Socialism in Pakistan
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The influences of socialism and socialist movements in Pakistan have taken many different forms as a counterpart to political conservatism, from the groups like The Struggle, Lal Salam which is the Pakistani section of the International Marxist Tendency, to the Stalinist group like Communist Party through to the reformist electoral project enshrined in the birth of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP).
While
History
Political background
The socialist movements in
1947–50s: early Marxism
Independence and class struggle
Immediately after the
In contrast, the
Uncomfortable with the workings of the democratic system, unruliness in the East Pakistan parliamentary elections, and the threat of
1960s–70s: nation building
Power struggle and corporate industrialization
After
Despite the positive impact of
After a successful socialist conference in
Eventually, the socialist-oriented catchphrase "Roti, Kapra aur Makan" (lit. "bread, clothes, and housing"), inspired by Communist leader, V.I Lenin's popular slogan ‘Peace, Land and Bread’ became a nationwide rallying-call for the party.[21][22] By the 1970s, the Pakistan Peoples Party had become the largest and most influential leading socialist and democratic entity in the country. The party published its ideas in its newspapers, such as "Nusrat", "Fatah", and "Mussawat".[23][24]
1970s–80s: reconstruction and restoration
Ethical and left nationalism
The 1968 Movement led to the end of Ayub Khan's term, but the suspension of democracy and military control continued under the new President
After the war,
Fundamental rights of the citizen, such as access to adequate health and free education, were brought under a renewed focus.[28] Schools, colleges, and universities were nationalized. A large segment of the banking sector, industrial sector (including iron and steel mills), engineering firms, vehicle, food and chemical production industries were also nationalized.[29] The number and strength of trade unions experienced a rise. Rural residents, urban wage earners and landless peasants were to be given ‘material support’ as people of the state.[31] In responding to strong defence program, the PPP launched the clandestine atomic bomb project, promoting literary activism, industrial developments and scientific awareness in all over the country.[28]
Left-wings split off and decline
Despite
The left-wing party,
The 1977 general elections resulted in first parliamentary victory of Peoples Party. Opposition parties claimed that the election was heavily rigged by the PPP.[32] Tensions mounted and despite an agreement reached between the opposition and PPP, martial law was imposed in the country by Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977.[33] In April 1979, Bhutto was hanged in 1977 after a controversial trial, in which he was found guilty of murdering a political opponent.[34] In 1982, his daughter Benazir Bhutto was elected as Peoples Party's chairwomanship.[34] The Peoples Party struggled hard against General Zia-ul-Haq, who was supported by the United States.[34]
The left-wing parties and socialism in the country met with harsh political opposition from the conservative
1980s–present: re-emergence from outside Pakistan
The Struggle
The seeds of a renewed Marxist politics was planted in 1980 in Netherlands, when a number of leftist Pakistani activists who had fled Pakistan to escape Zia's repression found themselves in Amsterdam in the cold November 1980. The country was ruled by General Zia. These leftist Pakistani activists were Farooq Tariq, Tanvir Gondal (now better known as Lal Khan), Muhammed Amjad and Ayub Gorya.[36]
In November 1980, the Struggle group decided to start a monthly Urdu magazine called Jidd-o-jehed جدوجہد or The Struggle.
The Struggle group continued their activism in exile against military dictatorship in Pakistan and went on to organise a mass funeral for Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in front of the Pakistani embassy in Holland with nearly 500 participants. The charged environment also saw participants throw stones at the embassy's windows and Farooq was briefly arrested by Dutch police.[36] Arrests, activism and attempts by Pakistani authorities to get them arrested made them popular with leftist and progressive movements in Europe. They campaigned on worker issues, against racism, immigrant issues and anti-nuclearisation with local left parties.[36]
The group was also in contact with the
In the early 1990s, the
In November 2012, Farooq Tariq's Labour Party Pakistan, the Awami Party, and Workers Party merged to form the Awami Workers Party (AWP) in an unprecedented effort to build a genuine Left alternative to mainstream political forces in Pakistan. The AWP promotes Left unity and includes members from all Communist tendencies: Trotskyism, Stalinism, and Maoism.
The Struggle طبقاتی جدوجہد continued their struggle for a Socialist revolution in Pakistan as an official section of the Marxist "International" led by Ted Grant. Grant had formed Committee for a Marxist International in various countries, particularly Spain, after splitting with CWI in 1992. At the world congress of Committee for a Marxist International in 2006, the organization was renamed International Marxist Tendency (IMT). Lal Khan continues to be the editor of the Struggle magazine and leader of the Struggle طبقاتی جدوجہد group. He also writes articles regularly for the Daily Times.[40] and Dunya[41] The Struggle group has their own publication agency and has published numerous books and leaflets on topics including Marxist ideology, history of Marxist struggle in Pakistan, and various books covering history of Bolshevik revolution. Some of the books are: Partition – Can it be undone?,[42] Pakistan's Other Story – The Revolution of 1968–69,[43] and Kashmir: A Revolutionary Way Out.[44] Books in Urdu language include چین کدھر, مذہبی بنیاد پرستی اور انقلابی مارکسزم,[45] whereas translated publications from other language into Urdu include ریاست اور انقلاب از لینن، عورت اور خاندان از ٹراٹسکی، کمیونسٹ مینی فیسٹو از مارکس و اینگلز.[46] The Struggle's trade union front is known as Pakistan Trade Union Defence Campaign (PTUDC), and multiple other fronts working among Youth, including Unemployed Youth Movement. In 2015, youth and students fronts of the Struggle started a campaign to bring together prominent left-wing students and youth organizations from across the country on a single platform.[47] In December 2015, Progressive Youth Alliance (PYA)[48] was launched in Lahore.
Split within The Struggle
In the first quarter of 2016, The Struggle suffered a split,[49] with the majority leaving the IMT retaining their name as The Struggle, while the minority reorganized as Lal Salam لال سلام. Lal Salam is the official Pakistani section of the IMT.[50]
Awami Workers Party
Following the split of
In November 2012, Farooq Tariq's Labour Party Pakistan, the Awami Party, and Workers Party merged to form the Awami Workers Party (AWP) in an unprecedented effort to build a genuine Left alternative to mainstream political forces in Pakistan.[52] The AWP promotes the Left unity and includes members from all Communist tendencies: Trotskyism, Stalinism, and Maoism.
1980s–90s: moderation and competition
Consolidation and populism
A huge number of left-wing politicians and intellectuals were thrown in jail to face a trial,
Despite its consolidation, the MRD suffered many set backs because of its Pro-Leninist stance which was not the "line"[55] of Kremlin at that time.[55]
The events that led the
The New Left and social democracy
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The
Furthermore, the events led to a
In the 1990s, the left-wing groups, now united under
As a result of
In 1997, the Left, sitting in
2000s–2010s: Contemporary history
Re-defining position of the New Left
As an aftermath of
In 2002, the
The Left in Pakistan lost its steering after the
Though a number of steps were taken in this regard by the government led by Asif Ali Zardari which included but are not limited to, Employees Stock option scheme under which public sector employees were made share holders in their respective departments, free of cost housing scheme was initiated in Sindh under the name of Benazir Bhen Basti, more than 56,000 acres of land was distributed within the peasants, a comprehensive plan for the eradication of poverty was started under the name of Benazir Income Support Program which is now one of the largest social safety program in Asia. In addition to that a program named as waseela-e-haq was initiated under which 0.3 million rps. each were distributed in between thousands of deserving families so that they can start their own earning. Schemes such as Benazir life insurance scheme was also initiated. Thousands of contractual employees were not only regularized but thousand of other employees were also reinstated. As a result of these steps then President of Pakistan Mr. Asif Ali Zardari was elected as the Vice-President of the Socialist International.
In 2018,
Influence in popular culture, literary, arts and science
The left orientation has greatly influenced the
In 2012, the scientific work of theorist,
Parties and groups
- Communist Party of Pakistan (1948–present)
- Pakistan Peoples Party(1967–present)
- Mazdoor Kisan Party (1968–present)
- Awami Tahreek (1970–present)
- The Struggle Pakistan (1980–present)
- Awami National Party (1986–present)
- Pashtunkhwa Milli Awami Party (1989–present)
- Balochistan National Party (Mengal) (1996–present)
- Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto) (1997–present)
- Communist Party of Pakistan (Thaheem) (2002–present)
- Pakistan Social Democratic Party (2002–present)
- Hazara Democratic Party (2003–present)
- Socialist Movement Pakistan (2004–present)
- Baloch Republican Party (2008–present)
- Qaumi Watan Party (2012–present)
- Awami Workers Party (2012–present)
- National Youth Organisation (2013–present)
- Pakistan Peoples Party Workers (2014–present)
Former
- National Congress (1885–1975)
- Pakistan Socialist Party (1948–1958)
- Ganatantri Dal (1953–1957)
- Labour Party Pakistan (1986–2012)
- Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party (1995–2015)
- National Workers Party (1999–2010)
- Awami Jamhuri Ittehad Pakistan (2012–2015)
- Workers Party Pakistan (2010–2012)
See also
- Conservatism in Pakistan
- Feudalism in Pakistan
- Secularism in Pakistan
- Democracy in Pakistan
- Islamisation in Pakistan
References
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics–Pakistan relations
- ^ See:Peshawar Conspiracy Cases
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- ^ "Tribal tales ‹ The Friday Times". www.thefridaytimes.com. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
- ^ Authors, Dawn Books And (18 August 2012). "REVIEW: Pakistan's Other Story: The Revolution of 1968-1969 by Lal Khan". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
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- ^ a b Stephen Zunes. "Pakistan's Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (1981-1984)". Stephen Zunes. Nonviolent Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2013.
- ^ a b c d Farooq Sulehria. "The Left in Pakistan: Left in the 1980s". Farooq Sulehria. Socialist Pact for Renewal. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
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- Operation Blue Fox
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- ^ GM Jamali (7 May 2013). "Establishment wants right-wing in power: Rabbani". Express Tribune, 7 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ Ali, Rabbia (30 April 2013). "United we stand: The Left-wing!". TEX. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
External links
- Lal Salam لال سلام, the Pakistani section of the International Marxist Tendency
- The Struggle طبقاتی جدوجہد
Further reading
- Doherty, James C., ed. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (PDF). Historical dictionaries of religions, philosophies, and movements, no. 73. Scarecrow Press. OCLC 299166800. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 July 2011.
- Rose, Saul (1959). Socialism in Southern Asia. London: OCLC 2862247.