Novobiocin
Clinical data | |
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AHFS/Drugs.com | International Drug Names |
Routes of administration | intravenous |
ATCvet code | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | negligible oral bioavailability |
Metabolism | excreted unchanged |
Elimination half-life | 6 hours |
Excretion | renal |
Identifiers | |
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JSmol) | |
Melting point | 152 to 156 °C (306 to 313 °F) (dec.) |
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Novobiocin, also known as albamycin, is an aminocoumarin antibiotic that is produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces niveus, which has recently been identified as a subjective synonym for S. spheroides[1] a member of the class Actinomycetia. Other aminocoumarin antibiotics include clorobiocin and coumermycin A1.[2] Novobiocin was first reported in the mid-1950s (then called streptonivicin).[3][4]
Clinical use
It is active against Staphylococcus epidermidis and may be used to differentiate it from the other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus, which is resistant to novobiocin, in culture.[citation needed]
Novobiocin was licensed for clinical use under the tradename Albamycin (Upjohn) in the 1960s. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical trials.[5][6] The oral form of the drug has since been withdrawn from the market due to lack of efficacy.[7] A combination product of novobiocin and tetracycline, sold by Upjohn under brand names such as Panalba and Albamycin-T, was in particular the subject of intense FDA scrutiny before it was finally taken off the market.[8][9] Novobiocin is an effective antistaphylococcal agent used in the treatment of MRSA.[10]
Mechanism of action
The molecular basis of action of novobiocin, and other related drugs
Novobiocin has been shown to weakly inhibit the C-terminus of the eukaryotic Hsp90 protein (high micromolar IC50). Modification of the novobiocin scaffold has led to more selective Hsp90 inhibitors.[15] Novobiocin has also been shown to bind and activate the Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide transporter LptBFGC.[16][17]
The ATP binding pocket of polymerase theta is blocked by novobiocin resulting in a loss of ATPase activity. This results in the loss of microhomology-mediated end joining as a pathway for homologous recombination deficient cells to circumvent DNA damaging agents. The action of novobiocin is syngeristic with PARP inhibitors for reducing tumor size in a mouse model. [18]
Structure
Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin. Novobiocin may be divided up into three entities; a benzoic acid derivative, a coumarin residue, and the sugar novobiose.[11] X-ray crystallographic studies have found that the drug-receptor complex of Novobiocin and DNA Gyrase shows that ATP and Novobiocin have overlapping binding sites on the gyrase molecule.[19] The overlap of the coumarin and ATP-binding sites is consistent with aminocoumarins being competitive inhibitors of the ATPase activity.[20]
Structure–activity relationship
In
Biosynthesis
This
The biosynthesis of ring A (see Fig. 1) begins with prephenate which is a derived from the
The biosynthesis of ring B (see Fig. 2) begins with the natural amino acid
The biosynthesis of L-noviose (ring C) is shown in Fig. 3. This process starts from glucose-1-phosphate where NovV takes dTTP and replaces the phosphate group with a dTDP group. NovT then oxidizes the 4-hydroxy group using NAD+. NovT also accomplishes a dehydroxylation of the 6 position of the sugar. NovW then epimerizes the 3 position of the sugar.
Rings A, B, and C are coupled together and modified to give the finished novobiocin molecule. Rings A and B are coupled together by the enzyme NovL using ATP to diphosphorylate the carboxylate group of ring A so that the carbonyl can be attacked by the amine group on ring B. The resulting compound is methylated by NovO and SAM prior to glycosylation.[27] NovM adds ring C (L-noviose) to the hydroxyl group derived from tyrosine with the loss of dTDP. Another methylation is accomplished by NovP and SAM at the 4 position of the L-noviose sugar.[28] This methylation allows NovN to carbamylate the 3 position of the sugar as shown in Fig. 4 completing the biosynthesis of novobiocin.
References
- PMID 12054245.
- ^ a b da Silva Eustáquio A (2004). Biosynthesis of aminocoumarin antibiotics in Streptomyces: Generation of structural analogues by genetic engineering and insights into the regulation of antibiotic production (Ph.D. thesis). Universität Tübingen.
- .
- PMID 24543916.
- PMID 8585715.
- S2CID 10940970.
- ^ "Determination That ALBAMYCIN (Novobiocin Sodium) Capsule, 250 Milligrams, Was Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness". The Federal Register. 19 January 2011.
- PMID 5819616.
- ^ Mintz M. "Upjohn's Shuck and Jive Routine". Mother Jones. Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
- PMID 8328783.
- ^ S2CID 43159068.
- PMID 10093705.
- S2CID 9488669.
- PMID 12570764.
- PMID 16159253.
- PMID 29746111.
- PMID 29135241.
- S2CID 235659640.
- PMID 9144789.
- ^ PMID 16569821.
- PMID 10770754.
- PMID 12618544.
- PMID 12777382.
- PMID 11325587.
- PMID 16171397.
- PMID 15752721.
- PMID 16274243.
- PMID 14694473.
External links
- Novobiocin bound to proteins in the PDB