Glycogen storage disease type III
| Glycogen storage disease type III | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Cori Disease, Debrancher Deficiency, Forbes Disease[1] |
 | |
| Micrograph of glycogen storage disease with histologic features consistent with Cori disease. Liver biopsy. H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Endocrinology  |
| Symptoms | Hypotonia[2] |
| Causes | AGL gene mutation[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Biopsy, Elevated transaminases[4] |
| Treatment | Currently no cure, Diet regime[4] |
Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III) is an
inborn error of metabolism (specifically of carbohydrates) characterized by a deficiency in glycogen debranching enzymes.[3]
It is also known as Cori's disease in honor of the 1947 Nobel laureates Carl Cori and Gerty Cori. Other names include Forbes disease in honor of clinician Gilbert Burnett Forbes (1915–2003), an American physician who further described the features of the disorder, or limit dextrinosis, due to the limit dextrin-like structures in cytosol.[2] Limit dextrin is the remaining polymer produced after hydrolysis of glycogen. Without glycogen debranching enzymes to further convert these branched glycogen polymers to glucose, limit dextrinosis abnormally accumulates in the cytoplasm.[5]
Glycogen is a molecule the body uses to store
debrancher enzyme. This causes excess amounts of an abnormal glycogen to be deposited in the liver, muscles and, in some cases, the heart.[medical citation needed
]
Signs and symptoms
Glycogen storage disease type III presents during
infancy with hypoglycemia and failure to thrive. Clinical examination usually reveals hepatomegaly. Muscular disease, including hypotonia and cardiomyopathy, usually occurs later. The liver pathology typically regresses as the individual enter adolescence, as does splenomegaly, should the individual so develop it.[2]
Genetics
In regards to genetics glycogen storage disease type III is inherited in an
autosomal recessive pattern (which means both parents need be a carrier), and occurs in about 1 of every 100,000 live births. The highest incidence of glycogen storage disease type III is in the Faroe Islands where it occurs in 1 out of every 3,600 births, probably due to a founder effect.[6]
There seem to be two mutations in exon 3 (c.17_18delAG) being one of them, which are linked to the subtype IIIb.[1][7]
The amylo-alpha-1, 6-glucosidase, 4-alpha-glucanotransferase gene and mutations to it, are at the root of this condition. The gene is responsible for creating glycogen debranching enzyme, which in turn helps in glycogen decomposition.[3][8]
Diagnosis
In terms of the diagnosis for glycogen storage disease type III, the following tests/exams are carried out to determine if the individual has the condition:[9][10]
- Biopsy (muscle or liver)
- CBC
- Ultrasound
- DNA mutation analysis (helps ascertain GSD III subtype)
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type III includes
GSD I, GSD IX and GSD VI. This however does not mean other glycogen storage diseases should not be distinguished as well.[1]
Classification
Clinical manifestations of glycogen storage disease type III are divided into four classes:[3]
- GSD IIIa, is the most common, (along with GSD IIIb) and which clinically includes muscle and liver involvement
- GSD IIIb, which clinically has liver involvement but no muscle involvement
- GSD IIIc which clinically affects liver and muscle.
- GSD IV affects liver only (not muscle)
Treatment
Treatment for glycogen storage disease type III may involve a high-protein diet, in order to facilitate gluconeogenesis. Additionally the individual may need:[2][1][10]
- IV glucose (if oral route is inadvisable)
- Nutritional specialist
- Vitamin D (for osteoporosis/secondary complication)
- Hepatictransplant (if complication occurs)
References
- ^ PMID 20301788. Retrieved 11 August 2016.update 2012
- ^ a b c d "Genetics of Glycogen-Storage Disease Type III Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes". emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
- ^ a b c d Reference, Genetics Home. "glycogen storage disease type III". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-07.
- ^ a b "Glycogen storage disease type 3 | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
- ISBN 9780470654514.
- S2CID 448760.
- ^ "OMIM Entry - # 232400 - Glycogen Storage Disease III; GSD3". www.omim.org. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
- ^ Reference, Genetics Home. "AGL". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
- ^ "Glycogen Storage Disorders. Inborn errors of metabolism | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
- ^ PMID 20631546.
Further reading
- Mayorandan, Sebene; Meyer, Uta; Hartmann, Hans; Das, Anibh Martin (1 January 2014). "Glycogen storage disease type III: modified Atkins diet improves myopathy". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 9: 196. PMID 25431232.
- Sentner, Christiaan P.; Hoogeveen, Irene J.; Weinstein, David A.; Santer, René; Murphy, Elaine; McKiernan, Patrick J.; Steuerwald, Ulrike; Beauchamp, Nicholas J.; Taybert, Joanna; Laforêt, Pascal; Petit, François M.; Hubert, Aurélie; Labrune, Philippe; Smit, G. Peter A.; Derks, Terry G. J. (22 April 2016). "Glycogen storage disease type III: diagnosis, genotype, management, clinical course and outcome". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 39 (5): 697–704. PMID 27106217.
External links
Scholia has a topic profile for Glycogen storage disease type III.
Media related to Glycogen storage disease type III at Wikimedia Commons
