Romagnol

Romagnol
Rumagnòl
Pronunciation	[rumɐˈɲoːl]/[rumɐˈɲoə̯l]
Native to	Italy, San Marino
Region	Primarily Emilia-Romagna, San Marino, Marche
Ethnicity	1.1 million (2008)[1]
Native speakers	Unknown, c. 430,000, assuming Romagnol and Emilian retained at same rate (2006)[2]
Language family	Indo-European Forlivese Faentino Cesenate Riminese Sammarinese Gallo-Picene (disputed)
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	rgn
Glottolog	roma1328
ELP	Romagnol
Linguasphere	... okl 51-AAA-oki ... okl
Linguistic map of Romagna and neighbouring regions[image reference needed]
Romagnol is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Romagnol (rumagnòl or rumagnôl; Italian: romagnolo) is a Romance language spoken in the historical region of Romagna, consisting mainly of the southeastern part of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The name is derived from the Lombard name for the region, Romagna.^[3] Romagnol is classified as endangered because older generations have "neglected to pass on the dialect as a native tongue to the next generation".^[4]

Romagnol belongs to the

The variants of Romagnol form a dialect continuum with their neighbouring varieties, while the more distant dialects might be less mutually intelligible. Variants spoken north of the Santerno river are considered by speakers of Sammarinese as being less, but still, intelligible, while past the Sillaro such intelligibility is lost.

Forlivese is the central variety of Romagnol spoken in the city of Forlì and in its province.^[6]

In Italian-speaking contexts, Forlivese (like most of the other non-Italian language varieties spoken within the borders of the Italian Republic) is often generically called a "dialect". This is often incorrectly understood as to mean a dialect of Italian, which actually is not the case. Forlivese and Italian are different languages and are not mutually intelligible. Forlivese is a central Romagna variety and is intelligible to speakers of other neighbouring Romagna varieties.

Like all other

However, the use of Forlivese is mostly limited to familiar terms and sentences, and is rare amongst Forlì inhabitants.

Some pieces of literature and a recent translation of the

In his De vulgari eloquentia, Dante Alighieri also speaks of the Romagna dialect and cites the city of Forlì as meditullium, that is, as the central place of Romagna, where the Romagna dialect evidently finds its most characteristic and peculiar form. Therefore the Forlì dialect is not a "variant" of the Romagna dialect, but its own and main version.^[7]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

In the West, The

The Reno river is the border between Romagnol and the dialect of Ferrara. Romagnol is spoken also in some villages northwards of the Reno river, such as Argenta and Filo, where people of Romagnol origin live alongside people of Ferrarese origin. Ferrara goes into Emilian language territory.

Outside Emilia-Romagna, Romagnol is spoken in the Republic of San Marino ("Sammarinese"), and in two municipalities located in the province of Florence, Marradi and Palazzuolo sul Senio.

In the province of Pesaro and Urbino of Marche region, Gallo-Picene is spoken, but its status as sub-variant of Romagnol or as separate language is disputed.^{[citation needed]}

Romagnol's first acknowledgement outside regional literature was in Dante Alighieri's treatise De vulgari eloquentia, wherein Dante compares "the language of Romagna" to his native Tuscan dialect.^[8] Eventually, in 1629, the author Adriano Banchieri wrote the treatise Discorso della lingua Bolognese, which countered Dante's claim that the Tuscan dialect was better, arguing his belief that Bolognese (an Emilian dialect influenced by Romagnol that saw wide use in writing) was superior in "naturalness, softness, musicality, and usefulness". Romagnol received more recognition after Romagna gained independence from the Papal States.^[9]

The first appearance of a distinct Romagnol literary work is "Sonetto romagnolo" by Bernardino Catti, from Ravenna, printed 1502. It is written in a mixture of Italian and Romagnol^{[citation needed]}.

The first Romagnol

The first Romagnol poet to win fame was the cleric Pietro Santoni, (Fusignano, 1736–1823). He was the teacher of Vincenzo Monti, one of the most famous Italian poets of his time.

In 1840, the first Romagnol-Italian Dictionary was published by Antonio Morri [it]; it was printed in Faenza.

The 20th century saw a flourishing of Romagnol literature. Theatrical plays, poems and books of a high quality were produced. Some of the best known Romagnol authors are:

• Raffaello Baldini, who won in 1988 the "Premio Viareggio" and in 1995 the "Premio Bagutta", known for long pessimistic poems and prose^[9]
• Tonino Guerra (1920–2012), wrote poems during his exile to WWII-era Germany, focusing on people of suffering and poverty^[9]
• Olindo Guerrini, with "Sonetti romagnoli" ^{[citation needed]}
• Aldo Spallicci [it], an antifascist exiled from Romagna. He wrote poems such as "Rumâgna" that were often descriptive of Romagna^[9]
• Francesco "Checco" Guidi, with his activity as poet and recorder of local popular expressions and says. He is specialized in the variant of Sammarinese dialect spoken in Serravalle, which is close to Riminese.

Romagnol lacks a standardized orthography, leading to a huge varieties among authors.
The orthography adopted here is from Daniele Vitali's L'ortografia Romagnola (2008).

Unlike Standard Italian, not all nouns end in a

Both languages derive their lexicon from Vulgar Latin, but some words differ in gender.

Italian and Romagnol share many of the same features when it comes to verbs. Both languages use

The following table lists the vowels above alongside their relative orthography:[12]

The letter z is always pronounced as either [θ] or [ð] and not [t͡s] or [d͡z]^[12] as in Standard Italian.

[ŋ] occurs only before velar stops.

Romagnol, in addition to its larger inventory of vowels, also has more consonants compared to Standard Italian. Additionally, consonants have these differences from Standard Italian:^[14][15]

• In central dialects, word-final n is deleted, and the preceding vowel is nasalised, as is shown above.
• /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ can occur word-finally and are usually distinguished by the doubling of the final consonants (cc or gg).
• /ʂ/ and /ʐ/ may be realised as alveolars [s] and [z] by some speakers from the influence of Standard Italian.
• The voicing of those consonants is always contrastive.

• A. Varoli, Poesie in dialetto forlivese, Tip. Raffaelli, Forlì 1969.
• Montanari, Simona (2018). "Sammarinese, the Endangered Language of the Republic of San Marino: A Preliminary Study of Documentation and Description". Dialectologia et Geolinguistica. 26 (1): 57–95.
  doi:10.1515/dialect-2018-0004
  .