History of Wrocław
Silesians until 985
Duchy of Poland985–1025
Kingdom of Poland 1025–1038
Duchy of Bohemia 1038–1054
Kingdom of Poland 1054–1320
Duchy of Silesia 1320–1348
Kingdom of Bohemia 1348–1469
Kingdom of Hungary 1469–1490
Kingdom of Bohemia 1490–1526
Habsburg monarchy 1526–1742
Kingdom of Prussia 1742–1871
German Empire 1871–1918
Weimar Germany1918–1933
Nazi Germany 1933–1945
People's Republic of Poland1945–1989
Republic of Poland 1989–present
Wrocław has long been the largest and culturally dominant city in Silesia, and is today the capital of Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship, and the country's third most populous city proper.
The history of Wrocław starts at a crossroads in
Origin
The city of Wrocław originated as a stronghold situated at the intersection of two long-existing trading routes, the
Poland
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pomnik_Boles%C5%82awa_Chrobrego.jpg/220px-Pomnik_Boles%C5%82awa_Chrobrego.jpg)
In 985 Duke
In the first half of the 13th-century duke
The city was devastated in 1241 during the first Mongol invasion of Poland. The inhabitants burned down their own city to force the Mongols to a quick withdrawal. The invasion, according to Norman Davies, led German historiography to portray the Mongol attack as an event which eradicated the Polish community. However, in light of historical research this is doubtful, as many Polish settlements remained, even in the 14th century, especially on the right bank of the Oder and Polish names such as Baran or Cebula appear including among Wrocław's ruling elite.[9]
Georg Thum, Maciej Lagiewski, Halina Okolska and Piotr Oszczanowski write that the decimated population was replenished by many Germans.[10][11] A different thesis is presented by Norman Davies who writes that it is wrong to portray people of that time as "Germans" as their identities were those of Saxons and Bavarians, while historian Norbert Conrads argues that a Polish identity didn't exist either, a view shared by Czech author František R. Kraus.[12][need quotation to verify] While Germanisation started, Norman Davies writes that "Vretslav was a multi-ethnic city in the Middle Ages. Its ethnic composition moved in an endless state of flux, changing with each political and cultural ebb and flow to which it was exposed".[13] German author Georg Thum states that Breslau, the German name of the city, appeared for the first time in written records, and the city council from the beginning used only the Latin and German.[10]
In 1245, in Wrocław, Franciscan friar Benedict of Poland, considered one of the first Polish explorers, joined Italian diplomat Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, on his journey to the seat of the Mongol Khan near Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire.[14] It was the first such journey by Europeans, and they returned with the letter from Güyük Khan to Pope Innocent IV.[14]
The rebuilt town adopted
During much of the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ratusz2noc.jpg/220px-Ratusz2noc.jpg)
The bishops of Wrocław was known as the
Bohemia and Hungary
In 1348, the city was incorporated with almost the entirety of Silesia into the
In June 1466, in Wrocław, Polish diplomat Jan Długosz held a meeting with a papal legate, starting a peace process between Poland and the Teutonic Order, which a few months later culminated in the signing of a peace treaty in Toruń that ended the Thirteen Years' War, the longest of Polish–Teutonic wars.[23]
When
From 1502 to 1538 renown astronomer
Habsburg Monarchy
The ideas of the
After the death of
The Counter-Reformation had started with Rudolf II and Martin Gerstmann, bishop of Breslau. One of his successors, bishop Charles of Austria, did not accept the letter of the majesty on his territory. At the same time, the emperor encouraged several Catholic orders to settle in Breslau. The Minorites came back in 1610, the Jesuits arrived in 1638, the Capuchins in 1669, the Franciscans in 1684 and the Ursulines in 1687. These orders undertook an unequalled amount of construction which shaped the appearance of the city until 1945. The Jesuits were the main representatives of the Counter-Reformation in Breslau and Silesia. Much more feared were the Liechtensteiner dragoons, which converted people by force and expelled those who refused. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, Breslau was only one of a few Silesian cities which stayed Protestant, and after the Treaty of Altranstädt of 1707 four churches were given back to the local Protestants.
During the Counter-Reformation, the intellectual life of the city, which was shaped by Protestantism and Humanism, flourished, as the Protestant bourgeoisie of the city lost its role as the patron of the arts to the Catholic orders. Breslau and Silesia, which possessed 6 of the 12 leading grammar schools in the Holy Roman Empire, became the centre of German Baroque literature. Poets such as Martin Opitz, Andreas Gryphius, Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau, Daniel Casper von Lohenstein and Angelus Silesius formed the so-called First and Second Silesian school of poets which shaped the German literature of that time.
The dominance of the German population under the Habsburg rule in the city became more visible, while the Polish population diminished in numbers, although it did not disappear.[30] Only a few families from the upper and middle classes celebrated their Polish roots, despite having Polish ancestors, and while the Polish population was reinforced by migrants and merchants, many of them became Germanized.[30] Nevertheless, Poles continued to exist in the city, mostly living on the right bank of Oder river also known as "Polish side".[30] The Polish community was led by such priests as Stanislaw Bzowski or Michał Kusz, who fought for the continued existence of Polish schools in the city, and addressed their flock in Polish; Latin masses were interspersed with hymns and prayers in Polish.[30]
In 1702 the Jesuit academy was founded by Leopold I and named after himself, the Leopoldine Academy.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Breslau_c1736.jpg/220px-Breslau_c1736.jpg)
One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the city in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route.[31]
Prussia
During the
The Protestants of the city could now express their faith without limitation, and the new Prussian authorities also allowed the establishment of a Jewish community.
After the demise of the
In 1813 King
The city was an important center of the Polish secret resistance throughout the 19th century. There was a Polish-German student organization Silesia et Marchia Coniuncta in the city, which broke up in 1816.[33] In 1817, Polish students founded the Polonia resistance organization.[33] The members celebrated the Polish 3 May Constitution Day each year and wrote and distributed Polish political poems.[34] In 1822, the Prussian police discovered the organization and carried out arrests of its members and searches of their homes.[35]
The Prussian reforms of Stein and Hardenberg led to a sustainable increase in prosperity in Silesia and Breslau. Due to the levelled fortifications, the city could grow beyond her old borders. Breslau became an important railway hub and a major industrial centre, notably of linen and cotton manufacture and the metal industry. Thanks to the unification of the Viadrina and Jesuit universities the city also became the biggest Prussian centre of sciences after Berlin, and the secularization laid the base for a rich museum landscape. In 1836 the Slavonic Literary Society was founded in the city by Czech scholar Jan Evangelista Purkyně with the assistance of Polish scholars Władysław Nehring and Wojciech Cybulski, its aim was to develop studies on Slavic languages and cultures; the Prussian authorities disbanded it in 1886[36] On 15 January 1841, the Chair of Slavistics was formed in the city,[37] and headed by Professor František Čelakovský, it was the first institution of this kind in Germany[38]
In 1848, many local Polish students joined the
In 1854 the Jewish Theological Seminary was created, one of the first modern rabbi seminars in Europe. Its first director, Zecharias Frankel, was the principal founder of conservative Judaism.
The city was the seat of a Polish uprising committee before and during the January Uprising of 1863–1864 in the Russian Partition of Poland.[43] Local Poles took part in Polish national mourning after the Russian massacre of Polish protesters in Warsaw in February 1861, and also organized several patriotic Polish church services throughout 1861.[44] Secret Polish correspondence, weapons, and insurgents were transported through the city.[45] After the outbreak of the uprising in 1863, the Prussian police carried out mass searches of Polish homes, especially those of Poles who had recently come to the city.[46] The city's inhabitants, both Poles and Germans, excluding the German aristocracy, largely sympathized with the uprising, and some Germans even joined local Poles in their secret activities.[47] In June 1863 the city was officially confirmed as the seat of secret Polish insurgent authorities.[48] In January 1864, the Prussian police arrested a number of members of the Polish insurgent movement.[49]
German Empire
Breslau became part of the German Empire in 1871, which was established at Versailles in defeated France. The early years were characterized by rapid economic growth, the so-called Gründerzeit, although Breslau was hampered by protectionist policies of its natural markets in Austria-Hungary and Russia and had to turn to the German domestic market. Breslau's population grew from 208,000 in 1871 to 512,000 in 1910, yet the city was pushed down from being the third- to the seventh-biggest city in Germany. Among the population were the Polish and Jewish minorities.
The city spread out and incorporated outlying villages, like Kleinburg (Dworek) and Pöpelwitz (Popowice) in 1896, Herdain (Gaj) and Morgentau (Rakowiec) in 1904 and Gräbschen (Grabiszyn) in 1911. With the regulation of the Oder (Odra) modern garden suburbs like Leerbeutel (Zalesie) and Karlowitz (Karlowice) were built.
The official German census of 1905 listed 470,904 residents, thereof 20,536 Jews, 6,020 Poles and 3,752 others. Polish historians point to distortion of that number by German officials, and speak of several thousand more, or even 20,000 Poles living in it.[50][51][52] Estimates however are difficult, since foreign residents were registered by citizenship rather than by nationality.[53] Most of suburbs on right bank of Oder were Polish-speaking communities according to a source from 1874, and many photographs from this period indicate widespread use of Polish names;.[54] As a frontier city on the edge of the Slavonic world, Breslau was more assertively German than other cities of the empire, and Breslau was less friendly to Poles, Czechs or unassimilated Jews than, for example, Berlin was.[55] During his one-year tenure as rector of the university Felix Dahn for instance banned all Polish student associations.[56]
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
---|---|
![]() The Hall. | |
Criteria | Cultural: (i)(ii)(iv) |
Reference | 1165 |
Inscription | 2006 (30th Session) |
Area | 36.69 ha (90.7 acres) |
Buffer zone | 189.68 ha (468.7 acres) |
Coordinates | 51°6′25.01″N 17°4′37.25″E / 51.1069472°N 17.0770139°E |
Woodworking, brewing, textiles and agriculture, Breslau's traditional industries, flourished, and service and manufacturing sectors were established, which benefited from the nearby heavy industry of Upper Silesia. Linke-Hofmann, specialized in locomotives, became one of the city's largest employers and one of Europe's biggest manufacturers of railway carriages. By the end of the 19th century, Breslau threatened to eclipse Berlin, the capital of Prussia and the German Empire, as the financial centre of the country. The retail sector flourished too, represented by modern stores of Barasch, Molinari, Wertheim or Petersdorff. At the end of the German Empire Breslau had become the economic, cultural and administrative centre of Eastern Germany.
While Breslau itself was mostly Protestant the city also housed the Roman Catholic Diocese of Breslau, the second-largest diocese in the world, and thus became entangled in Bismarcks Kulturkampf. According to Norman Davies, the city had a population divided among 63% Protestants, 32% Catholics and 5% Jews.[57] At the time of the German Empire Although the open conflict between Breslau's Protestant majority and Catholics was avoided, public resentment was notable, most notably in the affairs of the numerous student corporations. Meanwhile, Breslau became the focus of the Old Lutheran Church. In 1883 the Old Lutheran Theological Seminar was opened, which attracted numerous scholars, among them Rudolf Rocholl. By 1905 the community already had 75 pastors and 52,000 members.
The German Jewry of Breslau formed the Einheitsgemeinde (united community) of Orthodox and Reform Jews and thus narrowing the gap between both schools. In 1872 Reformed Rabbi Joel and his Orthodox counterpart Gedaliah Tiktin jointly consecrated Breslau's New Synagogue. From 14,000 in 1871 the Jewish community grew to 20,000 in 1910, thus becoming the third-largest in Germany. Breslau's confident, vibrant and assimilated community, with countless social, charitable, cultural and educational organisations, became a model for others. The first Jewish students' fraternity in the German Empire, the Viadrina, was created in 1886 in Breslau. Polish student organisations included Concordia, Polonia, and a branch of the
While most of Silesia's greats of the 19th century, such as
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/New_Market_Square%2C_Plac_Nowy_Targ%2C_Neumarkt_in_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg/220px-New_Market_Square%2C_Plac_Nowy_Targ%2C_Neumarkt_in_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg)
Performing arts in the city received a notable boost too. In 1861 the Orchestral Society (Orchesterverein) was founded, which achieved a good reputation in 1880 when
Modern science flourished in the city, with a wide array of achievements in almost every department. During the German Empire, Breslau's scientists received four Nobel Prizes (plus two in literature). Above all, medical sciences were the flagship of academic research, where Breslau not only presented new theories but also new disciplines.
In the 1890s Breslau developed into a centre of Social Democracy in Germany. With one exception at least one member of the Silesian
With the outbreak of World War I, Breslau's VI. Army Corps was sent to the western front to form the pivot of the
During World War I, in 1914, a branch of the Organizacja Pomocy Legionom ("Legion Assistance Organization") operated in the city with the goal of gaining support and recruiting volunteers for the Polish Legion.[59] The city was visited several times by Polish Legions envoys from the Austrian Partition of Poland. Three envoys were arrested by the Germans in November 1914 and deported to Austria, and the organization soon ended its activities in the city.[60] During the war, the Germans operated seven forced labour camps for Allied prisoners of war in the city.[61]
The population in the city suffered badly during the war. Food was rationed, and prices for potatoes or eggs skyrocketed by more than 200%, resulting in food riots. The "Turnip Winter" of 1916/17 left many on the verge of starvation. Food hoarding was decreed with capital punishment in the city. After four years of war, Breslau's trade had fallen by 66 per cent. More than 8,000 people died of tuberculosis, and the population dropped from 540,000 to 472,000.
The end of World War I was followed by civil unrest and revolution in Germany. The garrison in Breslau mutinied in November, liberated convicts from jail, among them Rosa Luxemburg, looted shops and seized the offices of the Schlesische Zeitung, Breslau's biggest newspaper. When Emperor Wilhelm II left the country the German Empire dissolved.
Weimar Republic
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-024-25%2C_Bekanntmachung_der_sozialistischen_Regierung.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1983-024-25%2C_Bekanntmachung_der_sozialistischen_Regierung.jpg)
The end of the German Empire led to
Despite the largely peaceful transition, Breslau faced several challenges which radicalized the political landscape of the city. Social conditions got worse as 170,000 soldiers and displaced persons were expected to return, with only 47,000 available quarters. The prospect of a Communist government was a major fear. The loss of nearby Greater Poland to re-established Poland, the prospect of further losses in Upper Silesia and the transformation of neighbouring Bohemia into a new state called Czechoslovakia spread anxiety among the people,[63] who saw their city turn into an advance post of Germany.[64] The number of Poles in the city dropped from an already low 4–5.000 to 0.5 per cent 20 years later.[clarification needed][65][66]
Riots of the Spartacists in February resulted in the death of five protesters and injured nineteen. A month later the Freikorps revolted,[clarification needed] and Silesia was one of several eastern provinces in which the Kapp Putsch received solid backing.[67] The commander of the military district supported the coup d'état and four Freikorps units peacefully took over large parts of the city. The governor of Silesia, Breslau's Chief of Police and the SPD President of Breslau were immediately purged. Kapp's government, however, collapsed after a week and the Freikorps in Breslau withdrew, killing 18 people and wounding many others. Anti-Semitic propaganda, moreover, culminated in the murder of Bernhard Schottländer, the Jewish editor of the Schlesische Arbeiter-Zeitung. Jewish stores and hotels were attacked by mobs in the city.[68]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/St_Martin_Church_in_Wroclaw_03.jpg/220px-St_Martin_Church_in_Wroclaw_03.jpg)
After First World War the Polish community started having masses in Polish in the Churches of Saint Ann and since 1921 in St. Martin Church; the Polish consulate was opened on the Main Square, additionally, a Polish School was formed by Helena Adamczewska.[69] Soon after tensions around the
In 1919, Breslau became the capital of the newly created Province of Lower Silesia, and its first head of government (German: Oberpräsident) was social democrat Felix Philipp. The Social Democrats also won the Lower Silesian elections of 1921 with 51.19%, followed by the Catholic centre with 20.2%, DVP with 11.9%, DDP with 9.5% and the Communists with 3.6%.
The mid-1920s brought political stability, mostly due to the leadership of
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10821%2C_Breslau%2C_Verhaftung_von_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10821%2C_Breslau%2C_Verhaftung_von_Nationalsozialisten.jpg)
After the incorporation of 54 communes between 1925 and 1930, the city expanded to 175 km2 and housed 600,000 people. Between 26 and 29 June 1930 it hosted the Deutsche Kampfspiele, a sporting event for German athletes after Germany was excluded from the Olympic Games after World War I.
This peaceful period ended with the Wall Street Crash and the following collapse of the German economy. Unemployment rose from 1.3 million in September 1929 to 6 million (1/3 of the working population) in 1933; in Breslau from 6,672 persons in 1925 to 23,978 in 1929, the worst figures in Germany after
Despite all turbulences, the cultural scene in the Weimar Republic and in Breslau flourished. The reorganized Academy of Arts reached its creative height under the directorship of
During the inter-war years, the city was also the centre of the Polish national movement radiating towards other groups of Poles in Lower Silesia; it focused on Polish cultural life and organisational efforts.[76]
Nazi period and World War II
The city became one of the largest support bases of the NSDAP movement, and in the 1932 elections the Nazi party received 43.5% of votes, achieving the third biggest victory in Weimar Germany[77] A reason for the strong NSDAP support may have been that Breslau was the city among the eight largest cities of Germany with the highest rate of unemployment, which the Nazi party promised to tackle.[78]
Before the
The city's coat of arms was changed by the Nazis in 1938, as it contained the letter
During the invasion of Poland, which started World War II, in September 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists and banned Polish organizations.[81] Polish church services were abolished, with the last Polish service held in the Saint Martin church on 17 September 1939.[84] The city became the headquarters of the southern district of the Selbstschutz, which task was to commit atrocities against Poles.[85] Most of the Polish elites also left during the 1920s and 1930s while Polish leaders who remained were sent to concentration camps.[79] During the war, 363 Czech and 293 Polish prisoners, as well as resistance members from Western Europe, were executed by guillotine in the city's prison.[86] In total, the German regime killed 896 people in this way. In 1941 the remaining pre-war Polish minority in the city, as well as Polish slave labourers organised a resistance group called Olimp. In 1942 additional Polish resistance groups were reported to be in existence in the city, "Jaszczurka", Siła Zbrojna Polski and Polska Organizacja Polityczna[87]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wroclaw-plaque-Swobodna-street-170225-01.jpg/220px-Wroclaw-plaque-Swobodna-street-170225-01.jpg)
In addition, a network of concentration camps and
Throughout most of World War II Breslau was not close to the fighting. The city became a haven for refugees, swelling in population to nearly one million. Polish resistance from the group Zagra-Lin[96] successfully attacked a Nazi Germany's troop transport on the main railway station in the city on 23 April 1943, and a commemorative plate honouring their actions was placed after Nazi Germany was defeated in 1945.[97][98][99][100] In February 1945 the Soviet
After the encirclement of the city by the Red Army, members of the resistance succeeded in making contact with the Russians. In March 1945, twelve Nazi party offices were destroyed, killing 30 Nazi members.[102]
Hanke finally lifted a ban on the evacuation of women and children, when it was almost too late. During his poorly organised evacuation in January and February 1945, around 18,000 people froze to death, mostly children and babies, in icy snowstorms and −20 °C weather. Some 200,000 civilians, less than a third of the pre-war population, remained in the city because the railway connections to the west were damaged or overloaded.
By the end of the Siege of Breslau, 50% of the old town, 90% of the western and southern and 10–30% of the northern and northeastern quarters of the city had been destroyed. 40,000 inhabitants, including forced labourers, lay dead in the ruins of homes and factories. After a siege of nearly three months, "Fortress Breslau" surrendered on 7 May 1945. It was one of the last major cities in Germany to fall.[103][failed verification]
Return to Poland
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cment.Osobowicki-kwatera1914-18zoln.niemieckich.jpg/220px-Cment.Osobowicki-kwatera1914-18zoln.niemieckich.jpg)
People's Republic of Poland
Along with almost all of Lower Silesia, post-war Wrocław became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Conference, pending a final peace conference with Germany.
The town became the biggest city of the so-called Recovered Territories. On 24 May 1945, the surviving members of the Polish pre-war minority from the Nazi German genocide in Wrocław were met by Polish authorities.[106] Bolesław Drobner, the city's newly appointed mayor, welcomed them in "Free Poland" and urged pre-war Poles from Wrocław to stay in the city, expressing his view that the Polish state needs people like them to awake to life after the war; many of the addressed heeded this call, and pre-war Poles became active members of Wrocław's political and cultural life, forming an association called "Klub Ludzi ze znakiem P" ("People with the P sign"), remembering those Poles who perished under Nazi German rule in the city.[107]
Franciszek Juszczak, a long-time leader of the Polish community in Wrocław before World War II and resistance member, was nominated by Drobner to the position of vice-president of the Lower Silesian Chamber of Crafts[108] In close cooperation with authorities he formed Związek Polaków Byłych Obywateli Niemieckich(Union of Former German Citizen Poles). The pre-war Polish minority, though officially regarded as heroes, was subject of a "verification process" to determine their Polishness, in a procedure described as an "experience of some unpleasantness".[107] According to German historian Gregor Thum, in 1949, only 2,769 people, or about 1 percent of the city's population were pre-war inhabitants of the city, with 1,029 of them able to speak Polish fluently.[109]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/BlokowiskoKozanow.jpg/220px-BlokowiskoKozanow.jpg)
In the summer of 1945, the city had a predominately German population
After the destruction during the Siege of Breslau, the city was further destroyed by vandalism, fire, and the razing and dismantling of factories, and material assets by the Soviet Union. The economic potential of the city was decreased to 40% of the prewar situation.[112] Wroclaw was further weakened by the so-called Szaber, which transferred goods to Central Poland, and the campaign "bricks for Warsaw" by the Polish government ten years later, which provided reconstruction material for the levelled
The rebuilding of the town was characterized by a mix of polonization and degermanization, which led to reconstruction and destruction. Gothic architecture was painstakingly restored, while testimonies of later eras were often neglected or destroyed. For example, even as late as in the 1970s, Stucco elements from the Baroque were chiseled off in some of the town's churches according to the ideologically enforced return to the allegedly original Piast state.[114] The process of degermanization also included the removal and destruction of almost all German non-religious monuments,[115] and the elimination of inscriptions, even centuries-old epitaphs and in churches.[116] Between 1970 and 1972 all non-Jewish German cemeteries were destroyed.[117]
Tower blocks were massively constructed both in the city and around it, e.g. Kozanów housing estate.
In 1964, the Monument to the Lwów Professors massacred by the Germans in 1941, was unveiled.
After the fall of communism
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pow%C3%B3d%C5%BA_1997_Wroc%C5%82aw_006.jpg/220px-Pow%C3%B3d%C5%BA_1997_Wroc%C5%82aw_006.jpg)
In 1994, the Old Town of Wrocław was designated a Historic Monument of Poland.[118]
In May 1997 Wrocław was visited by Pope John Paul II.[119] In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by a flood of the Oder River, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. Around one-third of the city's area stood underwater.[120] An earlier equally devastating flood of the river took place in 1903.[121] After the flood big areas of the city were renovated, including
In 2016, Wrocław was designated the World Book Capital and European Capital of Culture.
In recent history, Wrocław has co-hosted various international sports competitions, including the EuroBasket 2009, UEFA Euro 2012, 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, 2016 European Men's Handball Championship and 2017 World Games.
Historical populations
Year | 1800 | 1831 | 1850 | 1852 | 1880 | 1900 | 1910 | 1925 | 1933 | 1939 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inhabitants | 64,500 | 89,500 | 114,000 | 121,100 | 272,900 | 422,700 | 510,000 | 555,200 | 625,198 | 629,565 |
Year | 1946[123] | 1956[124] | 1960 | 1967 | 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1990 | 1999 | 2009 |
Inhabitants | 171,000 | 400,000 | 431,800 | 487,700 | 526,000 | 579,900 | 617,700 | 640,577 | 650,000 | 632,240 |
See also
- Jewish art collectors in Breslau
- Timeline of Wrocław history
References
- ISBN 83-7654-224-9
- )
- ^ Weczerka, p. 39
- ^ a b Weczerka, p. 40
- ^ Norman Davies "Mikrokosmos" page 110-115
- ^ Weczerka, p. 41
- ISBN 978-83-85660-46-0.
- ISBN 978-83-229-2872-1
- ^ Microcosm: A Portrait of a Central European City [Paperback] Norman Davies, Roger Moorhouse, page 90, Pimlico; 2003 "Fighting between Poles and Czechs were recorded in 1314. It would be particularly out of place to assume that the Polish element was decimated. The villages on the right bank of the Odra remained solidly Polish, while Polish names such as Baran or Cebula figured regularly, even among the city's patricians"
- ^ a b Thum, p. 316
- ISBN 978-83-89551-57-3.
- ISBN 978-3-88680-775-8.
- ^ Microcosm: A Portrait of a Central European City [Paperback] Norman Davies, Roger Moorhouse, page 134, Pimlico; 2003
- ^ a b Adam Maksymowicz. "Niezwykła wyprawa Benedykta Polaka". Niedziela.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN Warsaw 1975 vol. III page 505
- ^ Conrads, p. 100
- ^ Microcosm: A Portrait of a Central European City [Paperback] Norman Davies, Roger Moorhouse, page 88-89, Pimlico; 2003
- ^ "Silesia | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ Marek Cetwiński (1996). Historia Wrocławia w datach (in Polish). Wrocław: TMW Wratislawia.
- ISBN 978-83-240-0172-9.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Microcosm, page 103
- ^ Długosz, ks. IX, s 153
- ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. LXXII.
- ^ W. Korta, Historia Śląska do 1763 roku, Warszawa 2003, s. 185.
- ^ Maciej Łagiewski (11 September 2017). "Spotkanie królów". Gazeta Wrocławska (in Polish). Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ R. Żerelik, Dzieje Śląska do 1526 roku, w: Historia Śląska, red. P. Klint, Wrocław 2007.
- ^ Hieronim Szczegóła, Kasper Elyan z Głogowa, pierwszy polski drukarz, Muzeum Ziemi Lubuskiej, Zielona Góra, 1968, p. 4, 6 (in Polish)
- ^ Szczegóła, p. 6
- ^ Silesia was divided by the River Oder into its two "national halves"-German and Polish. Vretslav lay astride the dividing line.As the second city of the Kingdom of Bohemia Vretslav also supported a considerable Czech community Norman Davies, Microcosm, page 135
- ^ a b c d Microcosm, page 182
- ^ "Informacja historyczna". Dresden-Warszawa (in Polish). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ISBN 978-83-229-2872-1
- ^ a b Pater 1976, p. 318.
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{{cite web}}
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