Outline of Syria

Since March 2011, Syria has been embroiled in civil war in the wake of uprisings (considered an extension of the Arab Spring, the mass movement of revolutions and protests in the Arab world) against Assad and the neo-Ba'athist government. In 2024, the Assad regime was toppled by several opposition militias and organizations. As of 2025, the country is led by Ahmed al-Sharaa and a transitional government, which aims to lead a transitional period of up to five years.

• Pronunciation: Sūriyah or Sūriyā
• Common English country name: Syria
• Official English country name: Syrian Arab Republic
• Common
  List of countries and capitals in native languages
• Official endonym(s):
  List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states
• Syrian
• Demonym(s): Syrians
• Etymology: Name of Syria
• International rankings of Syria
• ISO country codes
  : SY, SYR, 760
• ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:SY
• Internet country code top-level domain: .sy

Geography of Syria

• Syria is: a country
• Location:
  • Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere
  • Eurasia
    • Asia
      • Western Asia
        • Southwest Asia
  • Middle East
    • Levant
  • Time in Syria
    • UTC+03
  • Extreme points of Syria
    • High: Jabal el-Sheikh 2,814 m (9,232 ft)
    • Low: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
  • Land boundaries: 2,253 km

Turkey 822 km

Iraq 605 km

Jordan 375 km

Lebanon 375 km

Israel 76 km

• Coastline: Mediterranean Sea 193 km

• Population of Syria: 24,672,760 - 57th most populous country
• Area of Syria: 185180 km²
• Atlas of Syria

• Climate of Syria
  • Climate change in Syria
• Environmental issues in Syria
• Geology of Syria
• Wildlife of Syria
  • Fauna of Syria
    • Birds of Syria
    • Mammals of Syria

• Islands of Syria
• Lakes of Syria
• Mountains of Syria
  • Volcanoes in Syria
• Rivers in Syria
• World Heritage Sites in Syria

• List of ecoregions in Syria

• Governorates of Syria
  • Districts of Syria

Governorates of Syria

• Al-Hasakah
• Aleppo
• Damascus
• Daraa
• Deir ez-Zor
• Hama
• Homs
• Idlib
• Latakia
• Quneitra
• Raqqa
• Rif Dimashq
• Suwayda
• Tartus

Districts of Syria

• Al-Hasakah District
• Al Qamishli District
• Al-Malikiyah District
• Ra's al-'Ayn District
• 'Ayn al-'Arab District
• Afrin District
• Al Bab District
• As-Safirah District
• A'zaz District
• Jabal Sam'an
• Jarabulus District
• Manbij District
• Raqqa District
• Ath-Thawrah District
• Tal Abyad District
• As-Suwayda District
• Salkhad District
• Shahba District
• As-Sanamayn District
• Daraa District
• Izra' District
• Abu Kamal District
• Mayadin District
• Deir ez-Zor District
• As-Suqaylabiyah District
• Hama District
• Masyaf District
• Muhardeh District
• Salamiyah District
• Al-Mukharram District
• Al-Qusayr District
• Ar-Rastan District
• Homs District
• Palmyra District
• Talkalakh District
• Arihah District
• Harem District
• Idlib District
• Jisr ash-Shugur District
• Ma'arrat al-Numan District
• Al-Haffah District
• Jableh District
• Latakia District
• Qardaha District
• Fiq District
• Quneitra District
• Al-Qutayfah District
• An-Nabk District
• Al-Tall District
• Darayya District
• Markaz Rif Dimashq
• Duma District
• Qatana District
• Yabrud District
• Zabadani District
• Ash-Shaykh Badr District
• Baniyas District
• Duraykish District
• Safita District
• Tartus District

• List of cities in Syria
• List of towns and villages in Syria

Demographics of Syria

• Form of government: Provisional government
• Damascus
• Elections in Syria
• Political parties in Syria

Government of Syria

• Head of state: President of Syria, Ahmed al-Sharaa
  • List of presidents of Syria
  • List of vice presidents of Syria
• Head of government: Prime Minister of Syria, Mohammed al-Bashir
  • List of prime ministers of Syria
• Cabinet of Syria
  • Government ministries of Syria

• Unicameral
  )
  • List of speakers of the Parliament of Syria

• High Judicial Council
• Court system of Syria
  • Court of Cassation of Syria
  • High Constitutional Court of Syria
  • Civil and criminal courts of Syria
  • Military courts of Syria
  • Security courts of Syria
• Supreme Court of Syria

Foreign relations of Syria

• Arab League monitors in Syria
• Diplomatic missions in Syria
  • List of ambassadors of Canada to Syria
  • List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Syria
  • United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria
  • United States Ambassador to Syria
• Diplomatic missions of Syria
  • Permanent Representative of Syria to the United Nations

Syria is one of only 7 U.N. members which is not a member of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

• Constitution of Syria
• Crime in Syria
  • Human trafficking in Syria
  • Terrorism in Syria
• Human rights in Syria
  • Freedom of religion in Syria
  • Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
  • LGBT rights in Syria
  • Law enforcement in Syria
• Visa requirements for Syrian citizens

• Command
  • Commander-in-chief:
    • Ministry of Defence of Syria
• Forces
  • Army of Syria
  • Navy of Syria
  • Syrian Air Force
    • List of Syrian Air Force bases
    • List of Syrian Air Force squadrons
  • Syrian Republican Guard
• Military history of Syria
• Military ranks of Syria

• Syria during the Stone Age
  • Levantine corridor – relatively narrow land route of migrations between the Mediterranean Sea to the northwest and deserts to the southeast that connects Africa into Eurasia. It is believed that early hominids spread from Africa to Asia and Europe via the Horn of Africa and the Levantine corridor (named after the Levant, which includes Syria).
  • Cradle of civilization – term referring to locations identified as the sites of the emergence of civilization. In Western European and Middle Eastern cultures, it has frequently been applied to the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic (Ubaid period, Naqada culture), especially in the Fertile Crescent (Levant and Mesopotamia).
    • Mesopotamia – area of the Tigris–Euphrates river system, corresponding to modern-day Iraq, the northeastern section of Syria and to a lesser extent southeastern Turkey and smaller parts of southwestern Iran. Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization in the West.
  • Natufian culture – Epipaleolithic culture that existed from 13,000 to 9,800 years ago in the Levant. It was unusual in that it was sedentary, or semi-sedentary, before the introduction of agriculture.
    • Tell Abu Hureyra – archaeological site located in the Euphrates valley in modern Syria. The remains of the villages within the tell come from over 4,000 years of habitation, spanning the Epipaleolithic and Neolithic periods. The inhabitants of Abu Hureyra started out as hunter-gatherers but gradually transitioned to farming, making them the earliest known farmers in the world.
  • Tell Aswad – large prehistoric, Neolithic Tell, about 5 hectares (540,000 sq ft) in size, located around 48 kilometres (30 mi) from Damascus in Syria.
  • Tell Ramad – prehistoric, Neolithic tell at the foot of Mount Hermon, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Damascus in Syria. The tell was the site of a small village of 2 hectares (220,000 sq ft), which was first settled in the late eighth millennium BC.
  • Halaf culture – prehistoric period that existed between 6,100 - 5,100 BC primarily in the Khabur River, and is considered a continuous development of the Late Neolithic
    • Tell Halaf – prehistoric, Neolithic tell in Al-Hasakah, a few kilometers from Ras al-Ayn near the Syria-Turkey border. Considered the type-site of Halaf culture, with the name meaning "made of former city"
• Syria during the Bronze Age
  • Canaanites
    – Semitic-speaking civilization of the Levant, with significant religious importance
  • Amorites – Northwest Semitic-speaking Bronze Age peoples from the Levant, establishing several city states such as Andariq, Yamhad, and Andarig
  • Eblaites
    (Ebla city-state) – One of the earliest kingdoms in Syria, its remains now constitute a tell southwest of the city of Aleppo
  • Ugarites – Ancient port city in northern Syria, ruling an area roughly equating to the modern Latakia governorate
  • Akkadian Empire – First ever empire in the world
  • Arameans – Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic and pastoralist people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical Aram) during the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age.
  • Bronze Age collapse
    – sudden and culturally disruptive transition in the Aegean Region, Southwestern Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, during which the palace economy characterising the Late Bronze Age was replaced by the isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages. Prior to and during the Bronze Age Collapse, Syria became a battle ground between the empires of the Hittites, Assyrians, Mitanni and Egyptians, and the coastal regions came under attack from the Sea Peoples. From the 13th Century BCE the Arameans came to prominence in Syria, and the region outside of the Phoenician coastal areas eventually became Aramaic speaking.
• Syro-Hittite states – Various Luwian and ancient Aramean regional polities, lasting from the collapse of the Hittite New Kingdom until their conquest by the Assyrian empire
• Phoenicia – City states along the Levantine region, with the core of its culture located in Arwad
• Achaemenid Empire – also known as the Persian Empire, primarily based in what is now modern day Iran
• Seleucid Empire – Greek state in West Asia during the Hellenistic period
  • Roman–Syrian War
    – also known as the Antiochene War, fought between the Roman Republic and the Seleucid Empire
• Syria (Roman province)
  – Early Roman province annexed by the Roman Republic, existed until its division into Coele Syria and Phoenice
  • Syria Palaestina – renamed Roman province formerly known as Judaea in what is now the region of Palestine
  • List of Roman governors of Syria
• Palmyrene Empire
  • Palmyra – ancient city in central Syria and prosperous regional center
• Syria in the Middle Ages
  • Byzantine Syria
    – Coele Syria (formerly part of the Roman province of Syria)
  • Muslim conquest of the Levant –
    • Rashidun Caliphate – First Islamic caliphate, incorporated Syria after the death of Muhammad
    • Umayyad Caliphate – Second Islamic caliphate, led by the Umayyad dynasty
      • Bilad al-Sham – Islamic Syria, province of the four successive caliphates
    • Great Seljuq Empire
      – Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire lead by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks
    • Ayyubid dynasty
    • Mongol invasions of Syria
      – starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof. Most failed, but they did have some success in 1260 and 1300, capturing Aleppo and Damascus and destroying the Ayyubid dynasty.
    • County of Edessa – 12th century crusader state and centre of intellectual life within the Syriac Orthodox Churcg
    • Principality of Antioch – 12th century crusader state, mostly of Armenian and Greek Orthodox population
    • Ilkhanate – Mongol khanate with rule established over Syria in 1255
    • Mamluk Sultanate
      – State that ruled over Syria after the Mongols, before its invasion by the Ottoman Empire
• Early modern period
  • Ottoman Empire
    • Ottoman Syria
      • Timeline of Ottoman Syria history
• Modern history of Syria
  • Kingdom of Syria
    (8 March–24 July 1920)
  • State of Syria (1924–1930)
  • First Syrian Republic (1930–1950)
  • Second Syrian Republic (1950–1963)
  • Ba'athist Syria
    • 1963 Syrian coup d'état
    • 1966 Syrian coup d'état
    • 1970 Syrian Corrective Revolution
    • Islamic uprising in Syria
      • Hama massacre
    • 1999 Latakia protests
    • Damascus Spring
    • Ain es Saheb airstrike
    • Syria Accountability Act
    • 2004 Al-Qamishli riots
    • Damascus Declaration
    • Operation Orchard
    • 2008 Abu Kamal raid
    • Syrian civil war (15 March 2011 to present)
      • Casualties of the Syrian civil war
      • Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war
      • Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
      • Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
      • International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war
      • International reactions to the Syrian civil war
      • List of articles related to the Syrian civil war
      • List of bombings during the Syrian civil war
      • List of bombings during the Syrian civil war
      • List of heritage sites damaged during Syrian civil war
      • List of journalists killed during the Syrian civil war
      • Refugees of the Syrian civil war
      • Russia's role in the Syrian civil war
      • Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war
      • Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon
      • Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war
      • Timeline of the Syrian civil war
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–October 2024)
        • Timeline of the Syrian civil war (November 2024–present)
    • Fall of the Assad regime
    • Formation of the Syrian transitional government
    • Western Syria clashes (Assad loyalist insurgency)

• History of the Middle East
  • History of the Levant
    • History of Syria
      • History of Aleppo
        • Ancient City of Aleppo
        • List of rulers of Aleppo
        • Timeline of Aleppo history
      • History of Antioch
        • Battles of Antioch
        • Siege of Antioch
        • Siege of Antioch (1268)
      • History of Damascus
        • List of rulers of Damascus
        • Timeline of Damascus history
      • History of Hama
      • History of Homs
        • First Battle of Homs
        • Second Battle of Homs
        • Siege of Homs

• History of religion in Syria
  • History of Eastern Christianity
    • History of Syriac Christianity
  • Islamization of Syria
• Military history of Syria
  • 1972 Israeli air raid in Syria and Lebanon
  • List of massacres in Syria
  • List of wars involving Syria
  • List of Syrian flying aces
  • Terrorism in Syria
• Mongol invasions of Syria

Culture of Syria

• Architecture of Syria
  • List of castles in Syria
  • List of cathedrals in Syria
• Cuisine of Syria
  • Beer in Syria
• Languages of Syria
• Media of Syria
• Museums in Syria
• National symbols of Syria
  • Coat of arms of Syria
  • Flag of Syria
  • National anthem of Syria
• Prostitution in Syria
• Public holidays in Syria
• Smoking in Syria
• Scouting and Guiding in Syria
  • Scouts of Syria
• World Heritage Sites in Syria

• List of Syrian artists
• Cinema of Syria
  • List of Syrian films
• Literature of Syria
• Music of Syria
• Television in Syria

• Armenians in Syria
• Assyrians in Syria
• Iraqis in Syria
• List of Syrian people
  • List of Druze
  • List of people from Damascus
  • List of people from Homs
  • List of people from Latakia
  • List of Syrian Armenians
  • List of Syrian artists
  • List of Syrian defectors

Religion in Syria

• List of monasteries in Syria
• Christianity in Syria
  • Eastern Orthodoxy in Syria
  • Roman Catholicism in Syria
  • List of cathedrals in Syria
  • Syriac Christianity
• Hinduism in Syria
• Islam in Syria
  • List of mosques in Aleppo
  • List of mosques in Damascus
  • List of mosques in Syria
• Judaism in Syria

• Football in Syria
  • List of football clubs in Syria
  • List of football stadiums in Syria
  • Syria national football team results
    • Syria national football team results 2009
    • Syria national football team results 2010
  • Syrian Premier League top scorers
• Syria at the Olympics
  • List of flag bearers for Syria at the Olympics
• Rugby union in Syria

Economy of Syria

• Agriculture in Syria
  • Forestry in Syria
• Banking in Syria
  • Central Bank of Syria
  • Commercial Bank of Syria
• Communications in Syria
  • Telecommunications in Syria
• List of Radio Towers in Syria
  • • Telephone numbers in Syria
    • Television in Syria
    • Internet in Syria
  • Media in Syria
    • List of radio stations in Syria
    • Newspapers in Syria
• Companies of Syria
• Currency of Syria: Pound
  • SYP
• Damascus Securities Exchange
• Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 75th (seventy-fifth)
• Energy in Syria
  • Nuclear energy in Syria
  • Power stations in Syria
  • Oil industry in Syria
• Mining in Syria
• Tourism in Syria
• Transport in Syria
  • Air transport in Syria
    • Airlines of Syria
    • Airports in Syria
  • Rail transport in Syria
  • Vehicle registration plates of Syria
• Waste management in Syria
  • Water supply and sanitation in Syria
• Water in Syria
  • Water supply and sanitation in Syria
  • Water resources management in Syria

Education in Syria

• Academic grading in Syria
• List of schools in Syria
• List of universities in Syria
• List of medical schools in Syria

Health in Syria

• List of medical schools in Syria
• Smoking in Syria

Syria

• Index of Syria-related articles
• List of international rankings
• Member state of the United Nations
• Outline of Asia
• Outline of geography

• Greeks in Syria
• Kurds in Syria
• Cabinet of Syria (2001–2003)
• Cabinet of Syria (2003–2011)
• Embassy of Syria in Moscow
• Embassy of Syria, Berlin
• Embassy of Syria, London
• Embassy of Syria, Washington, D.C.
• 2011 in Syria
• 2013 Israeli Airstrike in Syria
• Ambassador of Syria to the United States
• Armenian Evangelical Christian Endeavor Union of Syria and Lebanon
• Bank of Syria and Overseas
• Canadians of Syrian ancestry
• Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria
• Commercial Bank of Syria
• Domnina of Syria
• Entrepreneurship policies in Syria
• Friends of Syria Group
• General Union of Syrian Women
• Hama uprising in Syria
• History of Syria: including Lebanon and Palestine
• History of the Jews in Syria
• International rankings of Syria
• Internet censorship in Syria
• Islamic uprising in Syria
• Jobert of Syria
• King of Syria
• Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
• LGBT rights in Syria
• List of Lebanese in Syrian jails
• List of Seljuk rulers in Syria (1076–1117)
• List of Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch
• List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
• List of Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783
• List of Syriac writers
• Local Coordination Committees of Syria
• Macedonius of Syria
• Malchus of Syria
• Military ranks of Syria
• Movement for Justice and Development in Syria
• Muslim Brotherhood of Syria
• Names of Syriac Christians
• Nicanor of Syria
• Postage stamps and postal history of Syria
• Stratonice of Syria
• Thalassius and Limneus
• The Day After: Supporting a Democratic Transition in Syria

Wikimedia Atlas of Syria

Search

• Syria Syrian search engine

Etymology

• Syria and Asyria Etymology

Government

• Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• E.sy, the First Complete Governmental Online Services
• The Syrian Baath Party
• Syrian Parliament
• Syria:country study, Lib. of Congress

Culture

• The Syrian National Film Organization
• Syrian General Organization of Radio and TV
• Al Assad National Library
• Pictures of Syria
• Interactive Panoramas of Syria (QuickTime required)

Society

• syriapath for Syrians and Syrian expats
• Syria-Events A website which keeps track of upcoming events and activities in Syria
• A short video song about Syria and its main landmarks

News

• amude.net^[usurped] political news (in Kurdish)
• knntv.net political news (in Arabic)
• esyria.sy the first complete Syrian portal
• syria-news.com popular local news website
• syriatodaynews.com news agency
• sana.org SANA Syrian Arab News Agency, government news agency
• rtv.gov.sy Syrian General Organization of Radio and TV
• champress.net Cham Press, a complete roundup of news about Syria (in Arabic and English)

Cities & Towns

• Mashta Al Helou Official Website
• Safita Official Website^[usurped]
• alkafroun Official Website
• Marmarita Official Website^[usurped]

Travel

• Syria travel guide from Wikivoyage