Binary compounds of silicon
Binary compounds of silicon are
The
As a general rule, nonstochiometry implies instability. These
Group 1
Silicides of
Many cluster compounds of lithium silicides are known, such as Li13Si4, Li22Si5, Li7Si3 and Li12Si7.
Other group 1 elements also form clusters: sodium silicide can be represented by NaSi, NaSi2 and Na11Si36
Group 2
Silicides of
Transition and inner transition metals
The
Commercially relevant intermetallics are group 6 molybdenum disilicide, a commercial ceramic mostly used as an heating element. Tungsten disilicide is also a commercially available ceramic with uses in microelectronics. Platinum silicide is a semiconductor material. Ferrosilicon is an iron alloy that also contains some calcium and aluminium.
MnSi, known as brownleeite, can be found in outer space. Several Mn silicides form a Nowotny phase. Nanowires based on silicon and manganese can be synthesised from Mn(CO)5SiCl3 forming nanowires based on Mn19Si33.[14] or grown on a silicon surface[15][16][17] MnSi1.73 was investigated as thermoelectric material[18] and as an optoelectronic thin film.[19] Single-crystal MnSi1.73 can form from a tin-lead melt[20]
In the frontiers of technological research, iron disilicide is becoming more and more relevant to optoelectronics, specially in its crystalline form β-FeSi2.[21][22] They are used as thin films or as nanoparticles, obtained by means of epitaxial growth on a silicon substrate.[23][24]
Atomic number | Name | Symbol | Group | Period | Block
|
Phases |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 | Scandium | Sc | 3 | 4 | d | Sc5Si3, ScSi, Sc2Si3,[25][26][27][28] |
22 | Titanium | Ti | 4 | 4 | d | Ti5Si3, TiSi, TiSi2, TiSi3, Ti6Si4[25] |
23 | Vanadium | V | 5 | 4 | d | V3Si, V5Si3, V6Si5, VSi2, V6Si5[25][29] |
24 | Chromium | Cr | 6 | 4 | d | Cr3Si, Cr5Si3, CrSi, CrSi2[25][30] |
25 | Manganese | Mn | 7 | 4 | d | MnSi, Mn9Si2, Mn3Si, Mn5Si3, Mn11Si9[25] |
26 | Iron | Fe | 8 | 4 | d | FeSi2, FeSi[31][32] Fe5Si3, Fe2Si, Fe3Si |
27 | Cobalt | Co | 9 | 4 | d | CoSi, CoSi2, Co2Si, Co2Si, Co3Si[33][34] |
28 | Nickel | Ni | 10 | 4 | d | Ni3Si, Ni31Si12, Ni2Si, Ni3Si2, NiSi (Nickel monosilicide), NiSi2[25][35] |
29 | Copper | Cu | 11 | 4 | d | Cu17Si3, Cu56Si11,Cu5Si, Cu33Si7, Cu4Si, Cu19Si6,Cu3Si,Cu87Si13[25][36] |
30 | Zinc | Zn | 12 | 4 | d | eutectic[37] |
39 | Yttrium | Y | 3 | 4 | d | Y5Si3, Y5Si4, YSi, Y3Si5,[38][39] YSi1.4.[40] |
40 | Zirconium | Zr | 4 | 5 | d | Zr5Si3, Zr5Si4, ZrSi, ZrSi2,[25] Zr3Si2, Zr2Si, Zr3Si[41] |
41 | Niobium | Nb | 5 | 5 | d | Nb5Si3, Nb4Si[25] |
42 | Molybdenum | Mo | 6 | 5 | d | Mo3Si, Mo5Si3, MoSi2[25] |
43 | Technetium | Tc | 7 | 5 | d | Tc4Si7 (proposed)[42] |
44 | Ruthenium | Ru | 8 | 5 | d | Ru2Si, Ru4Si3, RuSi, Ru2Si3[43][44] |
45 | Rhodium | Rh | 9 | 5 | d | RhSi,[45] Rh2Si, Rh5Si3, Rh3Si2, Rh20Si13[46] |
46 | Palladium | Pd | 10 | 5 | d | Pd5Si, Pd9Si2, Pd3Si, Pd2Si, PdSi[47] |
47 | Silver | Ag | 11 | 5 | d | eutectic[48] |
48 | Cadmium | Cd | 12 | 5 | d | eutectic[49] |
57 | Lanthanum | La | 6 | f | La5Si3, La3Si2, La5Si4, LaSi, LaSi2[50] | |
58 | Cerium | Ce | 6 | f | Ce5Si3, Ce3Si2, Ce5Si4, CeSi,[51] Ce3Si5, CeSi2[52] | |
59 | Praseodymium | Pr | 6 | f | Pr5Si3, Pr3Si2, Pr5Si4, PrSi, PrSi2[53] | |
60 | Neodymium | Nd | 6 | f | Nd5Si3, Nd5Si4, Nd5Si3,NdSi, Nd3Si4, Nd2Si3, NdSix[54] | |
61 | Promethium | Pm | 6 | f | ||
62 | Samarium | Sm | 6 | f | Sm5Si4, Sm5Si3, SmSi, Sm3Si5, SmSi2[55] | |
63 | Europium | Eu | 6 | f | ||
64 | Gadolinium | Gd | 6 | f | Gd5Si3, Gd5Si4, GdSi, GdSi2[56] | |
65 | Terbium | Tb | 6 | f | Si2Tb (terbium silicide), SiTb, Si4Tb5, Si3Tb5[57] | |
66 | Dysprosium | Dy | 6 | f | Dy5Si5, DySi, DySi2[58] | |
67 | Holmium | Ho | 6 | f | Ho5Si3,Ho5Si4,HoSi,Ho4Si5,HoSi2[59] | |
68 | Erbium | Er | 6 | f | Er5Si3, Er5Si4, ErSi, ErSi2[60] | |
69 | Thulium | Tm | 6 | f | ||
70 | Ytterbium | Yb | 6 | f | Si1.8Yb,Si5Yb3,Si4Yb3, SiYb, Si4Yb5, Si3Yb5[61] | |
71 | Lutetium | Lu | 3 | 6 | d | Lu5Si3[62] |
72 | Hafnium | Hf | 4 | 6 | d | Hf2Si, Hf3Si2, HfSi, Hf5Si4, HfSi2[25][63] |
73 | Tantalum | Ta | 5 | 6 | d | Ta9Si2, Ta3Si, Ta5Si3[25] |
74 | Tungsten | W | 6 | 6 | d | W5Si3, WSi2[64] |
75 | Rhenium | Re | 7 | 6 | d | Re2Si, ReSi, ReSi1.8[65] Re5Si3[25] |
76 | Osmium | Os | 8 | 6 | d | OsSi, Os2Si3, OsSi2[66] |
77 | Iridium | Ir | 9 | 6 | d | IrSi, Ir4Si5, Ir3Si4, Ir3Si5, IrSi3. Ir2Si3, Ir4Si7, IrSi2[67][68] |
78 | Platinum | Pt | 10 | 6 | d | Pt25Si7, Pt17Si8, Pt6Si5, Pt5Si2, Pt3Si, Pt2Si, PtSi[69] |
79 | Gold | Au | 11 | 6 | d | Eutectic diagram at link[70] |
80 | Mercury | Hg | 12 | 6 | d | eutectic[71] |
89 | Actinium | Ac | 7 | f | ||
90 | Thorium | Th | 7 | f | Th3Si2, ThSi, Th3Si5, and ThSi2−x[72] | |
91 | Protactinium | Pa | 7 | f | ||
92 | Uranium | U | 7 | f | U3Si, U3Si2, USi, U3Si5, USi2−x, USi2 and USi3[73] | |
93 | Neptunium | Np | 7 | f | NpSi3, Np3Si2, and NpSi[74] | |
94 | Plutonium | Pu | 7 | f | Pu5Si3, Pu3Si2, PuSi, Pu3Si5 and PuSi2[75] | |
95 | Americium | Am | 7 | f | AmSi, AmSi2[76] | |
96 | Curium | Cm | 7 | f | CmSi, Cm2Si3, CmSi2[77] | |
97 | Berkelium | Bk | 7 | f | ||
98 | Californium | Cf | 7 | f | ||
99 | Einsteinium | Es | 7 | f | ||
100 | Fermium | Fm | 7 | f | ||
101 | Mendelevium | Md | 7 | f | ||
102 | Nobelium | No | 7 | f | ||
103 | Lawrencium | Lr | 3 | 7 | d | |
104 | Rutherfordium | Rf | 4 | 7 | d | |
105 | Dubnium | Db | 5 | 7 | d | |
106 | Seaborgium | Sg | 6 | 7 | d | |
107 | Bohrium | Bh | 7 | 7 | d | |
108 | Hassium | Hs | 8 | 7 | d | |
109 | Meitnerium | Mt | 9 | 7 | d | |
110 | Darmstadtium | Ds | 10 | 7 | d | |
111 | Roentgenium | Rg | 11 | 7 | d | |
112 | Copernicium | Cn | 12 | 7 | d |
Group 13
In
Group 14
Group 15
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a ceramic with many commercial high-temperature applications such as engine parts. It can be synthesized from the elements at temperatures between 1300 and 1400 °C. Three different crystallographic forms exist. Other binary silicon nitrogen compounds have been proposed (SiN, Si2N3, Si3N)[86] and other SiN compounds have been investigated at cryogenic temperatures (SiN2, Si(N2)2, SiNNSi).[87] Silicon tetraazide is an unstable compound that easily detonates.
The phase diagram with
The arsenic–silicon phase diagram measured at 40 Bar has two phases: SiAs and SiAs2.[91] The antimony–silicon system comprises a single eutectic close to the melting point of Sb.[92] The bismuth system is a monotectic.[93]
Group 16
In group 16
Group 17
Binary silicon compounds in group 17 are stable compounds ranging from gaseous
The periodic table of the binary silicon compounds
SiH4 | He | |||||||||||||||||
LiSi | Be | SiB3 | SiC | Si3N4 | SiO2 | SiF4 | Ne | |||||||||||
NaSi | Mg2Si | Al | Si | SiP | SiS2
|
SiCl4
|
Ar | |||||||||||
KSi | CaSi2 | ScSi | TiSi | V5Si3 | Cr5Si3 | MnSi | FeSi | CoSi | NiSi | Cu5Si | Zn | Ga | Si1−xGex
|
SiAs | SiSe2 | SiBr4
|
Kr | |
RbSi | Sr2Si | YSi | ZrSi | Nb5Si3 | Mo5Si3 | Tc | RuSi | RhSi | PdSi | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | TeSi2 | SiI4 | Xe | |
CsSi | Ba2Si | LuSi | HfSi | Ta5Si3 | W5Si3 | ReSi2 | OsSi | IrSi | PtSi | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |
Fr | Ra | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |
↓ | ||||||||||||||||||
LaSi | CeSi | PrSi | NdSi | Pm | SmSi | EuSi | GdSi | TbSi | DySi | HoSi | ErSi | Tm | YbSi | |||||
Ac | ThSi | Pa | USi | NpSi | PuSi | AmSi | CmSi | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No |
Covalent silicon compounds | metallic silicides. |
Ionic silicides | Do not exist |
Eutectic / monotectic / solid solution | Unknown / Not assessed |
References
- ^ Inorganic chemistry, Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ^ Solid state ionics for batteries, Tsutomu Minami, Masahiro Tatsumisago
- PMID 21996453.
- S2CID 95520630.
- PMID 11229033.
- PMID 21455921.
- S2CID 96368677.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0044-2313.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0044-2313.
- ^ Constitution of Binary Alloys, second edition, Max Hansen and Kurt Anderko, McGraw-Hill Book Co., (NY NY 1958) p. 232 and EG Heath, J. of Electro Control, 11, 1961, pp 13-15 as summarized in Constitution of Binary Alloys, First Supplement, Elliott, McGraw-Hill Book Inc., (NY NY 1965) p. 103
- PMID 18983151.
- S2CID 35197350.
- ISSN 0734-2101.
- ISSN 0169-4332.
- S2CID 135674442.
- ISSN 0040-6090.
- S2CID 120204099.
- ISBN 3-527-40650-6
- ^ A silicon/iron-disilicide light-emitting diode operating at a wavelength of 1.5 μm. D. Leong, M. Harry, K. J. Reeson and K. P. Homewood. Nature 387, 686-688, 12 June 1997.
- PMID 9978811.
- ISSN 0021-8979.
- ^ ISSN 0009-2665.
- ISSN 0925-8388.
- S2CID 94990578.
- S2CID 93869056.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- S2CID 95591626.
- ISSN 0365-110X.
- PMID 10927390.
- ISSN 0044-2313.
- S2CID 94983677.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- S2CID 98185051.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0044-2313.
- ISSN 0044-2313.
- ISSN 1054-9714.
- S2CID 94740968.
- ISSN 0925-8388.
- ISSN 1054-9714.
- ISSN 0365-110X.
- S2CID 96736788.
- S2CID 100418050.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- S2CID 98826249.
- ISSN 0925-8388.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- S2CID 94765578.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 1054-9714.
- S2CID 91215617.
- S2CID 93224227.
- ISSN 1054-9714.
- S2CID 196735476.
- ISSN 0022-5088.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ^ Tungsten: Properties, Chemistry, Technology of the Element, Alloys, and Chemical Compounds Lassner, Erik, Schubert, Wolf-Dieter 1999
- S2CID 95014982.
- S2CID 95791114.
- ISSN 0925-8388.
- ISSN 0365-110X.
- S2CID 198916454.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 1054-9714.
- ^ as summarized in Constitution of Binary Alloys, Second Supplement, Francis A. Shunk, McGraw-Hill Book Inc., (NY NY 1969) p. 681-82.
- ^ http://www.rertr.anl.gov/Web1999/PDF/18suripto.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ISSN 0925-8388.
- ISSN 0022-3115.
- ISSN 0022-5088.
- ISSN 0022-5088.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0276-7333.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0734-2101.
- ISSN 0927-0256.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- ISSN 0197-0216.
- PMID 22374622.
- ISSN 1054-9714.
- S2CID 135533614.
- ^ Inorganic chemistry, Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman 2001