Lombard language
Lombard | |
---|---|
lombard, lumbard, lumbart, lombart | |
Native to | |
Region | Italy[1][2][3]
Brazil[4] |
Native speakers | 3.8 million (2002)[5] |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Old Latin
|
Dialects |
|
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | lmo |
Glottolog | lomb1257 |
Linguasphere | 51-AAA-oc & 51-AAA-od |
Lombard language distribution in Europe:
Areas where Lombard is spoken
Areas where Lombard is spoken alongside other languages (
Emilian and with Venetian ) Areas of influence of Lombard (Tridentine dialect)
? Areas of uncertain diffusion of Ladin | |
Lombard is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
The Lombard language (native name: lombard,
Origins
The most ancient
Roman domination shaped the dialects spoken in the area, which was called Cisalpine Gaul by the Romans, and much of the lexicon and grammar of the Lombard language have their origin in Latin.[13] However, that influence was not homogeneous[11] since idioms of different areas were influenced by previous linguistic substrata, and each area was marked by a stronger or weaker Latinisation or the preservation of ancient Celtic characteristics.[11]
The Germanic
Status
Lombard is considered a
Speakers
Historically, the vast majority of
Classification
Lombard belongs to the
Varieties
Traditionally, the Lombard dialects have been classified into the Eastern, Western, Alpine and Southern Lombard dialects.[20]
The varieties of the Italian provinces of
The varieties of the Alpine valleys of
Literature
Lacking a standard language, authors in the 13th and 14th language created
There is extant literature in other varieties of Lombard like La masséra da bé, a theatrical work in early Eastern Lombard, written by Galeazzo dagli Orzi (1492–?) presumably in 1554.[23][failed verification]
Usage
Standard Italian is widely used in Lombard-speaking areas. However, the status of Lombard is quite different in the Swiss and Italian areas and so the Swiss areas have now become the real strongholds of Lombard.
In Switzerland
In the Swiss areas, the local Lombard varieties are generally better preserved and more vital than in Italy. No negative feelings are associated with the use of Lombard in everyday life, even with complete strangers. Some radio and television programmes, particularly comedies, are occasionally broadcast by the Swiss Italian-speaking broadcasting company in Lombard. Moreover, it is common for people to answer in Lombard in spontaneous interviews. Even some television advertisements have been broadcast in Lombard. The major research institution working on Lombard dialects is in Bellinzona, Switzerland (CDE – Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia, a governmental (cantonal) institution); there is no comparable institution in Italy. In December 2004, it released a dictionary in five volumes, covering all Lombard varieties spoken in the Swiss areas.[N 5]
In Italy
Today, in most urban areas of Italian Lombardy, people under 40 years old speak almost exclusively Italian in their daily lives because of schooling and television broadcasts in Italian. However, in rural areas, Lombard is still vital and used alongside Italian.
A certain revival of the use of Lombard has been observed in the last decade. The popularity of modern artists singing their lyrics in Lombard dialects (in Italian rock dialettale, the best known of such artists being Davide Van de Sfroos) is also a relatively-new but growing phenomenon involving the Swiss and the Italian areas.[citation needed]
Lombard is spoken in Campione d'Italia, an exclave of Italy that is surrounded by Swiss territory on Lake Lugano.
Phonology
The following tables show the sounds that are used in all Lombard dialects.
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | (Palato-)
alveolar |
Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n
|
ɲ | (ŋ) | |
Stop | voiceless | p | t
|
k | |
voiced | b | d
|
ɡ | ||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||
voiced | d͡z | d͡ʒ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | |
voiced | z | ʒ | |||
Approximant | central | ʋ | j | w | |
lateral | l | (ʎ) | |||
Trill | r
|
In
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | |||
High | i iː | y yː | u uː | |
Mid | e eː | ø øː | o | |
ɛ | (œ)[26] | ɔ | ||
Low | a aː |
In
Two repeating orthographic vowels are separated by a dash to prevent them from being confused with a long vowel: a-a in ca-àl "horse".[27]
Western long /aː/ and short /ø/ tend to be back [ɑː] and lower [œ], respectively, and /e/ and /ɛ/ may merge to [ɛ].
See also
- Diachronics of plural inflection in the Gallo-Italian languages
- Emilian-Romagnol language
- Gallo-Italic of Sicily
- La Spezia–Rimini Line
- Languages of Europe
- Ligurian language
- Piedmontese language
- Pierre Bec
- Romance plurals
- Venetian language
Notes
- ^ Classical Milanese orthography, Scriver Lombard and New Lombard Orthography .
- ^ Ticinese orthography.
- ^ Modern Western orthography.
- Eastern unified orthography.[clarification needed]
- ^ "Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana (LSI)" [Dialectal Lexicon of Italian Switzerland (LSI)], Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia (in Italian), archived from the original on 23 November 2005
References
- ^ a b Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups. Westport.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. New York.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Coluzzi, Paolo (2007). Minority language planning and micronationalism in Italy. Berne.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Spoken in Botuverá, in Brazil, municipality established by Italian migrants coming from the valley between Treviglio and Crema. A thesis of Leiden University about Brasilian Bergamasque: [1].
- ^ Lombard at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ^ "Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana - CDE (DECS) - Repubblica e Cantone Ticino" [Vocabulary of Swiss Italian dialects]. www4.ti.ch. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: LMO".
Identifier: LMO - Language(s) Name: Lombard - Status: Active - Code set: 639-3 - Scope: Individual - Type: Living
- ISBN 9781316352410. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 – via Google Books., Piedmontese and Lombard are respectively spoken by between 1,600,000 and 2,000,000 speakers and around 3,500,000 speakers. Those are very high figures for languages that have never been recognised officially or systematically taught in schools.
Lombard (Lumbard, ISO 639-9 lmo) is a cluster of essentially homogeneous varieties (Tamburelli 2014: 9) belonging to the Gallo-Italic group. It is spoken in the Italian region of Lombardy, in the Novara province of Piedmont and in Switzerland. Mutual intelligibility between Lombard and Italian has been reported as very low (Tamburelli 2014). Although some Lombard varieties, Milanese in particular, enjoy a rather long and prestigious literary tradition, Lombard is now used mostly in informal domains. According to Ethnologue
- Enciclopedia Treccani(in Italian).
- ^ a b c d e Agnoletto 1992, p. 120.
- ^ a b D'Ilario 2003, p. 28.
- ^ a b D'Ilario 2003, p. 29.
- ^ "Il milanese crogiuolo di tanti idiomi" [The Milanese melting pot of many languages] (in Italian). Archived from the original on 24 September 2017.
- ^ Coluzzi, P. (2004). Regional and Minority Languages in Italy. Marcator Working Papers. Vol. 14.
- ^ von Wartburg, W. (1950). Die Ausgliederung der romanischen Sprachräume [The spin-off of the Romance language areas] (in German). Bern: Francke.
- ^ De Mauro, T. (1970). Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita [Linguistic history of unified Italy] (in Italian) (Second ed.). Laterza, Berkeley.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISTAT)
- .
- ^ "Lingua lombarda" [Lombard language]. Lingua Lombarda (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.
- ^ "Lombardo alpino" [Alpine Lombard]. Lingua Lombarda (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.
- ^ "Lombardo meridionale" [Southern Lombard]. Lingua Lombarda (in Italian). Circolo Filologico Milanese.
- ISBN 978-88-343-1332-9(Google Books).
- ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda [Lombard dialectology] (in Italian). University of Pavia. pp. 283–285.
- ^ Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda (in Italian). University of Pavia. pp. 283–285.
- ^ [œ] occurs in most areas of the language but may overlap in usage with [ø], as they both share the same trigram (oeu).
- ^ a b Sanga, Glauco (1984). Dialettologia Lombarda (in Italian). University of Pavia. pp. 283–285.
Sources
- Agnoletto, Attilio (1992). San Giorgio su Legnano - storia, società, ambiente. .
- D'Ilario, Giorgio (2003). Dizionario legnanese. Artigianservice. .
- Bernard Comrie, Stephen Matthews, Maria Polinsky (eds.), The Atlas of languages: the origin and development of languages throughout the world. New York 2003, Facts On File. p. 40.
- Brevini, Franco - Lo stile lombardo: la tradizione letteraria da Bonvesin da la Riva a Franco Loi / Franco Brevini - Pantarei, Lugan - 1984 (Lombard style: literary tradition from Bonvesin da la Riva to Franco Loi )
- Glauco Sanga: La lingua Lombarda, in Koiné in Italia, dalle origini al 500 (Koinés in Italy, from the origin to 1500), Lubrina publisher, Bèrghem.
- Claudio Beretta: Letteratura dialettale milanese. Itinerario antologico-critico dalle origini ai nostri giorni - Hoepli, 2003.
- G. Hull: "The linguistic Unity of Northern PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 1982; published as The Linguistic Unity of Northern Italy and Rhaetia: Historical Grammar of the Padanian Language, 2 vols. Sydney: Beta Crucis Editions, 2017.
- Jørgen G. Bosoni: «Una proposta di grafia unificata per le varietà linguistiche lombarde: regole per la trascrizione», in Bollettino della Società Storica dell’Alta Valtellina 6/2003, p. 195-298 (Società Storica Alta Valtellina: Bormio, 2003). A comprehensive description of a unified set of writing rules for all the Lombard varieties of Switzerland and Italy, with IPA transcriptions and examples.
- Tamburelli, M. (2014). Uncovering the 'hidden' multilingualism of Europe: an Italian case study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(3), 252-270.
- NED Editori: I quatter Vangeli de Mattee, March, Luca E Gioann - 2002.
- Stephen A. Wurm: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing. Paris 2001, UNESCO Publishing, p. 29.
- Studi di lingua e letteratura lombarda offerti a Maurizio Vitale, (Studies in Lombard language and literature) Pisa: Giardini, 1983
- A cura di Pierluigi Beltrami, Bruno Ferrari, Luciano Tibiletti, Giorgio D'Ilario: Canzoniere Lombardo - Varesina Grafica Editrice, 1970.
- Sanga, Glauco. 1984. Dialettologia Lombarda. University of Pavia. 346pp.
External links
- Far Lombard This Lombard language association website is a place where you can learn Lombard through texts and audio visual materials.
- Lombard language digital library
- Learn Lombard online
- Learn Lombard Italian site
- Centro di dialettologia e di etnografia del Cantone Ticino.
- Repubblica e Cantone Ticino Documenti orali della Svizzera italiana. (in Italian)
- Istituto di dialettologia e di etnografia valtellinese e valchiavennasca Archived 22 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
- LSI - Lessico dialettale della Svizzera italiana.
- RTSI: Acquarelli popolari, some video and audio documents (interviews, recordings, etc. of writers from Ticino) in Ticinese varieties (the metalanguage of this site is Italian, and some of the interviews are in Italian rather than in Ticinese Lombard).
- UNESCO Red Book on Endangered Languages: Europe. Potentially endangered languages, where Lombard is classified as a potentially endangered language.
- VSI - Vocabolario dei dialetti della Svizzera italiana.
- in_lombard website dedicated to the Lombard language (in English)
- Lombard basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
- Lombard Wiktionary in incubator