Karst dialect
| Karst dialect | |
|---|---|
| Gorizia-Karst dialect | |
| kˈraːško naˈrieːči̯e | |
| Pronunciation | kˈɾaːʃkɔ naˈɾiɛːt͡ʃjɛ |
| Native to | Indo-European
|
Early forms | Northwestern Slovene dialect
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
 Karst dialect with Banjšice subdialect | |
| South Slavic languages and dialects |
|---|
This article uses Logar transcription.
The Karst dialect (Slovene: kraško narečje [ˈkɾáːʃkɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ],[1] kraščina[2]), sometimes called the Gorizia–Karst dialect (Slovene: goriškokraško narečje [gɔˈɾìːʃkɔˈkɾáːʃkɔ naˈɾéːt͡ʃjɛ]),[3] is a Slovene dialect spoken on the northern Karst Plateau, in the central Slovene Littoral, and in parts of the Italian provinces of Trieste and Gorizia. The dialect borders the Inner Carniolan dialect to the south, the Cerkno dialect to the east, the Tolmin dialect to the northeast, the Soča dialect to the north, the Natisone Valley and Brda dialects to the northwest,[4] and Venetian and Friulian to the west. The dialect belongs to the Littoral dialect group, and it evolved from the Venetian–Karst dialect base.[4][5]
Geographic distribution
The name of the dialect is somewhat misleading because its use is not limited to the
It thus encompasses most of the territory of the Municipality of
Notable settlements include
Some 60,000 to 70,000 Slovene speakers live in the territory where the dialect is spoken, most of whom have some level of knowledge of the dialect.
Accentual changes
The Karst dialect has lost pitch accent, as well as the distinction between long and short vowels. It has also undergone four accent shifts: *ženȁ → *žèna, *məglȁ → *mə̀gla, *visȍk → vìsok, and *ropotȁt → *ròpotat. The Banjšice subdialect still distinguishes between long and short vowels and has not undergone the *ropotȁt → *ròpotat shift.[7]
Phonology
Non-final *ě̀ and *ě̄ turned into iːẹ or iːə. Alpine Slavic and later lengthened *ę̄ turned into iːe or iːə, around Gorizia to aː, and ə or ḁ from Vrtovin to Solkan and Grgar. The vowel *ē turned into iːẹ or iːə. The vowel *ō turned into uː under influence from the Inner Carniolan dialect southeast of Komen; elsewhere it is uːọ or uːə, whereas non-final *ò remained a diphthong everywhere. Alpine Slavic *ǭ and non-final *ǫ̀ turned into uːo, uːə, or uọ, or simplified to uː around Dutovlje and Komen. The vowel *ū evolved into uː. Syllabic *ł̥̄ mostly turned into uː, probably because of Bosnian immigrants, but some microdialects still pronounce it as oːu̯.[8] Long *ə̄ turned into aː, and around Solkan back into ə.[9]
Final *ǫ, *o, *ę, and *e turned into u, o, ə, and e, respectively.[8]
Palatal consonants are still palatal, except that *t’ turned into ć, rarely also into č, and *ĺ might have depalatalized. The consonant *g turned into ɣ. Velar *ł still exists.[10]
The Banjšice subdialect is more archaic; diphthongs are more prominent, *ǭ turned into oː, and *ę̄ mostly turned into aː, although eː and ieː also exist. The vowel *ē mostly turned into *eː, but it is still ieː in the south. Newly stressed e and o are pronounced as short e̥/ə and ọ (in the far north also a), respectively. Palatal *ń turned into i̯n in Avče.[11]
Morphology
Neuter gender exists in the singular, but it has been feminized in the plural. The dual has mostly been lost, except in the east, where there are some remnants. All verbs have an -s- infix in the second- and third-person plural.[12] The long infinitive has been replaced by the short infinitive,[6] and o-stem nouns have the ending -i in the dative and locative singular.[12]
Subdivision
The Karst dialect has a more archaic subdialect, the Banjšice subdialect, in the northern part, which still has length oppositions in stressed syllables and has not undergone the *ropotȁt → *ròpotat accent shift.[5] Northern microdialects (particularly the Avče microdialect) show the influence of the Tolmin dialect.[11] The rest of the Karst dialect is not uniform either, and it can mainly be split into four subcategories, based on the pronunciation of *ǭ and *ę̄. The vowel *ǭ is pronounced as uːo/uːə in the west and u in the east, and *ę̄ is pronounced as ieː~aː in the north and as ieː in the south.[5]
References
- ^ Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja." Enciklopedija Slovenije vol. 12, pp. 1–5. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 2.
- ^ Logar, Tine. 1996. Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave. Ljubljana: SAZU, p. 66.
- ^ Furlan, Metka. 2010. "Pivško jygajo se 'guncajo se' (Petelinje) ali o nastanku slovenskega razmerja jugati : gugati." Slavistična revija 58(1): 9–19.
- ^ a b c "Karta slovenskih narečij z večjimi naselji" (PDF). Fran.si. Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ a b c Šekli (2018:327–328)
- ^ a b Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p. 89.
- ^ Šekli (2018:310–314)
- ^ a b Logar (1996:65–67)
- ^ Logar (1996:57–59)
- ^ Logar (1996:33)
- ^ a b Logar (1996:60–64)
- ^ a b Smole, Vera (2001). Javornik, Marjan (ed.). Zahodna slovenska narečja (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga.
Bibliography
- ISBN 961-6182-18-8.
- Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov (in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. )
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- ^ Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist.