Anatolian beyliks
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Anatolian beyliks (
Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm
in the latter half of the 13th century.
One of the beyliks, that of the
Kayı branch of Oghuz Turks, from its capital in Bursa completed its incorporation of the other beyliks to form the Ottoman Empire
by the late 15th century.
The word beylik denotes a territory under the jurisdiction of a bey, equivalent to a duchy or principality in other parts of Europe.[1]
History
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Following the 1071
marches, with the similar term margrave
used in other parts of Europe. These clans, led by beys, would receive military and financial support from the Seljuks in return for their fealty.
However,
Ghazi warriors from Persia and Turkestan, who also fled the Mongols. The ghazis fought under the inspiration of either a mullah or a general, trying to assert Islamic power, with the attacks on Byzantine
territory further expanding the power sphere of the beyliks.
As the
Asia Minor became gradually less and less able to resist these attacks, and many Turks began to settle in western parts of Anatolia.[4] As a result, many more beyliks were founded in these newly conquered realms, who engaged in power struggles with the Byzantines, the Genoese, the Knights Templar
, as well as between each other.
By 1300, the Turks had reached the
Menteşe, and Teke. The Candar dynasty (later also known as Isfendiyar) reigned in the Black Sea region around the provinces of Kastamonu and Sinop in what was the Beylik of Candar.[5]
1300
The Anatolian Beyliks and main contemporary Asian polities circa 1300. A small Sultanate of Rum still existed as a vassal of the Ilkhanate
.Under its eponymous founder,
Tamerlane in 1402 in the Battle of Ankara
.
But the Ottoman state quickly collected itself under
administrative subdivisions in the Ottoman Empire
.
List of beyliks
Beyliks founded after Manzikert (1071)
In the list below, only the beyliks that were founded immediately after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, mostly situated towards eastern Anatolia, and who were vassals (or sometimes at war) of the centralized power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum based in Konya are listed.
| Beylik's name | Capital city | Duration of rule |
|---|---|---|
| Beylik of Smyrna | İzmir | 1081–1098 |
| Shah-Armens (also called Ahlatshahs) | Ahlat | 1110–1207 |
| Artuqids (three branches) | Harput
|
1102–1409 |
Danishmend
|
Sivas | 1071–1178 |
| Dilmaçoğlu | Bitlis | 1085–1398 |
İnaloğlu
|
Diyarbekir
|
1095–1183 |
Mengujekids
|
Erzincan, later Divriği | 1072–1277 |
| Saltukids | Erzurum | 1072–1202 |
| Çubukoğulları | Harput
|
1085–1112 |
| Beylik of Tanrıbermiş | Alaşehir | 1071–1098 |
Beyliks founded after Köse Dağ (1243)
A second group beyliks emerged as a result of the weakening of this central state under the
Mongol blow with the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, which had the indirect consequence of extending Turkic
territory in Western Anatolia toward the end of the 13th century.
| Beylik's name | Capital city | Duration of rule |
|---|---|---|
Ahiler[6]
|
Ankara | c. 1290–1362 |
| Alaiye | Alanya | 1293–1471 as vassals to Karamanids |
| Aydinids | Ayasluğ (Selçuk )
|
1300–1425 |
| Canik | Samsun, Amasya and the vicinity | ?–1460 |
| Candar (later also known as Beylik of Isfendiyar) | Eflani, later Kastamonu, last Sinop | 1291–1461 |
| Chobanids | Kastamonu (preceding the Candars) | 1211–1309 |
Dulkadirids
|
Elbistan, later Maraş | 1348–1522 |
Eretnids
|
Sivas, later Kayseri | 1335–1390 |
Erzincan
|
Erzincan | 1379–1410 |
| Eshrefids | Beyşehir | 1285–1326 |
| Germiyanids | Kütahya | 1300–1429 |
| Hamidids | Eğirdir | 1300–1391 |
| Kadi Burhan al-Din | Eretnids )
|
1381–1398 |
| Karamanids | Larende (Karaman )
|
1250–1487 |
Karası
|
Balıkesir, later Bergama and Çanakkale | 1296–1357 |
Inanjids , subordinate to Sahib Ataids and Germiyanids)
|
Denizli | 1262–1391 |
Menteşe
|
Milas | 1261–1424 |
| Ottomanids (later the Ottoman Empire) | 1299–1922 | |
| Pervâneid | Sinop | 1277–1322 |
| Ramadanids | Adana | 1352–1608 |
| Sahib Ataids | Afyonkarahisar | 1275–1341 |
| Sarukhanids | Manisa | 1300–1410 |
| Teke (issued from the Hamidids) | Antalya, later Korkuteli | 1321–1423 |
Society
Language
Combined with the Seljuks and the migration of Turkic tribes into the Anatolian mainland, the Anatolian beyliks spread the Turkic language and Islamic culture in Anatolia.[7] Unlike the Seljuks, whose administrative language was Persian, the Anatolian beyliks adopted spoken Turkic as their formal literary language.[7] The Turkish language thus achieved widespread use in these principalities and reached its highest sophistication during the Ottoman era.[7]
Art
Aydınids
in 1375.In spite of their limited sources and the political climate of their era, art during the Anatolian beyliks flourished, probably forming the basis for
Seljuks
and Ottomans, new trends were also acquired. Especially wandering traditional crafts artists and architects helped spread these new trends and localized styles to several beyliks across Anatolia, which resulted in innovative and original works particularly in architecture. Wood and stone carving, clay tiles and other similar decorative arts of the Seljuks were still used, however with the influence of the pursuit for new spaces and its reflections in other arts as well.
Some representative examples of the Anatolian beyliks' architecture are
Madrassa in Karaman (1382), Akmedrese Madrassa in Niğde (1409), all of which respect a new style that considers and incorporates the exterior surroundings also. One of the first examples of the Anatolian beylik architecture hinting at the forming of the Ottoman architecture that aims at uniting the interior space beneath one big dome and forming a monumental architectural structure is Ulucami Mosque in Manisa
(1374) built by the Saruhan beylik. Also worth noting is the increase in constructions of madrassas that points at the beyliks' attaching greater importance to sciences.
Architecture
- Ulucami Mosque in Ermenek (1302)
- Ulucami Mosque in Manisa (1374)
- İsabey Mosque at Selçuk(1375)
- Hatuniye Madrassa in Karaman (1382)
- İlyas Mosque at Balat (Milet) (1404)
- Akmedrese Madrassa in Niğde (1409)
See also
| History of Turkey |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
 Turkey portal |
References
- ISBN 90-6831-799-7.
- ^ "The Cresques Project - Panel IV". www.cresquesproject.net.
- ISBN 978-90-474-2497-0.
- ISBN 978-1597404761
- ISBN 0-521-64221-3.
- Ahilerfor more information.
- ^ a b c Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, page 40
Sources
- Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anatolian beyliks.
- "Osmanlı Medeniyeti (Ottoman Civilization)" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2005-08-01. Retrieved 2005-07-18.
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