently crown prince.[28][29] Besides King Khalid, Prince Fahd had three elder half-brothers living at that time: Muhammad, Nasser and Saad. However, Prince Muhammad had denied appointment by King Faisal as crown prince a decade prior, while Princes Nasser and Saad were both considered unsuitable candidates.[28][30] By contrast, Prince Fahd had served as minister of education from 1954 to 1962 and minister of interior from 1962 to 1975.[28]
The appointment of Prince Fahd as both crown prince and first deputy prime minister made him a much more powerful figure in contrast to the status of King Khalid when he had been crown prince during King Faisal's reign.[31] However, King Khalid had an influence over Fahd's activities and limited his powers, probably due to Fahd's very clear pro-Western views and hostile approach against Iran and Shia population of Saudi Arabia.[32] During this period Crown Prince Fahd was one of the members of the inner family council led by King Khalid, which included Fahd's brothers Muhammad, Abdullah, Sultan and Abdul Muhsin and his uncles Ahmed and Musaid.[33]
Reign
When King Khalid died on 13 June 1982, Fahd succeeded to the throne[34] being the fifth king of Saudi Arabia.[35] However, the most active period of his life was not his reign, but when he was Crown Prince.[36] King Fahd adopted the title "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" in 1986, replacing "His Majesty", to signify an Islamic rather than secular authority.[13]
Unlike the reigns of King Faisal and King Khalid, his reign witnessed significant decrease in the
Foreign policy
Fearing that the
Fahd was a supporter of the United Nations. He supported foreign aid and gave 5.5% of Saudi Arabia's national income through various funds, especially the
King Fahd developed a peace plan in order to resolve Arab differences particularly between Algeria and Morocco.
Islamic activities
He supported the conservative Saudi religious establishment, including spending millions of dollars on religious education,
Gulf War, 1991
In 1990, Iraqi forces under Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, placing the Iraqi army (then the largest in the Middle East) on the Saudi-Kuwaiti border. King Fahd agreed to host American-led coalition troops in his Kingdom and later allowed American troops to be based there.
Reform and industrialization
King Fahd showed little tolerance for reformists. In 1992, a group of reformists and prominent Saudi intellectuals petitioned King Fahd for wide-ranging reforms, including widening political representation and curbing the royal family's wasteful spending. King Fahd first responded by ignoring their requests and when they persisted, reformists were harshly persecuted, imprisoned, and fired from their jobs.
During King Fahd's rule, the royal family's lavish spending of the country's wealth reached its height. In addition, the biggest and most controversial military contract of the century, the Al-Yamamah arms deal was signed on his watch.[55] The contract has cost the Saudi treasury more than $90 billion. These funds were originally allocated to building hospitals, schools, universities, and roads. As a result, Saudi Arabia endured a stagnation in infrastructure development from 1986 until 2005 when the new King, Abdullah, fully came into power.
Like all the countries bordering the Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia under King Fahd focused its industrial development on hydrocarbon installations. Up to this day, the country is reliant on imports for nearly all its light and heavy machinery.
King Fahd established a Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs directed by senior family members and technocrats in 1994. The council was planned to function as an ombudsman of Islamic activity concerning educational, economic, and foreign policy matters. The chairman of the council was Prince Sultan. Prince Nayef,
Succession mechanism
In an effort to institutionalize succession King Fahd issued a decree on 1 March 1992.[57] The decree expanded the criteria for succession, which had been only seniority and family consensus, and led to speculations.[57] The most significant change by the edict was that the King did acquire the right to appoint or dismiss his heir apparent based on suitability rather than seniority and that the grandsons of Abdulaziz became eligible for the throne.[57]
1995 stroke and aftermath
King Fahd was a heavy smoker, overweight for much of his adult life, and in his sixties began to suffer from arthritis and severe diabetes.[8] He suffered a debilitating stroke on 29 November 1995[19] and became noticeably frail, and decided to delegate the running of the Kingdom to Crown Prince Abdullah on 2 January 1996.[53][57][58] On 21 February, King Fahd resumed official duties.[59]
After his stroke, King Fahd was partly inactive and had to use a cane and then a wheelchair,
In a speech to an Islamic conference on 30 August 2003, King Fahd condemned terrorism and exhorted Muslim clerics to emphasize peace, security, cooperation, justice, and tolerance in their sermons.[62]
Wealth
Recreational activities
King Fahd was known to enjoy luxurious living abroad and a lavish lifestyle. He visited the ports of the French Riviera in his 147-metre (482 ft) yacht, the US$100 million Prince Abdulaziz. The ship featured two swimming pools, a ballroom, a gym, a theatre, a portable garden, a hospital with an intensive-care unit and two operating rooms, and four American Stinger missiles.[66] The king also had a personal $US150 million Boeing 747 jet, equipped with his own fountain. In Fahd's younger years, he used to engage in activities considered un-Islamic, such as drinking and gambling. Fahd reportedly lost millions of dollars in casinos and started using illegal methods to regain the same amount.[67] When Fahd's brothers found out about his habits which were considered a disgrace to the House of Saud, he was immediately summoned to King Faisal's palace. Upon arrival, King Faisal slapped him across the face. From then on, Fahd was more circumspect and put a stop to his un-Islamic habits.[68]
Personal life
King Fahd was married at least thirteen times. The spouses of King Fahd were as follows:
- Al Anood bint Abdulaziz bin Musaid Al Saud, mother of his eldest five sons, Prince Faisal, Prince Mohammed, Prince Saud, Prince Sultan and Prince Khalid.[69][70][71]
- Prince Abdulaziz bin Fahd
- Noura bint Turki bin Abdullah bin Saud bin Faisal Al Saud, who died in September 2018.[72] King Fahd and Noura had a daughter, Al Anoud bint Fahd.[72]
- Jawza bint Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Divorced)[73]
- Al Jowhara bint Abdullah Al Sudairi (Deceased)
- Joza'a bint Sultan Al Adgham Al Subaie (Divorced)
- Tarfa bint Abdulaziz bin Muammar (Divorced)
- Watfa bint Obaid bin Ali Al Jabr Al Rasheed (Divorced)
- Lolwa al Abdulrahman al Muhana Aba al Khail (Divorced)
- Fatma bint Abdullah bin Abdulrahman Aldakhil
- Shaikha bint Turki bin Mariq Al Thit (Divorced)
- Seeta bint Ghunaim bin Sunaitan Abu Thnain (Divorced)
- Janan Harb (Widowed)[74]
King Fahd had six sons and four daughters.[11] His sons are:
- Faisal bin Fahd (1945–1999) Died of a heart attack. Director-general of youth welfare (1971–1999), director-general at ministry of planning and minister of state (1977–1999)
- Muhammad bin Fahd (born January 1950), former governor of the Eastern province
- Saud bin Fahd (born 8 October 1950), former deputy president of the General Intelligence Directorate
- Sultan bin Fahd(born 1951), retired army officer and former head of Youth Welfare
- Khalid bin Fahd (born February 1958)[9]
- Abdulaziz bin Fahd, (born 16 April 1973), Fahd's favourite and youngest son and former minister of state without portfolio. He is the son of Princess Jawhara Al Ibrahim, Fahd's reportedly favourite wife.[75]
One of his daughters, Latifa bint Fahd, died at age 54 in Geneva in late December 2013.[76][77] Another daughter, Al Jawhara bint Fahd, was the wife of Turki bin Mohammad bin Saud Al Kabeer and died in June 2016.[78] Another daughter princess Lulwa bint Fahd also died on 18 April 2022.[79]
Death
King Fahd was admitted to the
Funeral
King Fahd was buried in the last
The King's son Abdulaziz carried the body to the mosque and to the Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh, some two kilometres away, a public cemetery where Fahd's four predecessors and other members of the Al Saud ruling family are buried.[82][83]
Arab and Muslim dignitaries who attended the funeral were not present at the burial. Only ruling family members and Saudi citizens were on hand as the body was lowered into the grave.
Muslim leaders offered condolences at the mosque, while other foreign dignitaries and leaders who came after the funeral paid their respects at the royal court.
In accordance with regulations and social traditions, Saudi Arabia declared a national mourning period of three days during which all offices were closed. Government offices remained closed for the rest of the week.[81] The state flag was not lowered (since the flag of Saudi Arabia bears the Shahada, the Islamic declaration of faith, the flag's protocol requires the flag not to be lowered).[84]
After Fahd's death, many Arab countries declared
Honours
Styles of King Fahd | |
---|---|
Your Majesty |
Foreign honours
Ribbon | Country | Honour | Year |
---|---|---|---|
Azerbaijan | First Class of the İstiqlal ordeni | 7 March 2005[86] | |
Bahrain | Collar of the Order of Al Khalifa | 1995 | |
Denmark | Knight of the Order of the Elephant | 1984 | |
Iraq | Grand Cordon Order of the Two Rivers | 1987 | |
Italy | Knight Grand Cross with Collar Order of Merit of the Italian Republic | 19 July 1997[87] | |
Kuwait | Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great | 1991 | |
Kuwait | Collar of the Order of Kuwait | 1994 | |
Malaysia | Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm | 1982[88] | |
Morocco | Grand Cordon Order of the Throne | 1994[89] | |
Spain | Collar of the Order of Civil Merit | 1977[90] | |
Sweden | Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim |
1981 | |
United Arab Emirate | Collar of the Order of Etihad (Order of the Federation) | 1994 | |
United Kingdom | Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain | 1987[91][92] | |
United Kingdom | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George | 1999 | |
Tunisia | Collar of the Order of Independence | 1994 |
In 1984, King Fahd received
Ancestry
Ancestors of Fahd of Saudi Arabia Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi | | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28. Mohammed Al Suwaidi | ||||||||||||||||
14. Ali bin Mohammed Al Suwaidi | ||||||||||||||||
7. Sharifa bint Ali bin Mohammed Al Suwaidi | ||||||||||||||||
See also
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- )
External links
- International editorial reaction to Fahd's death (BBC News, 2 August 2005)
- Media related to Fahd of Saudi Arabia at Wikimedia Commons