Pakistan People's Party
Pakistan People's Party پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی | |
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Historical:
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Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly | 5 / 33 |
Azad Kashmir Assembly | 13 / 53 |
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Official website | |
The Pakistan People's Party (
Since its foundation in 1967, it has been a major centre-left force in the country and the party's leadership has been dominated by the members of the Bhutto family.[21] Its centre of power lies in the southern province of Sindh.[22] The People's Party has been voted into power on five separate occasions (1970, 1977, 1988, 1993 and 2008), while on four occasions (1990, 1997, 2002 and 2013) it emerged as the largest opposition party. There have been a total of four prime ministers from the PPP.
The PPP dominated the politics of Pakistan during the 1970s, suffering a temporary decline during the military dictatorship of president Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. After the re-establishment of democracy in 1988 following Zia's death, a two-party system developed, consisting of the People's Party and the Islamic Democratic Alliance, later succeeded by the Nawaz League. The party served as the principal opposition to the Gen. Pervez Musharraf-led military government from 1999 to 2008.
The party conceded defeat during the 2013 general election, losing swathes of support in the Punjab Province where most of its base was lost to the emerging PTI, although it retained its provincial government in Sindh.[23][24][25] In the 2018 general election, for the first time in history, the party was able to neither form the government nor emerge as the largest party in opposition.
History
Foundation
The Pakistan People's Party (PPP) was launched at its founding convention held in
Left-wing beginnings
In the 1960s,
Bhutto's passionate stance against Ayub's regime was hailed by
According to Philip E. Jones, the People's Party had three main ideological camps:
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, being shrewder in sensing the mood of the mass movement, had embarked upon the 'need for socialism' and other radical slogans. This PPP programme connected with the masses' moods, aspirations and sentiments; the PPP became the largest party of the masses in the history of Pakistan, almost overnight. The first activists and cadres who gave the PPP a foothold and standing were from the different Maoist groups and other scattered left activists. These groups were disillusioned and frustrated by the traditional Stalinist leadership of the left.
Army Commander General Yahya Khan, after he promised to hold elections within two years. During this time, the Peoples Party intensified its support in West Pakistan, organizing itself and gaining support from poor masses in West Pakistan.[10]1970 general election and 1971 war
Ayub Khan succumbed to
Liaquat Bagh and NWFP.[46][47] By the 1970s, the Pakistan Peoples Party had become the leading party of the Left in Pakistan, publishing its ideas in newspapers such as Nusrat, Fatah, and Mussawat.[48] During the 1970 General Election, the People's Party dominated West Pakistani seats, defeating far-right and other right-of-centre forces in West-Pakistan,[49] However, the story in East Pakistan was altogether different, where the Awami League had dominated and the People's Party had failed to win a single seat (likewise, the Awami League had also failed to make a breakthrough in West Pakistan).[47] The Awami League secured 160 seats out of the total 300 seats in the National Assembly, whereas the People's Party came second with 81 seats.[20]The results gave the Awami League the constitutional right to form a government. However, Bhutto contested Rahman's mandate to form government in West Pakistan due to his party not having won a single seat there.
One Unit scheme, with two separate prime ministers for West and East Pakistan. This proposal was rejected by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Six Point programme for a more federal Pakistan was also rejected by Bhutto. On 3 March 1971, the two leaders, along with President General Yahya Khan, met in Dacca to try and resolve the constitutional crisis. After their discussions yielded no satisfactory results, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman called for a nationwide strike. Bhutto, fearing a civil war, sent his trusted companion, Mubashir Hassan[50] to convey a message to Rahman, who agreed to meet Bhutto once again.[50] The two leaders agreed to form a coalition government with Rahman as prime minister and Bhutto as president.[50] However, the military was unaware of these developments, and Bhutto increased his pressure on Rahman to reach a decision.[50] After the launch of military action in East Pakistan (see Operations Searchlight and Barisal), the situation became unreconcilable .Bhutto and his supporters criticised Yayha Khan's handling of the situation which led to the arrests of Bhutto and members of the People's Party, alongside Mujibur Rahman in
Adiala Jail.[10][49] This was followed by Indian intervention in East Bengal, cementing the defeat of the Pakistan Armed Forces, and the independence of Bangladesh.[51]Post-war politics
As result of Pakistan's defeat by India in
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, General Yahya Khan was forced to resign.[53] On 20 December, he was taken to the President House in Rawalpindi, where he took over two positions from Yahya Khan, one as president and the other as first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator. Thus, he was the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator of the dismembered Pakistan. By the time Bhutto had assumed control of what remained of Pakistan, the nation was completely isolated, angered, and demoralized.[53]After becoming president, Bhutto in his first statement to foreign media correspondents said:Let us forget the past. We have made terrible mistakes and Pakistan is in a mess—the worst crisis in our history. But we have been given a terrible bashing by the Western press and I ask you now to please get off our backs while we put our house in order.
Bhutto era
Bhutto vowed to build a new Pakistan.
The
Karachi labour unrest of 1972.In the field of foreign policy, the People's Party built a good relationship with China, with Bhutto successfully negotiating an aid package worth $300 million for Pakistan and also writing off loans amounting to over $110 million.[64] On 22 February 1974, Pakistan hosted all the leaders of the Islamic world in the summit of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in Lahore.
Domestically, serious issues began to emerge within the party's ranks, when Bhutto decided to utilise the state to keep an eye on the activities of the
Baluchistan province against the government of the National Awami Party.In the
Chief of Army Staff Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[70] In April 1979, after a controversial trial found him guilty of murdering a political opponent, Bhutto was executed by hanging.[67]In 1982, his daughter, Benazir Bhutto, was elected as the Peoples Party's co-chairperon alongside his wife, Nusrat Bhutto, who was elected in 1979.[49] The People's Party headed the Movement for the Restoration of Democracy which was one of the largest non-violent democratic movements in the world against the military dictatorship of Zia-ul-Haq.
After eleven years, the People's Party returned to power by winning the 1988 General Election, with Benazir Bhutto becoming the first female head of government in the Muslim world.[71] In 1990, the Peoples party's government was dismissed due to economic recession, issues regarding to national security and nationalisation. Benazir and the Peoples Party lost the 1990 General Election serving in opposition for the first since its inception in 1967.[71] It was found by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2012 that this election had been rigged in favour of the Pakistan Muslim League.[72]
The People's Party returned to power in the
Sherpaoists, with Bhuttoism becoming the most influential and powerful in Sindh.[22][73] Internal opposition and disapproval of Benazir Bhutto's policies by her brother Murtaza Bhutto created a rift in their relations. Murtaza Bhutto was assassinated in 1996, with many pointing the finger of blame at his sister.[73]Its effect on the Peoples Party was disastrous, whose government was dismissed by the party's own elected President Farooq Leghari in September 1996.[74][75] Since 1996 and Bhutto's assassination in 2007, the Peoples Party has suffered with major internal factional conflicts, between leftists and neoliberals over the Party's shift to Thatcherite economics.Recent history
After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto on 27 December 2007, the 2008 parliamentary elections which were scheduled to be held in January were postponed until 18 February. The PPP won the considerable victory on among all political parties, gaining a momentum of general seats 121 from all provinces in the Parliament, whilst the centre-right, Pakistan Muslim League came second in place, managing to secure 91 seats from all over the country. In 2008, the co-chairman Asif Ali Zardari announced to end the fourth dictatorship when he quoted: "Pakistan was on its way of ridding dictatorships forever", and appealed to the Pakistan Muslim League (N) leader, former Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, to form a coalition controlling over half the seats in Pakistan's 342 seat parliament.
On 9 March 2008 in a press conference held in Muree, Punjab, conservatives under Nawaz Sharif and socialists led by Asif Ali Zardari officially signed an agreement to form a coalition government. Titled the PPP-PML summit declaration, the joint declaration both parties agreed on the reinstatement of judges deposed during the
Balochistan and Muttahida Qaumi Movement in Sindh. While on other hand, the Peoples Party claimed the exclusive mandate in Gilgit-Baltistan and Kashmir. However, this treaty was later on was violated by PPP government, after which PML(N) withdrew from coalition and federal government.On 5 September 2008, the Peoples Party nominated its co-chairman and chairman of central executive committee, Asif Ali Zardari, for the upcoming
South Punjab. On national front, it is currently competing against Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and Pakistan Muslim League (N). On 22 June 2012, the PPP nominated Raja Pervez Ashraf was elected as the new Pakistan PM.[76]As of 2017, according to The Economist, the party "has become irrelevant outside their home province of Sindh."[77]
On 11 April 2022, the PPP formed a coalition government with the PML-N and other parties, electing Shehbaz Sharif as Prime Minister.
Electoral history
National Assembly elections
Election Party chairperson Votes % Seats +/– Government 1970Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 6,148,923 39.1% 81 / 13181 Government 197710,148,040 60.1% 155 / 20074 Martial law in effect1985 Nusrat Bhutto – Non-participant – – 1988Benazir Bhutto 7,546,561 38.5% 94 / 20794 Government 19907,795,218 36.8% 44 / 20750 Opposition 19937,578,635 37.9% 89 / 20745 Government 19974,152,209 21.8% 18 / 20771 Opposition 2002Ameen Faheem 7,616,033 26.05% 81 / 34263 Opposition 2008Benazir Bhutto (assassinated whilst campaigning)
Asif Ali Zardari10,666,548 30.79% 119 / 34238 Government 2013Asif Ali Zardari 6,911,218 15.32% 42 / 34276 Opposition 2018 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 6,924,356 13.03% 55 / 34212 Opposition (till 11 April 2022) Coalition partner (from 11 April 2022) 2024 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 8,244,944 13.92% 73 / 33619 Confidence and Supply Senate of Pakistan Elections
Election Party chairperson Votes % Seats +/– Government 2006 Ameen Faheem - - 5 / 104- Opposition 2009 Asif Ali Zardari - - 27 / 10422 Government 2012 - - 41 / 10414 Government 2015 - - 27 / 10414 Opposition 2018 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari - - 21 / 1046 Opposition 2021 - - 21 / 100- Opposition / Government Sindh Assembly elections
Election Party chairperson Votes % Seats +/– Government 2002 Ameen Faheem 2,115,472 35.05% 67 / 168- Opposition 2008 Benazir Bhutto (assassinated whilst campaigning)
Asif Ali Zardari3,597,275 41.94% 92 / 16825 Government 2013 Asif Ali Zardari 3,209,686 32.63% 91 / 1681 Government 2018 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 3,853,081 40.03% 99 / 1688 Government 2024 TBD TBD 114 / 16815 Government Punjab Assembly elections
Election Party chairperson Votes % Seats +/– Government 2002Ameen Faheem 4,145,106 22.48% 79 / 371− Opposition 2008 Benazir Bhutto (assassinated whilst campaigning)
Asif Ali Zardari5,565,743 26.89% 103 / 37124 Coalition Government * Later Opposition
2013 Asif Ali Zardari 2,464,812 8.84% 8 / 37199 Opposition 2018 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 1,781,330 5.38% 7 / 3711 Opposition 2024 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari TBD TBD 17 / 37110 Opposition
- In the 2008 elections, the PML (N) and the PPP formed a coalition government, with PML (N) as the senior party and Shehbaz Sharif as Chief Minister of Punjab. However, in 2011, the PPP was expelled from this coalition due to corruption allegations.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly elections
Election Party chairperson Votes % Seats +/– Government 2002(NWFP)Ameen Faheem 270,468 9% 8 / 998 Opposition 2008 (NWFP) Benazir Bhutto (assassinated whilst campaigning)
Asif Ali Zardari563,057 16.49% 17 / 999 Coalition Government 2013 Asif Ali Zardari 473,358 8.82% 3 / 9914 Opposition 2018 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 596,816 9.04% 3 / 99− Opposition 2024 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari TBD TBD 11 / 1248 Opposition Azad Kashmir Legislative Assembly Elections
Election Party Chairperson Votes % Seats +/– Government 2011 Asif Ali Zardari - - 21 / 49- Government 2016 352,742 21.2% 3 / 4918 Opposition 2021 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari 349,895 18.28% 11 / 538 Opposition Gilgit-Baltistan Assembly Elections
Election Party Chairperson Votes % Seats +/– Government 2009 Asif Ali Zardari 72,851 33.08% 20 / 3320 Government 2015 69,216 18.26% 1 / 3319 Opposition 2020 Bilawal Bhutto Zardari - - 5 / 334 Opposition Notable leadership
The first socialist and democratic convention attended by the leading 67 left-wing intellectuals who appointed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the first and founding chair of the Pakistan Peoples Party. After his execution, the senior party leadership handed over the chairmanship of the party to his wife, Nusrat Bhutto, and held the position into the 1980s.[78] In 1982, Nusrat Bhutto, ill with cancer, was given permission to leave Pakistan for medical treatment and remained abroad for several years. At that point her daughter, Benazir Bhutto, became acting head of the party while Nusrat technically remained its chairman[78] and was referred to as such as late as September 1983.[79] By January 1984, Benazir was being referred to as the party's chairman and subsequently secured the legal appointment by the senior leadership of Central Executive Committee at the convention held in 1984.[80] She had been elected chairperson for life,[81] which she remained until her assassination on 27 December 2007. Her nineteen-year-old son, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari and his father Asif Ali Zardari were appointed party co-chairmen after assassination of Benazir Bhutto on 30 December 2007.[82]
List of party's presidents
No. Presidents Year Duration Presidential elections 1 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1971–1973 1 year, 7 months, 25 days 20 December 1971 2 Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry 1973–1978 5 years, 1 month, 3 days 14 August 1973 3 Farooq Leghari 1993–1997 4 years, 1 month, 19 days 14 November 1993 4 Asif Ali Zardari 2008–2013 5 years 6 September 2008 2024– Incumbent 10 March 2024 List of party's prime ministers
No. Prime ministers Year Duration Elections 1 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1973–1977 3 years, 10 months, 21 days 1973 2 Benazir Bhutto 1988–1990; 1993–1996 4 years, 8 months, 21 days 1988, 1993 3 Yousaf Raza Gillani2008–2012 4 years, 2 months, 25 days 2008 4 Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 2012–2013 9 months, 2 days, Current structure and composition
The Central Executive Committee of the Pakistan Peoples Party of Pakistan serves as party's highest leadership, and apex governing authority, and is primarily responsible for promoting Peoples Party activities, promotion, media campaigning, welfare distribution, public policy and works. The CEC is the supreme parliamentary body in charge of setting out strategies and positions during and after elections. The CEC is currently chaired by Asif Ali Zardari,[83] assisted by additional vice-chairmen, including all the major office bearers of the party. However, the CEC is focused on election campaigning and organizational strategy during the national parliamentary elections, overseeing the media works, ideological promotion, and the foreign policy. The public works, welfare distribution are partly managed at the municipal unit level up to the federal level, which supervise and give legal authority for such works.
The PPP-Young Organization is a youth-led party organisation that attempts to mobilise the youth for Peoples Party candidates for the
Peoples Students, a student-outreach organization with the goal of training and engaging the new generation of the Pakistan Peoples Party. The Peoples Party also has an active military-street wing, the People's Committee, controversially affiliated with the Pakistan Peoples Party.[84]Nationally, each
province and territoryhas a provisional committee, made up of elected committee members as well as ex-officio committee members who elect its presidents. The local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their jurisdiction, oversee local conventions, and in some cases primaries or caucuses, and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under state law. All administration, campaign, and party policies required complete permission from the CEC's co-chairman and the vice-chairmen.Ideology
In its inception, the notable
civil society than Communist Party.[85]Since then, the Peoples Party has been a leading proponent of
privatisation of publicly owned institutions, favouring partial income taxes.[10]Despite its democratic-socialist ideas, the Peoples Party never actually allied with the Soviet Union, with the Communist Party of Pakistan remaining one of its major rivals. The Peoples Party has been criticised by various socialists such as Fahad Rizwan who accused the Peoples Party of opportunism. Recently, the Peoples Party has adopted privatisation and small-scale nationalisation policies, with centrist economic and socially progressive agendas.[83]
Basic, enshrined principles of PPP include "Islam [as] our Faith. Democracy is our Politics. Socialism is our Economy. All Power to the People".
Issues involving foreign policy
Relations with the China, Russia, Iran and Turkey, are the central and the strongest proponents of the People's Party's foreign policy.[86] Under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan built closer ties with Soviet Union, China, and Iran, but under Benazir Bhutto, the foreign policy was revised after taking shifts to centre-right policies. Earlier in the 1970s, the People's Party faced a "secret" cold war with the United States, but then suffered a US-backed coup in 1977.[83] On the other hand, Anti-Americanism among most PPP workers and its student wing grew twofold after Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's execution at the hands of the pro-American Ziaul Haq dictatorship, the party's new chairperson, Benazir Bhutto, advised her party to concentrate on the removal of Zia alone.[87] She also adopted Nawaz Sharif's conservative privatisation policies in order to secure funding from the United States and the World Bank, but received a harsh opposition from within the party.[83] Throughout the 1980s, the party's credibility was damaged by the United States who "keenly sabotaged" any of its efforts[citation needed] and organizational establishment in the dense areas of country.[88] Although PPP leader Bilawal Bhutto Zardari said he did not want to choose one side in the 21st century China-US strategic competition,[89] Hina Rabbani Khar argues that the instinct to preserve Pakistan's partnership with the United States would ultimately sacrifice the full benefits of the country's “real strategic” partnership with China.[90]
Academia
The Pakistan Peoples Party through Zulfikar Ali Bhutto proudly receives all credit for launching the atomic bomb project in 1972,[91][92] public ceremonies are held on Youm-e-Takbir (lit. Day of Greatness) to commemorate the political services of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who established the program.
In 1976, Murtaza Bhutto graduated from Harvard University, Bhutto graduated with his thesis entitled "Modicum of Harmony". His thesis dealt with the spread of nuclear weapons in general, and the implications of India's nuclear weapons on Pakistan in particular. Murtaza went on to Christ Church, Oxford, his father's alma mater, for a three-year course to read for an MLit degree. Bhutto submitted his master thesis, containing a vast argumentative work on Nuclear strategic studies, where he advocated for Pakistan's approach to develop its nuclear deterrence program to counter Indian nuclear program.[93]
Since its establishment, the People's Party has produced prolific scientists-turned technocrats, including Farhatullah Babar, Mubashir Hassan, and the senior academic scientists who played a role in building the atomic bomb. The People's Party member's notably provided their public support to Abdul Qadeer Khan who had been forced to attend the military debriefings by General Pervez Musharraf in 2004.[92] In August 2012, after years of negligence, the peoples party made its effort to bestowed and award Munir Ahmad Khan the highest state honor, the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, as a gesture of political rehabilitation; the honor was publicly presented by President Asif Ali Zardari in a public ceremony.[94]
In 1995–1996, the People's Party under Benazir Bhutto's era opened
SZABIST at Karachi to become a leading institution of science and technology and appointed world-renowned academic Dr. Javaid Lagharias its first president, who later was also elected Senator from Sindh on a technocrat seat and eventually Chairman HEC leading a revolution of reforms in higher education in South AsiaChallenges and controversies
Lost left and post-secularism
Since the 1990s, the People's Party has been under intense criticism even inside the party both from its own members and the other
Punjab's landed elite, with Paracha claiming the People's Party has "lost the left".[98]Leading left-wing journalist
Ahmadiyya community as non-Muslims through the second constitutional amendment, secondly for banning the use of liquor,[99] and thirdly for the Peoples Party declaring Friday as a holiday to win the support of religious elements.[99]Kashmir Cause
The
Kashmir for his country."[100]Bhutto emphasized on his last part of the speech: "I will take back
Kashmir, all of it, and I will not leave behind a single inch of it because like the other provinces, it belongs to Pakistan. He pledged to continue supporting Kashmiri freedom struggle morally and diplomatically...(.)".[101]Internal opposition and factionalism
Since the 1990s, the
Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpaoist)—a more reformist with libertarian agenda.[103]Factionalism continued in 2011 when PPP sacked
foreign policy."[104]In 2012, the PPP's powerful leader, Zulfiqar Mirza, quit from the party despite urgings amidst disagreement with Asif Zardari's leadership and policies with regards to dealings with the liberal MQM in Sindh. Reasoning with their isolation, the socialist politicians felt that the party had now moved away from the original ideas it was founded on by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1967.[105] In 2014, Labour leader, Safdar Ali Abbasi, formed the Workers faction amid disagreement with party's fiscal policy.[citation needed]
Defection in PPP: The Launch of Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarian-Patriots
The Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarian-Patriots (PPPPP) was launched in Lahore in the year 2002 as a 'forward bloc' that broke away from the PPP to back the Pakistan Muslim League Quaid-e-Azam (PML-Q) transforming itself into Pakistan's newest party at that time. The leader of the rebel group was Makhdoom Faisal Saleh Hayat.[106] In January 2017, Former federal minister Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat joined the Pakistan Peoples Party on Monday, more than 14 years after being elected on the PPP ticket in 2002, bringing an end to the PPPPP.[107]
See also
- Bhuttoism and Sindh
- Radical left factions in the Pakistan Peoples Party
- Pakistan Peoples Party (Bhuttoist)
Pakistan Peoples Party (Marxism) Pakistan Peoples Party (Parliamentarians)- Pakistan Peoples Party (Workers)
Political realism- Socialism in Pakistan
- List of Islamic political parties
Explanatory notes
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Further reading
- Shah, Sayed Wiqar Ali (2004). Pakistan Peoples Party: Socialism and Dynastic Rule (Google books). Washington, D.C.: Praeger Publishers. pp. 156–200. )
- Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (1969). The Myth of Independence. London: Oxford U.P. ]
- Lieven, Anatol (2011). Pakistan: A hard country (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs.
ISBN 978-1610390231.- Hussain, Zahid (2010). Scorpion's Tail. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 245.
ISBN 978-1439157862. Retrieved 7 April 2015.- Jones, Philip E. (2003). The Pakistan People's Party: Rise to Power. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
ISBN 978-0195799668.- Ali, Tariq (2012). The Duel: Pakistan on the Flight Path of American Power. New York [US]: Simon and Schuster. p. 1960.
ISBN 978-1471105883. Retrieved 7 April 2015.External links
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