Noble gas compound
In
From the standpoint of chemistry, the noble gases may be divided into two groups:[
The heavier noble gases have more electron shells than the lighter ones. Hence, the outermost electrons are subject to a shielding effect from the inner electrons that makes them more easily ionized, since they are less strongly attracted to the positively-charged nucleus. This results in an ionization energy low enough to form stable compounds with the most electronegative elements, fluorine and oxygen, and even with less electronegative elements such as nitrogen and carbon under certain circumstances.[1][2]
History and background
When the family of noble gases was first identified at the end of the nineteenth century, none of them were observed to form any compounds and so it was initially believed that they were all inert gases (as they were then known) which could not form compounds. With the development of atomic theory in the early twentieth century, their inertness was ascribed to a full
In 1933,
By 1960, no compound with a covalently bound noble gas atom had yet been synthesized.[6] The first published report, in June 1962, of a noble gas compound was by Neil Bartlett, who noticed that the highly oxidising compound platinum hexafluoride ionised O2 to O+2. As the ionisation energy of O2 to O+2 (1165 kJ mol−1) is nearly equal to the ionisation energy of Xe to Xe+ (1170 kJ mol−1), he tried the reaction of Xe with PtF6. This yielded a crystalline product, xenon hexafluoroplatinate, whose formula was proposed to be Xe+[PtF6]−.[4][7] It was later shown that the compound is actually more complex, containing both [XeF]+[PtF5]− and [XeF]+[Pt2F11]−.[8] Nonetheless, this was the first real compound of any noble gas.
The first
Following the first successful synthesis of xenon compounds, synthesis of krypton difluoride (KrF2) was reported in 1963.[11]
True noble gas compounds
In this section, the non-radioactive noble gases are considered in decreasing order of
Xenon compounds
After the initial 1962 studies on XeF4 and XeF2, xenon compounds that have been synthesized include other fluorides (XeF6), oxyfluorides (XeOF2, XeOF4, XeO2F2, XeO3F2, XeO2F4) and oxides (XeO2, XeO3 and XeO4). Xenon fluorides react with several other fluorides to form fluoroxenates, such as sodium octafluoroxenate(VI) ((Na+)2[XeF8]2−),[citation needed] and fluoroxenonium salts, such as trifluoroxenonium hexafluoroantimonate ([XeF3]+[SbF6]−).[12]
In terms of other halide reactivity, short-lived
Recently,[
The compound [Xe2]+[Sb4F21]− contains a Xe–Xe bond, which is the longest element-element bond known (308.71 pm = 3.0871 Å).[14] Short-lived excimers of Xe2 are reported to exist as a part of the function of excimer lasers.[citation needed]
Krypton compounds
Krypton gas reacts with fluorine gas under extreme forcing conditions, forming KrF2 according to the following equation:
- Kr + F2 → KrF2
KrF2 reacts with strong
Krypton compounds with other than Kr–F bonds (compounds with atoms other than
Argon compounds
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The discovery of HArF was announced in 2000.[17][18] The compound can exist in low temperature argon matrices for experimental studies, and it has also been studied computationally.[18] Argon hydride ion [ArH]+ was obtained in the 1970s.[19] This molecular ion has also been identified in the
There is a possibility that a solid salt of [ArF]+ could be prepared with
Neon and helium compounds
The ions, Ne+, [NeAr]+, [NeH]+, and [HeNe]+ are known from optical and mass spectrometric studies. Neon also forms an unstable hydrate.[23] There is some empirical and theoretical evidence for a few metastable helium compounds which may exist at very low temperatures or extreme pressures. The stable cation [HeH]+ was reported in 1925,[24] but was not considered a true compound since it is not neutral and cannot be isolated. In 2016 scientists created the helium compound disodium helide (Na2He) which was the first helium compound discovered.[25]
Radon and oganesson compounds
Radon is not chemically inert, but its short half-life (3.8 days for 222Rn) and the high energy of its radioactivity make it difficult to investigate its only fluoride (RnF2), its reported oxide (RnO3), and their reaction products.[26]
All known oganesson isotopes have even shorter half-lives in the millisecond range and no compounds are known yet,[27] although some have been predicted theoretically. It is expected to be even more reactive than radon, more like a normal element than a noble gas in its chemistry.[28]
Reports prior to xenon hexafluoroplatinate and xenon tetrafluoride
Clathrates
Prior to 1962, the only isolated compounds of noble gases were
Helium-nitrogen (He(N2)11) crystals have been grown at room temperature at pressures ca. 10 GPa in a diamond anvil cell.[32] Solid argon-hydrogen clathrate (Ar(H2)2) has the same crystal structure as the MgZn2 Laves phase. It forms at pressures between 4.3 and 220 GPa, though Raman measurements suggest that the H2 molecules in Ar(H2)2 dissociate above 175 GPa. A similar Kr(H2)4 solid forms at pressures above 5 GPa. It has a face-centered cubic structure where krypton octahedra are surrounded by randomly oriented hydrogen molecules. Meanwhile, in solid Xe(H2)8 xenon atoms form dimers inside solid hydrogen.[29]
Coordination compounds
Coordination compounds such as Ar·BF3 have been postulated to exist at low temperatures, but have never been confirmed.[
Hydrates
Hydrates are formed by compressing noble gases in water, where it is believed that the water molecule, a strong dipole, induces a weak dipole in the noble gas atoms, resulting in dipole-dipole interaction. Heavier atoms are more influenced than smaller ones, hence Xe·5.75H2O was reported to have been the most stable hydrate;
Fullerene adducts
Noble gases can also form endohedral fullerene compounds where the noble gas atom is trapped inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C60 is exposed to a pressure of around 3 bar of He or Ne, the complexes He@C60 and Ne@C60 are formed.[36] Under these conditions, only about one out of every 650,000 C60 cages was doped with a helium atom; with higher pressures (3000 bar), it is possible to achieve a yield of up to 0.1%. Endohedral complexes with argon, krypton and xenon have also been obtained, as well as numerous adducts of He@C60.[37]
Applications
Most applications of noble gas compounds are either as oxidising agents or as a means to store noble gases in a dense form. Xenic acid is a valuable oxidising agent because it has no potential for introducing impurities—xenon is simply liberated as a gas—and so is rivalled only by ozone in this regard.[4] The perxenates are even more powerful oxidizing agents.[citation needed] Xenon-based oxidants have also been used for synthesizing carbocations stable at room temperature, in SO2ClF solution.[38][non-primary source needed]
Stable salts of xenon containing very high proportions of fluorine by weight (such as tetrafluoroammonium heptafluoroxenate(VI), [NF4][XeF7], and the related tetrafluoroammonium octafluoroxenate(VI) [NF4]2[XeF8]), have been developed as highly energetic oxidisers for use as propellants in rocketry.[39][non-primary source needed] [40]
Xenon fluorides are good fluorinating agents.[41]
Clathrates have been used for separation of He and Ne from Ar, Kr, and Xe, and also for the transportation of Ar, Kr, and Xe.[citation needed] (For instance, radioactive isotopes of krypton and xenon are difficult to store and dispose, and compounds of these elements may be more easily handled than the gaseous forms.[4]) In addition, clathrates of radioisotopes may provide suitable formulations for experiments requiring sources of particular types of radiation; hence. 85Kr clathrate provides a safe source of beta particles, while 133Xe clathrate provides a useful source of gamma rays.[42]
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Resources
- Khriachtchev, Leonid; Räsänen, Markku; Gerber, R. Benny (2009). "Noble-Gas Hydrides: New Chemistry at Low Temperatures". Accounts of Chemical Research. 42 (1): 183–91. PMID 18720951.