Khuzestan province
Khuzestan province
استان خوزستان | |
---|---|
Persian dialects of Khuzestan , Mandaic | |
HDI (2017) | 0.802[3] very high · 12th |
Khuzestan province (also spelled Xuzestan; Persian: استان خوزستان Ostān-e Xuzestān) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Located in the southwest of the country, the province borders Iraq and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahvaz and it covers an area of 63,238 square kilometres (24,416 sq mi). Since 2014, it has been part of Iran's Region 4.[4]
As of the 2016 census, the province had a population of 4,710,509 in 1,280,645 households.[2] This had risen from 4,531,720 people in 1,112,664 households recorded in the 2011 census.[5]
One of the most important regions of the Ancient Near East, Khuzestan comprises much of what historians refer to as ancient Elam, whose capital was in Susa. The Achaemenid Old Persian term for Elam was Hujiyā when they conquered it from the Elamites, which is present in the modern name. Khuzestan, meaning "the Land of the Khuz", refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Persian "Huza" or Huja, as in the inscription on the tomb of Darius the Great at Naqsh-e Rostam). They are the Shushan of the Hebrew sources where they are recorded as "Hauja" or "Huja". In Middle Persian, the term evolves into "Khuz" and "Kuzi". The pre-Islamic Partho-Sasanian inscriptions gives the name of the province as Khwuzestan.
The seat of the province has for most of its history been in the northern reaches of the land, first at Susa (
Khuzestan is known for its ethnic diversity; the population of Khuzestan consists of
Since the early 1920s, tensions on religious and ethnic grounds have often resulted in
Etymology
The name Khuzestan means "The Land of the Khuzi",[9] and refers to the original inhabitants of this province, the "Susian" people (Old Persian "Huza", Middle Persian "Khuzi" or "Husa"[10] (the Shushan of the Hebrew sources). The name of the city of Ahvaz also has the same origin as the name Khuzestan, being an Arabic broken plural from the compound name, "Suq al-Ahvaz" (Market of the Huzis)--the medieval name of the town, that replaced the Sasanian Persian name of the pre-Islamic times.
The entire province was still known as "the Khudhi" or "the Khooji" until the reign of the
There is also a very old
History
Antiquity
The province of Khuzestan is one of the centres of ancient civilization, and one of the most important regions of the
Archeological ruins verify the entire province of Khuzestan to be home to the
In fact, in the words of Elton L. Daniel, the Elamites were "the founders of the first 'Iranian' empire in the geographic sense."[14] Hence the central geopolitical significance of Khuzestan, the seat of Iran's first empire.[citation needed]
In 640 BC, the Elamites were defeated by
As the
During the early years of the reign of
The existence of prominent scientific and cultural centers such as
Muslim conquest of Khuzestan
The Muslim conquest of Khuzestan took place in 639 AD under the command of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari from Basra, who drove the Persian satrap Hormuzan out of Ahvaz. Susa later fell, so Hormuzan fled to Shushtar. There his forces were besieged by Abu Musa for 18 months. Shushtar finally fell in 642 AD; the Khuzistan Chronicle records that an unknown Arab, living in the city, befriended a man in the army, and dug tunnels through the wall in return for a third of the spoil. The Basrans purged the Nestorians—the Exegete of the city and the Bishop of Hormizd, and all their students—but kept Hormuzan alive.[17]
There followed the conquests of
During the Muslim conquest the
The Muslim settlements by military garrisons in southern Iran was soon followed by other types of expansion. Some families, for example, took the opportunity to gain control of private estates.
In the
During the
Qajar period
According to
In 1856, in the course of the
Pahlavi era
In the two decades before 1925, although nominally part of Persian territory, the western part of Khuzestan functioned for many years effectively as an autonomous emirate known as "Arabistan". The eastern part of Khuzestan was governed by
The name of 'Khuzistan' came to be applied to the entire territory by 1936.[25] Over the next decades of the Pahlavi rule, the province of Khuzestan remained relatively quiet, gaining to hold an important economic and defensive strategic position.
Islamic Republic
After the revolution
With the Iranian Revolution taking place in early 1979, local rebellions swept the country, with Khuzestan being no exception. In April 1979, an
The
Iran–Iraq war
During the Iran–Iraq War, Khuzestan was the focus of the Iraqi invasion of Iran, leading to the flight of thousands of the province's residents. As a result, Khuzestan suffered the heaviest damage of all Iranian provinces during the war. Iraq's President Saddam Hussein felt confident that the Arab population of the Khuzestan would react enthusiastically to the prospect of union with Iraq. However, resistance to the invasion was fierce, stalling the Iraqi military's advance, and ultimately opening a window of opportunity for an Iranian counter-offensive.
What used to be Iran's largest refinery at Abadan was destroyed, never to fully recover. Many of the famous nakhlestans (palm groves) were annihilated, cities were destroyed, historical sites were demolished, and nearly half the province captured by the invading Iraqi army.[29] This created a mass exodus into other provinces that did not have the logistical capability of taking in such a large number of refugees.
However, by 1982, Iranian forces
The city of Khorramshahr was almost completely destroyed as a result of the scorched earth policy ordered by Iraq's leader, Saddam Hussein. However, Iranian forces were able to prevent the Iraqis from attempting to spread the execution of this policy to other major urban centres.
2005–present
In 2005, Ahvaz witnessed a number of
Geography and climate
The province of Khuzestan can be basically divided into two regions; the rolling hills and mountainous regions north of the
Khuzestan has great potential for
The climate of Khuzestan is generally very hot and occasionally humid, particularly in the south, while winters can be cold and dry. Summertime temperatures routinely exceed 45 °C (113 °F) almost daily and in the winter it can drop below freezing, with occasional
Administrative divisions
Administrative Divisions | 2006[33] | 2011[5] | 2016[2] |
---|---|---|---|
Abadan County | 275,126 | 271,484 | 298,090 |
Aghajari County1 | — | — | 17,654 |
Ahvaz County | 1,317,377 | 1,395,184 | 1,302,591 |
Andika County2 | — | 50,797 | 47,629 |
Andimeshk County | 154,081 | 167,126 | 171,412 |
Bagh-e Malek County | 103,217 | 107,450 | 105,384 |
Bavi County3 | — | 89,160 | 96,484 |
Behbahan County | 172,597 | 179,703 | 180,593 |
Dasht-e Azadegan County | 126,865 | 99,831 | 107,989 |
Dezful County | 384,851 | 423,552 | 443,971 |
Dezpart County4 | — | — | — |
Gotvand County | 58,311 | 64,951 | 65,468 |
Haftkel County5 | — | 22,391 | 22,119 |
Hamidiyeh County3 | — | — | 53,762 |
Hendijan County | 35,932 | 37,440 | 38,762 |
Hoveyzeh County6 | — | 34,312 | 38,886 |
Izeh County | 193,510 | 203,621 | 198,871 |
Karkheh County7 | — | — | — |
Karun County3 | — | — | 105,872 |
Khorramshahr County | 155,224 | 163,701 | 170,976 |
Lali County | 35,549 | 37,381 | 37,963 |
Mahshahr County | 247,804 | 278,037 | 296,271 |
Masjed Soleyman County | 167,226 | 113,257 | 113,419 |
Omidiyeh County | 85,195 | 90,420 | 92,335 |
Ramhormoz County | 120,194 | 105,418 | 113,776 |
Ramshir County | 49,238 | 48,943 | 54,004 |
Seydun County8 | — | — | — |
Shadegan County | 138,226 | 153,355 | 138,480 |
Shush County | 189,793 | 202,762 | 205,720 |
Shushtar County | 182,282 | 191,444 | 192,028 |
Total | 4,192,598 | 4,531,720 | 4,710,509 |
1Separated from Behbahan County and Omidiyeh County 2Separated from Masjed Soleyman County 3Separated from Ahvaz County 4Separated from Izeh County 5Separated from Ramhormoz County 6Separated from Dasht-e Azadegan County 7Separated from Shush County 8Separated from Bagh-e Malek County |
Cities
According to the 2016 census, 3,554,205 people (over 75% of the population of Khuzestan province) live in the following cities:
Politics
Khuzestan is ethnically diverse, home to many different ethnic groups.[7] This has a bearing on Khuzestan's electoral politics, with ethnic minority rights playing a significant role in the province's political culture. The province's geographical location bordering Iraq and its oil resources also make it a politically sensitive region, particularly given its history of foreign intervention, notably the Iraqi invasion of 1980.
Some ethnic groups complain over the distribution of the revenue generated by oil resources with claims that the central government is failing to invest profits from the oil industry in employment generation, post-war reconstruction and welfare projects. Low human development indicators among local Khuzestanis are contrasted with the wealth generation of the local oil industry. Minority rights are frequently identified with strategic concerns, with ethnic unrest perceived by the Iranian government as being generated by foreign governments to undermine the country's oil industry and its internal stability. The politics of Khuzestan therefore have international significance and go beyond the realm of electoral politics.
According to
People and culture
According to the 1996 census, the province had an estimated population of 3.7 million people, of which approximately 62.5% were in the urban centres, 36.5% were rural dwellers and the remaining 1% were non-residents. According to the most recent census taken in 2016, the province had 4,710,509 inhabitants.[2]
Khuzestan is inhabited by many different ethnic groups;
During a research that was commissioned by the General Culture Council in 2010 and based on a field survey and a statistical community among the residents of 288 cities and about 1400 villages across the country, the percentage of ethnic groups that were sampled in this survey in this province was as follows. Arabs was 33.6%, Persians 31.9%, Lurs 30%, Turkish speakers 2.5%, Kurds 1%, Other 0.7%.[36]
In literature
Khuzestan has long been the subject of many a writer and poet of Persia, banking on its ample sugar production to use the term as allegory for sweetness. Some popular verses are:
"Her lips aflow with sweet sugar,
The sweet sugar that aflows in Khuzestan."
Nizami
"Your graceful figure like the cypress in Kashmar,
Your sweet lips like the sugar of Khuzestan."
Nizari Qohistani
"So Sām hath not need ride afar
from
Languages
Apart from Persian, other languages and dialects are also spoken in Khuzestan. For instance, a portion of Khuzestan's populace speaks Arabic (Khuzestani Arabic).[37][38] Another part of Khuzestanis speak in Bakhtiari dialect.[39][40][41][42] Neo-Mandaic is spoken by no more than a few dozen elderly Mandaeans.[43]
Traditions and religion
The people of Khuzestan are predominantly
Cuisine
Historical figures
Many scientists, philosophers, and poets have come from Khuzestan, including
Economy
Khuzestan is the major oil-producing region of Iran, and as such is one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran. Khuzestan ranks third among Iran's provinces in GDP.[45]
In 2005, Iran's government announced it was planning the country's second nuclear reactor to be built in Khuzestan province.
Khuzestan is also home to the
Shipping
Karkheh, Jarrahi, Arvandrood, Handian, Shavoor, Bahmanshir (Bahman-Ardeshir), Maroon-Alaa', Dez, and many other rivers and water sources in the form of Khurs, lagoons, ponds, and marshes demonstrate the vastness of water resources in this region, and are the main reason for the variety of agricultural products developed in the area.
Agriculture
The abundance of water and the fertility of the soil have made this region a rich and well-endowed land. The variety of agricultural products such as
The Abadan island is an important area for the production of
Industry
There are several
.The
Oil
The province is also home to Yadavaran Field, which is a major oil field in itself and part of the disputed Al-Fakkah Field. Khuzestan holds 80% of Iran's onshore oil reserves, and thus 57% of Iran's total oil reserves, making it indispensable to the Iranian economy.[52]
Iran - Iraq war
From 22 September 1980 to the last day of the Iran-Iraq war, this province was always the scene of Iran's various operations to recapture the areas occupied by the Iraqi army forces. At the beginning of the war, cities such as Abadan, Susangerd, Bostan, Dezful, Andimeshk, Khorramshahr, and Ahvaz, which were the capital of the province, were regularly targeted by Iraqi army rocket and artillery attacks.[53][54]
Khuzestan is one of the provinces that suffered a lot of damage during the Iran-Iraq war. The long-term occupation of some areas of the province, constant bombardment of some cities and air and ground attacks on the cities of Dezful, Bostan, Hoizeh, Susangerd, Ahvaz, Shush, Shushtar, Shadegan, Andimeshk and many other areas by the Iraqi army have caused great damage to natural and human capital of the province.[55][56][57][58]
After war
After the end of the war, the speed of growth and development of this province has been very slow. Khuzestan province, despite benefiting from abundant natural resources, including oil, has many economic, environmental, social, construction, etc. problems. High unemployment rate, water crisis, dust problems, lack of civil infrastructure are among the factors that have caused the dissatisfaction of the people of this province.[59][60][61][62] Dissatisfaction that has shown itself in various protest rallies.[63][56][64][65][66][67]
Higher education
- Khorramshahr University of Nautical Sciences and Technologies
- Institute for Higher Education ACECR Khouzestan
- Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
- Petroleum University of Technology
- Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
- Shahid Chamran University – Dezful
- Abadan University of Medical Sciences
- Dezful University of Medical Sciences
- Rahnama Institute of Higher Education
- MehrArvand University
- PNU of Abadan
- Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch
- Islamic Azad University – Science & Research Branch, Khuzestan
- Islamic Azad University of Abadan
- Islamic Azad University of Shushtar
- Islamic Azad University, Masjed Soleyman Branch
- Islamic Azad University of Abadan
- Islamic Azad University of Omidiyeh
- Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz
- Islamic Azad University of Behbahan
- Islamic Azad University of Izeh
- Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr Branch
- Amirkabir University of Technology, Mahshahr campus
- Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan
- Payame Noor University of Ahvaz
- Amiralmoemenin University
Attractions of Khuzestan
Some of the more popular sites of attraction include:
- Elamite Empire, this ziggurat is a magnificent five-story temple that is one of the greatest ancient monuments in the Middle-East today. The monolith, with its labyrinthine walls made of thousands of large bricks with Elamite inscription, manifest the sheer antiquity of the shrine. The temple was religiously sacred and built in the honor of Inshushinak, the protector deity of the city of Susa.
- Shush-Daniel: Burial site of the Jewish prophet UmayyadCaliphate, is also located nearby.
- Muqaddasicalled it "The City of the Bridge."
- Abbasids. The mosque, which features "Roman" arches, has 54 pillars and balconies.
- aqueducts, schools, and fortresses in the town. The brass statue of The Parthian Man, kept at the National Museum of Iran, is from here.
- Masjed Soleiman, another ancient town, has ancient fire altars and temples such as Sar-masjed and Bard-neshondeh. It is also the winter's resting area of the Bakhtiari tribe, and where William Knox D'Arcydug Iran's first oil well.
- Abadan is said to be where the tomb of Elijah, the long lived Hebrew prophet is.
- Iwan of Hermes, and Iwan of Karkheh, two enigmatic ruins north of Susa.
Prominent people
- Antiochus III the Great, 6th ruler of the Seleucid Empire
- Ayatollah Haj Muhammad-Hassan Jazayeri, religious leader
- Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri, previous Wali-Faqih representative, Ahwaz Friday Imam
- Siavash Shams, famous Persian pop singer, songwriter and record producer
- Mehrangiz Kar, feminist lawyer and human rights activist
- Ezzat Negahban, Patriarch of the Iranian modern archaeology
- Siavash Ghomeyshi, singer, songwriter and composer
- Kaiser Aminpour, famous poet
- Hamid Dabashi, intellectual historian, cultural and literary critic
- Patrick Monahan, Irish comedian
- Parviz Abnar, sound recordist
- Saeed Abdevali, wrestler
- Nasser Taghvaee, director, photographer
- Parviz Dehdari, well-known footballer
- Mohsen Chavoshi, pop singer
- Bizhan Emkanian, actor
- Hamed Haddadi, NBA athlete
- Ali Shamkhani, Iran's minister of defense (1997–2005), Secretary of the Supreme National Security Council
- Masoud Shojaei, national football star
- Hossein Kaebi, national football star
- Jalal Kameli Mofrad, national football player
- Iman Mobali, national football star
- Ahmad Mahmoud, novelist
- Mohammad Reza Eskandari, Iran's minister of agriculture (2017–2021)
- Mohsen Rezaee, Secretary of Iran's powerful Expediency Discernment Council until 2021
- Abu Nuwas, a well-known poet
- Majusi, famous physician
- Naubakht, astronomer
- Seyyed Nematollah Jazayeri, Shia Islam scholar
- Ali Hashemi, commander in Iran–Iraq War
Bibliography
- ISBN 9786206769538.
- The Iran-Iraq War (Revised & Expanded Edition): Volume 1 - The Battle For Khuzestan, September 1980-May 1982. by E.R. Hooton (Author), Tom Cooper (Author), Farzin Nadimi (Author)
See also
- Ahvaz
- Andimeshk
- Shushtar
- Susa
- Choqa Zanbil
- Rahian-e Noor
- Muslim conquest of Khuzestan
- Muslim conquest of Persia
- Origin of the name Khuzestan
- Mesopotamian Marshes
- The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian
- Tidal irrigation in Abadan Island
References
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- ^ Encyclopædia Iranica, p. 216
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- ^ "Anger among Iran's Arabs". Janes Information Group. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "Khuzestan | Region, Plain, Water, & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
- ^ شرح بررسی و سنجش شاخصهای فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخصهای غیرثبتی){گزارش}:استان خوزستان/به سفارش شورای فرهنگ عمومی کشور؛ مدیر طرح و مسئول سیاست گذاری:منصور واعظی؛ اجرا:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس -شابک:۹-۴۸-۶۶۲۷-۶۰۰-۹۷۸ *وضعیت نشر:تهران-موسسه انتشارات کتاب نشر ۱۳۹۱ *وضعیت ظاهری:۲۷۶ ص:جدول (بخش رنگی)، نمودار (بخش رنگی) [The project of surveying and measuring the country's public culture indicators] (in Persian).
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- ^ Ahmady, Kameel. [chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kameel-Ahmady-2/publication/362536129_Ethnicity_and_Identities_in_Iran_Progress_and_Equality/links/6331d67c694dbe4bf4c3292f/Ethnicity-and-Identities-in-Iran-Progress-and-Equality.pdf "Ethnicity and Identities in Iran: Progress and Equality"] (PDF). International Journal of Kurdish Studies.
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External links
- MIT. Archived from the originalon 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2017-02-11. (Bibliography)