Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign

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Hubert Humphrey for President 1968
Campaign1968 Democratic primaries
1968 U.S. presidential election
CandidateHubert Humphrey
38th Vice President of the United States
(1965–1969)
Edmund Muskie
U.S. Senator from Maine
(1959–1980)
AffiliationDemocratic Party
StatusAnnounced: April 27, 1968
Official nominee: August 29, 1968
Lost election: November 5, 1968
SloganSome People Talk Change, Others Cause It
Humphrey-Muskie, Two You Can Trust[1]
Hubert Humphrey 1968 original campaign logo

The 1968 presidential campaign of Hubert Humphrey began when Vice President of the United States Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota decided to seek the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States following President Lyndon B. Johnson's announcement ending his own bid for the nomination. Johnson withdrew after an unexpectedly strong challenge from anti-Vietnam War presidential candidate, Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota, in the early Democratic primaries. McCarthy, along with Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, became Humphrey's main opponents for the nomination. Their "new politics" contrasted with Humphrey's "old politics" as the increasingly unpopular Vietnam War intensified.

Humphrey entered the race too late to participate in the Democratic primaries. He relied on "favorite son" candidates to win delegates and lobbied for endorsements from powerful bosses to obtain slates of delegates. The other candidates, who strove to win the nomination through popular support, criticized Humphrey's traditional approach. The June 1968 assassination of Robert Kennedy left McCarthy as Humphrey's only major opponent. That changed at the 1968 Democratic National Convention when Senator George McGovern of South Dakota entered the race as the successor of Kennedy. Humphrey won the party's nomination at the Convention on the first ballot, amid protests in Chicago. He selected little-known Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine as his running mate.

During the general election, Humphrey faced former Vice President Richard Nixon of California, the Republican Party nominee, and Governor of Alabama George Wallace, the American Independent Party nominee. Nixon led in most polls throughout the campaign, and successfully criticized Humphrey's role in the Vietnam War, connecting him to the unpopular president and the general disorder in the nation. Humphrey experienced a surge in the polls in the days prior to the election, largely due to incremental progress in the peace process in Vietnam and a break with the Johnson war policy. On Election Day, Humphrey narrowly fell short of Nixon in the popular vote, but lost, by a large margin, in the Electoral College. Had Humphrey been elected, he would have been the first U.S. president from Minnesota and the first incumbent vice president since Martin Van Buren to be elected while Edmund Muskie would have been the first vice president from Maine.

Background

Humphrey speaks at the 1948 Democratic National Convention.

Hubert Humphrey was first elected to public office in 1945 as

Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson. Humphrey's persona and tactics in the Senate led colleagues to nickname him "The Happy Warrior".[4] Contemporaries attributed his success in politics to his likable personality and ability to connect with voters on a personal level.[5]

Humphrey first entered presidential politics in

Washington D.C.; ultimately losing the Democratic nomination to Massachusetts Senator and future President John F. Kennedy. In 1964, with Lyndon Johnson now as president following the assassination of Kennedy, Johnson tapped Humphrey as his running mate and went on to win in a landslide victory over Republican Barry Goldwater. As vice president, Humphrey oversaw turbulent times in America, including race riots and growing frustration and anger over the large number of casualties in the Vietnam War. President Johnson's popularity plummeted as the election grew closer.[6]

Lyndon Johnson campaign

Prior to Humphrey's run, President Lyndon Johnson began a campaign for re-election, placing his name in the first-in-the-nation

Harry Truman, which preceded Truman's decision not to seek re-election.[8]

Humphrey (left) and President Lyndon Johnson (center) discuss the Vietnam War.

Johnson assigned Humphrey the task of campaigning for re-election. In this role, the

Roger Branigin to arrange a favorite son "stand in" for the campaign; and despite Humphrey's insistence, Johnson neglected to hire the campaign's 1964 campaign manager Larry O'Brien. Humphrey did convince Johnson to speak to the influential National Farmers Union in Minneapolis, ahead of the Wisconsin Primary.[10]

In late March, opinion polls suggested McCarthy would likely win the Wisconsin Primary.[10] With defeat looming, Johnson decided to drop out of the race. When he informed Humphrey of his decision, Humphrey urged Johnson to reconsider. Johnson argued it betrayed the best interests of the nation to mix the partisan politics of a presidential election with the ongoing Vietnam crisis. Furthermore, Johnson said that if elected, he probably would not be able to complete the term since the men in his family usually died in their early sixties.[19] A week prior to the primary, on March 31, the President publicly announced he would not seek or accept the Democratic Party nomination,[20] thus setting the stage for Humphrey's presidential run.[21]

Announcement

Democrats United for Humphrey
Fred R. Harris
Walter Mondale

After Johnson's withdrawal, Humphrey was hit with a barrage of media interest and fanfare. His aides

Russell Long, both of Louisiana, warned Humphrey that if he did not declare his candidacy soon, Kennedy would secure the nomination.[27] Labor leader George Meany also called for Humphrey to announce immediately, but when Humphrey explained that he did not want to rush into a campaign, Meany called President Johnson to demand that Humphrey announce. Johnson refused, and never explicitly asked Humphrey to run.[28] Governors Harold Hughes of Iowa and Philip H. Hoff of Vermont, each advised Humphrey to resign as vice president to separate himself from Johnson, but he declined.[29] Before the official announcement, Humphrey met with Johnson and discussed the future. The President advised Humphrey that his biggest obstacle as a candidate would be money and organization, and that he must focus on the Midwest and Rust Belt states in order to win.[27]

After weeks of speculation, Humphrey finally announced his candidacy on April 27, 1968, in front of a crowd of 1,700 supporters in Washington D.C.[30] chanting "We Want Hubert". He delivered a twenty-minute speech,[25] broadcast throughout the nation on television and radio[30] that had been in preparation for four days after Johnson's withdrawal. Labor Secretary W. Willard Wirtz, White House staffers Harry McPherson and Charles Murphy, and journalists Norman Cousins and Bill Moyers all contributed to the speech.[25] In the speech, Humphrey proclaimed that the election would be about "common sense, and a time for maturity, strength and responsibility".[30] He set his goals at not simply winning the nomination but winning in a way that would "unite [the] party"[30] so he could then "unite and govern [the] nation".[30] He argued that his campaign was "the way politics ought to be ... the politics of happiness, the politics of purpose, the politics of joy."[25] His entrance occurred too late in the process to qualify for ballot access in the primaries.[30]

Campaign developments

As the campaign got underway, Humphrey tried to position himself as the conservative Democrat in the race, hoping to appeal to Southern delegates. Republicans, feeling that the Vice President might be the nominee, began to attack him, describing his positions as socialistic and reminding voters that Southern Democrats once considered him a "wild-eyed liberal". Democrats conceded this point but argued that compared to McCarthy and Kennedy, Humphrey was conservative.[31] He immediately made an impact on the polls, rocketing to number one among Democrats in the beginning of May with 38%, ahead of both McCarthy and Kennedy.[32] An internal struggle within the campaign between the new politics of Mondale and Harris, and the old politics of Connell, Kampelman and Maguire, sometimes disrupted the organization of staffers in different states. Humphrey ordered Connell to not circumvent Mondale and Harris on campaign decisions, but the clashing continued throughout the campaign. The older faction referred to Mondale and Harris as "boy scouts".[33]

Endorsements
Favorite sons
Stephen Young
George Smathers

At the Indiana primary, Humphrey began the strategy of using "favorite son" candidates as surrogates for his campaign, and to weaken his opponents. Governor Roger Branigin stood in for Humphrey in Indiana, and placed second, in front of McCarthy but below Kennedy.[39] Senator Stephen M. Young of Ohio stood in for the Vice President in Ohio, and won the primary.[40] He won his largest share of delegates during a six-week period after May 10, when the Vietnam War was briefly removed as a campaign issue due to the delicate peace talks with Hanoi.[33] Later in May, he gained 57 delegates from Florida, as favorite son candidate Senator George Smathers defeated McCarthy in the Florida primary with 46% of the vote.[41] Humphrey also picked up delegates from Pennsylvania, following an endorsement from Philadelphia Mayor James Tate,[38] and collected delegates from leaders in New York, Minnesota, Montana, Utah, Delaware and Connecticut.[42] The other candidates criticized this tactic, and accused Humphrey of organizing a "bossed convention" against the wishes of the people.[43]

Frank Sinatra performed at a fundraising rally for Humphrey's campaign at the Oakland Arena on 22 May.[44]

The next month, Humphrey's rival Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated in Los Angeles, prompting the Vice President to return to his home in Minnesota and "think about the next stage".[45] Shaken by the event, Humphrey took off two weeks from campaigning. He met with President Johnson, and the two talked about "everything"[46] during a three-hour meeting. The assassination all but guaranteed Humphrey the nomination. He commented that he "was doing everything I could to win the nomination ... but God knows I didn't want it that way."[47] A large number of Kennedy delegates switched to Humphrey, but he lost money from Republican donors concerned about a Kennedy nomination,[47] and popular opinion polls shifted in favor of Senator McCarthy.[48] In fact, Humphrey was booed before 50,000 people on June 19 at the Lincoln Memorial as he was introduced at a Solidarity March for civil rights. Drew Pearson and Jack Anderson described the response as ironic, given that Humphrey was booed at the 1948 Democratic National Convention after advocating a civil rights plank.[49] He tried to defend his record against the liberal detractors,[50] but often encountered anti-war protesters and hostile crowds while campaigning.[43] At the end of June, Republican Senator Mark Hatfield of Oregon assessed the race, arguing that Humphrey would be the party's nominee for president but criticized him for being too closely aligned with Johnson's policies.[51] Humphrey asked for Johnson's permission to deviate from the administration's position on the war for a plan that included a bombing halt and drawback of forces,[52] but Johnson refused, explaining that it would disrupt the peace process[11] and endanger American soldiers. He relayed to Humphrey that the blood of his son-in-law who was serving in Vietnam, would be on his hands if he announced the new position.[52]

In July, Humphrey criticized McCarthy for simply complaining about the war effort and offering no plan for peace.[53] Afterwards, McCarthy challenged Humphrey to a series of debates on an assortment of issues including Vietnam. The Vice President accepted the invitation but modified the proposal, requesting there be only one debate prior to the Democratic National Convention.[54] However, the one-on-one debate never occurred, largely due to the Eastern Bloc invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the insistence of other candidates to participate.[55] At the end of the month, Humphrey began to court Senator Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, the younger brother of Robert Kennedy, as a possible running mate, hoping the Senator would increase his chances of winning the support of liberals, and alleviate the criticism spawned from his connections to Johnson.[56] Kennedy declined. Humphrey also asked Larry O'Brien, who had been named as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, to be his campaign manager. O'Brien privately believed that Humphrey could not win in the general election, but joined because he felt "sympathy for Humphrey and the problems he faced".[57] He publicly predicted the race would come "down to the wire".[57]

As former Vice President Richard Nixon gained the Republican Party nomination, Humphrey held what he thought was a private meeting with 23 college students in his office. There, he candidly discussed his thoughts about the political climate, unaware that reporters were also in the room and that his statements would become public. Humphrey remarked that youths were using the Vietnam War as "escapism" and ignoring domestic issues. He stated that he had received thousands of letters from young people about the Vietnam War but received zero about

Miami. At first a cover story for relocation was an unsettled communications workers strike. The truth was to escape a vitriolic venue. President Johnson vetoed the idea.[46]

Democratic National Convention

Vice Presidential nominee Edmund Muskie

On August 10, just two weeks prior to the convention opening, South Dakota Senator

protests and sleep-ins were held in the streets and parks of Chicago, forcing Mayor Richard J. Daley to order federal troops into the city.[61] Eventually, 6,000 federal troops and 18,000 Illinois National Guardsmen were outside the convention, defending the premises.[62] A televised debate was held featuring Humphrey, McCarthy and McGovern. Humphrey hoped to unite the party during the debate, affirming his support for peace in Vietnam, but his challengers were received better by the crowd, drawing more applause.[63]

Humphrey won the party's nomination on the first ballot after a two-hour debate among delegates the next day,[64] defeating McCarthy 1759.25 to 601. McGovern finished in third with 146.5,[65] and gave a lukewarm endorsement of Humphrey, asking him to be "his own man".[66] McCarthy refused to make an endorsement,[67] although he privately confided to Humphrey that his supporters would not understand if he immediately showed his support.[52] Humphrey also narrowly won the party plank in support of the Vietnam War, although his officials pleaded with Johnson to accept a compromise with the doves, which he refused.[11] The results caused the protests to intensify, prompting the use of tear gas, which Humphrey could smell in his hotel room.[64] He also received six death threats.[68] The tactics used to quell the protests were criticized by certain Democrats as being excessive.[11] During his acceptance speech, Humphrey tried to unify the party, stating "the policies of tomorrow need not be limited to the policies of yesterday."[68] He asked former Republican candidate Nelson Rockefeller to be his running mate, but he declined.[69] Several other names were mentioned to Humphrey during the convention. Texas Governor John Connally was suggested by a delegation of southern Democratic governors,[70] but the Governor himself suggested Vietnam ambassador Cyrus Vance. O'Brien and Fred Harris appeared to suggest themselves for the position,[71] and adviser Connell also suggested Harris, although Max Kampelman favored former Peace Corps director Sargent Shriver.[72] Humphrey instead decided on senator and former governor Edmund Muskie of Maine, who had been his preferred choice.[68] Observers noted the selection of the Senator, active in civil rights and labor and on neither side of the war issue, was a move to appeal to liberals while not upsetting establishment Democrats.[68] Republican nominee Richard Nixon congratulated Humphrey on his victory as the general election campaign began.[73]

General election

Main article: 1968 United States presidential election

As the general election got underway, the largest hurdle for the campaign was finances. Polling numbers showed Humphrey trailing Nixon, causing donations to decrease. President Johnson refused to use the power of his office to help raise money, although many speculated that the tardiness of the Convention, scheduled to coincide with Johnson's birthday, contributed to the issue. To stay afloat, several loans were made, which eventually accounted for half of the $11.6 million used by Humphrey throughout the general election. Campaign workers decided that no money would be spent on radio or television advertising until the final three weeks of the election.[74] In September, President Johnson showed his support for Humphrey by giving what was described as the strongest endorsement of the campaign when he asked Texas Democrats to throw their support behind the Vice President.[37] However, Johnson did not give his official endorsement until an October 10 radio address.[75] Meanwhile, Humphrey campaigned in New York where he labeled Nixon a "Hawk",[37] stating that the former Vice President "wanted to go to war (in Vietnam) in 1954".[37] At a later stop in Buffalo, Humphrey was met by protesters.[37]

Both campaigns began to use their running mates to attack the other candidate. Republican vice presidential nominee

Boston: "regardless of the outcome of this election, I want it to be said of Hubert Humphrey that at an important and tough moment of his life he stood up for what he believed and was not shouted down."[81] The comment drew boos from the crowd.[81] Individuals close to the campaign noted that Humphrey looked tired and worn-out while flying from stop to stop, but would brighten up when he encountered a crowd.[5]

Humphrey delivers a speech during a campaign rally.
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
supporters hold signs during a Humphrey rally.

On September 30, hoping to separate himself from the policies of the Johnson administration at the advice of O'Brien who noted that he needed the anti-war vote to win in New York and California,

San Antonio, Humphrey went on the attack against Nixon. He accused the Republican nominee of playing politics with human rights, and claimed that he was "on the road to defeat". Hoping to gain favor among the Hispanic community, Humphrey alleged that Nixon had never discussed the concerns of Hispanic-Americans during the course of the campaign.[90] Nixon continued to tie Humphrey to Johnson. He argued that the administration was playing politics with the Vietnam War by trying to complete a treaty before the election to favor the Vice President. Humphrey fired back at Nixon's allegations, stating that the former vice president was using "the old Nixon tactic of unsubstantiated insinuation"[91] and requested that he show evidence for his claims.[91] Humphrey challenged Nixon to a series of presidential debates, but the Republican nominee declined,[92] largely due to his uncomfortable experience at the 1960 presidential debates, and to deny recognition to the populist American Independent Party candidate, Governor George Wallace of Alabama, who would have been included at the event.[93] Both the Humphrey and Nixon campaigns were concerned that Wallace would take a sizable number of states in the electoral college and force the House of Representatives to decide the election. Although Wallace had focused most of his campaign on the south, he was drawing large crowds during appearances in the north.[94] Both campaigns delegated a large amount of resources to denounce Wallace as a "frustrated segregationist".[95] As election day neared, Wallace fell in the polls, greatly diminishing the chance that he would influence the result.[96]

A few days before the election, Humphrey gained the endorsement of his former rival Eugene McCarthy. During a stop in

Ho Chi Minh Trail by the North Vietnamese, a shipment that could not be stopped. Humphrey described these claims as "irresponsible",[103] which prompted Nixon to proclaim that Humphrey "doesn't know what's going on".[103] McCarthy called in during Humphrey's telethon and affirmed his support for the ticket. Edward Kennedy videotaped an endorsement for Humphrey from his home in Massachusetts.[102]

Results

Election results by county.
  Richard Nixon
  Hubert Humphrey
  George Wallace

On

electoral college. Wallace received 46, all in the Deep South. The popular vote was much closer as Nixon edged Humphrey 43.42% to 42.72%, with a margin of approximately 500,000 votes. Humphrey carried his home state of Minnesota and Texas, the home state of President Johnson (as well as Maine, running-mate Ed Muskie's home state). He also won most of the Northeast and Michigan, but lost the West to Nixon and the South to Wallace.[104] Humphrey conceded the race to Nixon, and stated that he would support him as president. On his way out he remarked: "I've done my best."[105]

Post election polls showed that Humphrey lost the white vote with 38%, nine points behind Nixon, but won the nonwhite vote solidly, 85% to 12%,[106] including 97% of African-Americans. African-Americans favored Humphrey because of his record on civil rights, and their desire to quickly end the war in Vietnam, where blacks were overrepresented. The racial divide in the election had widened since 1964, and was attributed to civil rights protests and race riots.[107] Humphrey won 45% of the female vote, two points ahead of Nixon, but lost to the Republican among males, 41% to 43%. Voters with only a grade school education supported Humphrey 52% to 33% over Nixon, while Nixon won among both those with no higher education than high school (43% to 42%) and those who graduated from college (54% to 37%). Occupation demographics mirrored these numbers with manual-labor workers supporting Humphrey 50% to 37%, and with white-collar (47% to 41%) and professionals (56% to 34%) favoring Nixon. Humphrey won among young voters (under 30 years old) by 47% to 38%, and also edged Nixon among those between 30 and 49 years, with 44% to 41%. Nixon won among voters over 50 years, 47% to 41%. Catholics backed Humphrey with 59%, twelve points ahead of Nixon, but Protestants favored Nixon, 49% to 35%. Humphrey lost the Independent vote 31% to 44%, with 25% going to Wallace, and won a lower percentage among Democrats (74%) than Nixon won among Republicans (86%).[106] This discrepancy was connected to the tough Democratic primary election that caused some former McCarthy, Kennedy or McGovern supporters to vote for Nixon or Wallace as a protest.[107]

Aftermath

Humphrey with Jimmy Carter in 1976

After the defeat, Humphrey suffered from depression. To stay active, his friends helped him get hired

1976 presidential nomination, and an early poll placed him as the leading candidate by more than ten points. Draft efforts were organized to convince him to run, and although he did not formally announce his candidacy, he affirmed that if nominated, he would accept.[112] Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter was nominated instead, and defeated Republican nominee Gerald Ford. Carter ran with Walter Mondale and would later name Edmund Muskie as Secretary of State.[113] After being diagnosed with bladder cancer,[114] Humphrey died on January 13, 1978, while still serving in the Senate.[6] He called Richard Nixon prior to his death, and invited him to attend his funeral.[115]

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  103. ^ a b c "Nixon, Humphrey give their views in four-hour telethons from California", The Bulletin, Bend, Oregon, p. 4, November 5, 1968
  104. ^ Leip, David (2005), "1968 Presidential General Election", USAElectionAtlas.org
  105. ^ "Hubert concedes election to Nixon", The Bulletin, Bend, Oregon, p. 1, November 6, 1968
  106. ^ a b "Election Polls -- Vote by Groups, 1968-1972". Gallup. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
  107. ^
    S2CID 54762012
    .
  108. ISSN 1045-7097
    .
  109. ^ Richardson, p. 471
  110. ^ Richardson, p. 472
  111. ^ Leip, David (2005), "1972 Presidential General Election", USAElectionAtlas.org
  112. ^ Richardson, p. 476
  113. ^ Richardson, p. 489
  114. PMID 7993407
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  115. ^ Kalb, p. 20

Bibliography

External links

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