Soatá Formation
Soatá Formation | ||
---|---|---|
Ma | ||
Type | Approximate paleocoordinates 6°18′N 72°30′W / 6.3°N 72.5°W | |
Region | Boyacá | |
Country | Colombia | |
Thickness at type section | 30.8 m (101 ft) | |
Paleogeography of the Pleistocene |
The Soatá Formation (
Fossils of the
Knowledge about the formation has been provided by Colombian geologists Carlos Villarroel, Jorge Brieva and others.
Etymology
The formation was first proposed and named after Soatá by Villarroel et al. in 2001. The type locality is defined near Portugalete, Soatá.[1]
Regional setting
The Altiplano Cundiboyacense, in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes, was formed late in the regional uplift of the Andean orogeny. It is estimated that the main stage of uplift happened during the Plio-Pleistocene. The Western and Central Ranges were submerged much earlier, leaving a corridor to the Caribbean in the Neogene.
The compression in the Andean orogenic belt caused the formation of
During the
Description
Lithologies
The Soatá Formation consists of whitish calcareous
The middle, younger unit is composed of basal greyish claystones with non-uniform matrix-supported conglomerates at the upper section. The uppermost layer contains siltstones, probably of volcaniclastic origin.[3]
The youngest sediments are found deepest in the basin and consist of claystones and greenish matrix-supported conglomerates. Rootlets and mammal fossils are more abundant in this layer.[3]
Stratigraphy
The Soatá Formation unconformably overlies the Cretaceous Capacho Formation, and is overlain by the Holocene infill sediments of the Chicamocha River, the course of which severely eroded and fragmented the Soatá formation.[4] The formation is subdivided into three units of different lithological character and sedimentary dip in a terrace setting. The Soatá Formation is time-equivalent with the upper part of the Sabana Formation on the Bogotá savanna and the Chinauta deposits near Fusagasugá in the southwest of the Altiplano.[5][6] Two samples were analysed for radiometric dating and provided ages of 45,900 ± 1,600 and 39,600 ± 800 years BP.[7] This corresponds to the Chicagota interstadial and the Tagua stadial, when the glaciations were at their maximum extent.[8][9]
Depositional environment
The
Fossil content
In the Soatá Formation, fossils of
Outcrops
The Soatá Formation is apart from its type locality Portugalete found around Soatá (Jútua), and stretches to the north near the border of Boyacá and Santander, northeast of Tipacoque. To the south, the formation may have reached until Socotá.[10]
Regional correlations
Ma |
Age | Paleomap | Regional events | Catatumbo | Cordillera | proximal Llanos | distal Llanos | Putumayo | VSM | Environments | Maximum thickness | Petroleum geology | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.01 | Holocene | Holocene volcanism Seismic activity |
alluvium | Overburden | |||||||||
1 | Pleistocene | Pleistocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 Glaciations |
Guayabo | Soatá Sabana |
Necesidad | Guayabo | Gigante |
fluvial (Guayabo) |
550 m (1,800 ft) (Guayabo) |
[14][15][16][17] | |||
2.6 | Pliocene | Pliocene volcanism Andean orogeny 3 GABI |
Subachoque | ||||||||||
5.3 | Messinian | Andean orogeny 3 Foreland |
Marichuela | Caimán | Honda | [16][18] | |||||||
13.5 | Langhian | Regional flooding | León | hiatus | Caja | León | Lacustrine (León) |
400 m (1,300 ft) (León) |
Seal |
[17][19] | |||
16.2 | Burdigalian | Miocene inundations Andean orogeny 2 |
C1 | Carbonera C1 | Ospina | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C1) | 850 m (2,790 ft) (Carbonera) |
Reservoir | [18][17] | ||||
17.3 | C2 | Carbonera C2 | Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2) | Seal |
|||||||||
19 | C3 | Carbonera C3 | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3) | Reservoir | |||||||||
21 | Early Miocene | Pebas wetlands | C4 | Carbonera C4 | Barzalosa | Distal fluvio-deltaic (C4) | Seal |
||||||
23 | Late Oligocene |
Foredeep |
C5 | Carbonera C5 | Orito | Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C5) | Reservoir | [15][18] | |||||
25 | C6 | Carbonera C6 | Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6) | Seal |
|||||||||
28 | Early Oligocene |
C7 | C7 | Pepino | Gualanday | Proximal deltaic-marine (C7) | Reservoir | [15][18][20] | |||||
32 | Oligo-Eocene | C8 | Usme | C8 | onlap | Marine-deltaic (C8) | Seal Source |
[20] | |||||
35 | Late Eocene |
Mirador | Mirador | Coastal (Mirador) | 240 m (790 ft) (Mirador) |
Reservoir | [17][21] | ||||||
40 | Middle Eocene |
Regadera | hiatus | ||||||||||
45 | |||||||||||||
50 | Early Eocene |
Socha | Los Cuervos | Deltaic (Los Cuervos) | 260 m (850 ft) (Los Cuervos) |
Seal Source |
[17][21] | ||||||
55 | Late Paleocene |
PETM 2000 ppm CO2 |
Los Cuervos | Bogotá | Gualanday | ||||||||
60 | Early Paleocene |
SALMA | Barco | Guaduas | Barco | Rumiyaco | Fluvial (Barco) | 225 m (738 ft) (Barco) |
Reservoir | [14][15][18][17][22] | |||
65 | Maastrichtian | KT extinction |
Catatumbo | Guadalupe | Monserrate | Deltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe) | 750 m (2,460 ft) (Guadalupe) |
Reservoir | [14][17] | ||||
72 | Campanian | End of rifting |
Colón-Mito Juan | [17][23] | |||||||||
83 | Santonian | Villeta/Güagüaquí | |||||||||||
86 | Coniacian | ||||||||||||
89 | Turonian | Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic event |
La Luna | Chipaque | Gachetá |
hiatus | Restricted marine (all) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Gachetá) |
Source | [14][17][24] | |||
93 | Cenomanian | Rift 2 |
|||||||||||
100 | Albian | Une | Une | Caballos | Deltaic (Une) | 500 m (1,600 ft) (Une) |
Reservoir | [18][24] | |||||
113 | Aptian | Capacho | Fómeque | Motema | Yaví | Open marine (Fómeque) | 800 m (2,600 ft) (Fómeque) |
Source (Fóm) | [15][17][25] | ||||
125 | Barremian | High biodiversity | Aguardiente | Paja | Shallow to open marine (Paja) | 940 m (3,080 ft) (Paja) |
Reservoir | [14] | |||||
129 | Hauterivian | Rift 1 |
Tibú- Mercedes |
Las Juntas | hiatus | Deltaic (Las Juntas) | 910 m (2,990 ft) (Las Juntas) |
Reservoir (LJun) | [14] | ||||
133 | Valanginian | Río Negro | Cáqueza Macanal Rosablanca |
Restricted marine (Macanal) | 2,935 m (9,629 ft) (Macanal) |
Source (Mac) | [15][26] | ||||||
140 | Berriasian | Girón | |||||||||||
145 | Tithonian | Break-up of Pangea |
Jordán | Arcabuco | Buenavista |
Saldaña | fluvial (Buenavista) |
110 m (360 ft) (Buenavista) |
"Jurassic" | [18][27] | |||
150 | Early-Mid Jurassic | Passive margin 2 | La Quinta | Noreán |
hiatus | Coastal tuff (La Quinta) | 100 m (330 ft) (La Quinta) |
[28] | |||||
201 | Late Triassic | Mucuchachi | Payandé | [18] | |||||||||
235 | Early Triassic | Pangea |
hiatus | "Paleozoic" | |||||||||
250 | Permian | ||||||||||||
300 | Late Carboniferous | Famatinian orogeny | Cerro Neiva () |
[29] | |||||||||
340 | Early Carboniferous | Fossil fish Romer's gap |
Cuche (355-385) |
Farallones () |
Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche) | 900 m (3,000 ft) (Cuche) |
|||||||
360 | Late Devonian |
Passive margin 1 | Río Cachirí (360-419) |
Ambicá () |
fluvial-reef (Farallones) |
2,400 m (7,900 ft) (Farallones) |
[26][30][31][32][33] | ||||||
390 | Early Devonian | High biodiversity | Floresta (387-400) |
Shallow marine (Floresta) | 600 m (2,000 ft) (Floresta) |
||||||||
410 | Late Silurian |
Silurian mystery | |||||||||||
425 | Early Silurian | hiatus | |||||||||||
440 | Late Ordovician | Rich fauna in Bolivia | San Pedro (450-490) |
Duda () |
|||||||||
470 | Early Ordovician | First fossils | Busbanzá (>470±22) |
Guape () |
Río Nevado () |
[34][35][36] | |||||||
488 | Late Cambrian | Regional intrusions | Chicamocha (490-515) |
Quetame () |
Ariarí () |
SJ del Guaviare (490-590) |
San Isidro () |
[37][38] | |||||
515 | Early Cambrian | Cambrian explosion | [36][39] | ||||||||||
542 | Ediacaran | Break-up of Rodinia | pre-Quetame | post-Parguaza | El Barro () |
Yellow: allochthonous basement (Chibcha Terrane) Green: autochthonous basement (Río Negro-Juruena Province) |
Basement | [40][41] | |||||
600 | Neoproterozoic | Cariri Velhos orogeny | Bucaramanga (600-1400) |
pre-Guaviare | [37] | ||||||||
800 | Snowball Earth | [42] | |||||||||||
1000 | Mesoproterozoic | Sunsás orogeny | Ariarí (1000) |
La Urraca (1030-1100) |
[43][44][45][46] | ||||||||
1300 | Rondônia-Juruá orogeny | pre-Ariarí | Parguaza (1300-1400) |
Garzón (1180-1550) |
[47] | ||||||||
1400 | pre-Bucaramanga | [48] | |||||||||||
1600 | Paleoproterozoic | Maimachi (1500-1700) |
pre-Garzón | [49] | |||||||||
1800 | Tapajós orogeny | Mitú (1800) |
[47][49] | ||||||||||
1950 | Transamazonic orogeny | pre-Mitú | [47] | ||||||||||
2200 | Columbia | ||||||||||||
2530 | Archean | Carajas-Imataca orogeny | [47] | ||||||||||
3100 | Kenorland | ||||||||||||
Sources |
- Legend
- group
- important formation
- fossiliferous formation
- minor formation
- (age in Ma)
- proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
- distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]
See also
- Geology of the Eastern Hills
- Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
- Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense
Notes
References
- ^ a b Villarroel et al., 2001, p.80
- ^ Urrego et al., 2016, p.702
- ^ a b Villarroel et al., 2001, p.82
- ^ IGAC, 2005, p.150
- ^ Villarroel et al., 2001, p.84
- ^ Hoyos et al., 2015, p.263
- ^ Villarroel et al., 2001, p.90
- ^ Hammen, 1986, p.27
- ^ Rutter et al., 2012, p.32
- ^ a b Villarroel et al., 2001, p.88
- ^ Villarroel et al., 2001, p.81
- ^ Soatá at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.85
- ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.27
- ^ a b c d e f García González et al., 2009, p.50
- ^ a b García González et al., 2009, p.85
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
- ^ a b c d e f g h Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
- ^ a b Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
- ^ a b Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
- ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
- ^ a b Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
- ^ Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
- ^ Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
- ^ Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
- ^ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
- ^ Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
- ^ Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
- ^ a b Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
- ^ a b Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
- ^ Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
- ^ Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
- ^ Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
- ^ Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
- ^ Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
- ^ Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
- ^ Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
- ^ a b c d Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
- ^ Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
- ^ a b Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
- ^ a b Duarte et al., 2019
- ^ García González et al., 2009
- ^ Pulido & Gómez, 2001
- ^ García González et al., 2009, p.60
Bibliography
- Universidad de los AndesII. 27-34. .
- Hoyos, Natalia; O. Monsalve; G.W. Berger; J.L. Antinao; H. Giraldo; C. Silva; G. Ojeda; G. Bayona, and J. Escobar and C. Montes. 2015. A climatic trigger for catastrophic Pleistocene–Holocene debris flows in the Eastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia. Journal of Quaternary Science 30(3). 258-270. .
- Rutter, N.; A. Coronato; K. Helmens; J. Rabassa, and M. Zárate. 2012. Glaciations in North and South America from the Miocene to the Last Glacial Maximum, 1–67. Springer.
- Urrego, Dunia H.; Henry Hooghiemstra; Oscar Rama Corredor; Belén Martrat; Joan O. Grimalt; Lonnie Thompson; Mark B. Bush; Zaire González Carranza, and Jennifer Hanselman, Bryan Valencia and César Velásquez Ruiz. 2016. Millennial-scale vegetation changes in the tropical Andes using ecological grouping and ordination methods. Climate of the Past 12. 697-711. .
- Villarroel, Carlos; Ana Elena Concha, and Carlos Macía. 2001. El Lago Pleistoceno de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia): Consideraciones estratigráficas, paleontológicas y paleoecológicas. Geología Colombiana 26. 79-93. .
- Villarroel, Carlos; Jorge Brieva B., and Alberto Cadena. 1996. La Fauna de Mamíferos Fósiles del Pleistoceno de Jútua, Municipio de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia). Geología Colombiana 21. 81-87. .
- Various, Authors. 2005. Estudio General de Suelos y Zonificación de Tierras del Departamento de Boyacá, 1-256. IGAC.