Conservatism in Pakistan

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Conservatism in Pakistan (

idea of Pakistan.[1]

The conservative

Pakistani people are the followers of Islam while the remaining believe in Christianity, Hinduism, and others.[2][3][4]

The conservatism in Pakistan has been normally associated with the

Shahbaz Sharif in the nationwide general elections
.

Idea of Pakistan, conception, and conservatism

Main articles:
Conception of Pakistan, and Pakistan Movement
Minto-Morley Reforms
of 1909 called for separate Muslim electorates.

Since the 1930s, the Muslim League had been lobbying and pushing its politics for a separate homeland for the Muslims of India, known as Pakistan.

The constitution and principles of the Muslim League were contained in the Green Book, written by conservative thinker and cleric, Maulana

Muhammad Ali. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence. However, several factors over the next thirty years, including sectarian violence, led to a re-evaluation of the Muslim League's aims.[7][8]

With

British Commonwealth
organization.

The Muslim League was not the only conservative movement in the erstwhile region of British India that became Pakistan. Others included the Congress Nationalist Party,[13] the Punjab Unionist Party[14][failed verification] the Hindu Mahasabha and the Akali Dal.

In addition, a number of figures within the

Sardar Vallabhai Patel were conservative.[15]

After

Clerics passed a "demand draft", called 22 Points which called for the preparation of constitution according to Objectives Resolution
, in 1950.

In 1977, the government of

Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization program. Starting in February 1979, new penal measures based on Islamic principles of justice went into effect. These carried considerably greater implications for women than for men. A welfare and taxation system based on Zakat and a profit-and-loss banking system were also established in accordance with Islamic prohibitions against usury
but were inadequate.

Early foundation of conservatism

1947–59: Independence and power struggle

After the death of

military government of President General Zia-ul-Haq
.

As an aftermath of

nationalization program of Bhutto, and called for right-wing alliance, PNA
, against PPP.

National building

1960–78: Religious right and nationalism

In the 1960s, the conservative movements in the country had emphasized Islamic roots and values in the society but ultimately it did not have any lasting effects in an opposition to

Ayub Khan aggressive policies to put the agrarian country into the roads of industrialization
.

In 1965, the conservative movements prudently went out to gather their support for

Ayub Khan used the hard-line Islamic conservative groups to get Fatima Jinnah disqualified from the elections; nonetheless, this scheme failed when the huge public voted for Fatima Jinnah's bid for presidency.[17] It is noted by historians that without the usage of state machinery, President Ayub Khan had almost lost the elections.[17]

The religious right was dismayed when President Ayub Khan abrogated his deal with the orthodoxy religious parties, the

JeI faced with an embarrassing election result winning only 4 out of the 300 seats.[18]

After a

martial law took advance.[20]

Activism and authoritarianism

1979-1980s: Conservatism ascent

Main article:
Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization
See also: Islamic economics in Pakistan
William Clark
in 1982.

With the successful

interest-free system and strict opposition to Soviet Communism defining his military administration's political philosophy.[21]

President Zia-ul-Haq largely depended on the Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) for work and political recommendation for policy guidance issue. On legal philosophical issues, the Federal Shariat Court was greatly espoused and extended its activities at federal level judiciary.[22] President Zia is credited with the success of modern conservatism movement in the country, by his supporters; some galvanizing the Zia's directives prevented the wider Soviet incursions into the region as well as economic prosperity.[23] President Zia's military administration brought a fury of conservative economists; conservative foreign policy practitioners; and social conservatives, who identified with his religious and social ideals.[22] Zia was attacked by left-wing personalities at the time as being a "source of fundamentalism", but conservative historians asserted that he decisively limited Soviet Union to Afghanistan.[24]

In defining the conservatism, President Zia once described to British journalist Ian Stephen that: "The basis of Pakistan was Islam. The basis of Pakistan were Muslims in

Pakistan Studies were made compulsorily for engineering, medical education, commerce, law and nursing education. Extra educational certificates and diplomas were given to people who were Hafiz.[22] On national priorities, the atomic bomb project was aggressively put forwarded by President Zia-ul-Haq to counter Indian threat on East and Soviet threat on West.[25]

A conservative leader for PML(N) from Sindh, Zain Ansari

During his eleven years in office, President Zia's conservative reforms and economic policies pushed the country's national economic

GNP, were highest in the world at that time.[27] His policies had hard-hitting impact on Pakistan and some of his economic policies were continued by the successive governments. According to the historians, his policies were directed towards making Pakistan the citadel of Islam so that it could play an honorable and prominent role for the Islamic world.[22] Leftist historians maintained that his legacy remains a most toxic, enduring, and tamper-proof legacy,[28] but to point of view of conservative thinkers, Zia credited by some for preventing wider Soviet incursions into the region as well as economic prosperity.[29]

Despite Zia's tough rhetoric and his

Pakistani pop and rock."[31]

Moderation and Competition

1990s–2000s: The New Right and conservative democracy

Conservative thinker, Ahsan Ekbal

After Zia's

intelligence community playing a vital role in support for Pakistan Muslim League (N)
(PML(N)) during the 1990 general elections.

The Conservatives led by

Sharia was made part of Penal Code in 1993.[33] Islamic values were emphasized as a part of the social conservative reforms by the PML(N) government which support at a mainstream level.[34]

In 1997, the

Rafiq Tarrar, as President in 1997.[36]

Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998

Upon resolving the authority issue, the

military in 1998.[39] The same year, the PML(N) government cancelled the Friday holidays, despite exacerbated concerns of the conservatives.[33] Major education reforms were carried out by PML(N) government, emphasizing on scientific research and religious studies.[40]

In 1999,

Bus service.[41] Despite peace initiatives with India, the PML(N) government lost all its prestige after becoming militarily involved with India in Kargil sector.[42] Despite his authoritative actions, his economic programmes were failed during the period of worldwide economic growth, especially his attempts to exert intense control over the military ultimately led to his undoing.[33] In 1999, the PML(N) government was dismissed by the Chairman joint chiefs General Pervez Musharraf in a bloodless, rather self coup d'état.[39] At the time of staging of coup d'état, the conservatism was at its low support from the public and the support for the PML(N) government and its conservatives programs were largely disapproved by the public.[23]

2010s: Re-defining of New Right and escalations

Main article:
Naya Pakistan
A PMLN rally in 2008

By 2000, the conservatism had been its low since the 1960s. Financial problems, economic stagflation, and social tensions had been a contributory factors in lowering of the conservatism and its opposite, the socialism at once. Searching for a new political philosophy, President Pervez Musharraf called for a "Third Way" after forming the PML(Q) group, totally hostile towards the Pakistan Muslim League.[43]

President Musharraf brought a new generation of liberal thinkers to power in

far-right insurgency in the country.[45]

Influence in popular culture, literary, arts and science

The religious identities, nationalism, and rightist ideas has greatly influenced the

theatre, architecture
, and popular culture.

Online sources

Bibliography and references

  1. ISBN 978-0815721819
    .
  2. ^ "Religions: Islam 95%, other (includes Christian and Hindu, 2% Ahmadiyyah) 5%". CIA. The World Factbook on Pakistan. 2010. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  3. ^ "Pakistan, Islam in". Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2010. Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslims.
  4. ^ "Muslim Population—Statistics About the Muslim Population of the World". About.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
  5. ^
    ISBN 0815715021
    . conservatism in pakistan Muslim League (N).
  6. ^ a b Zaidi, S. Akbar (24 May 2013). "More than One Conservatism". Beta. Dawn Area Studies. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  7. ISBN 978-0-19-565073-0
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-8444-0834-7
    . Jinnah 1930.
  9. ^ "Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address". Speeches, Writings, and Statements of Iqbal. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
  10. ISBN 978-1-84511-094-9
    .
  11. ^ Ihsan Aslam (11 February 2004). "The History Man: Cambridge remembers Rahmat Ali". Daily Times, Pakistan. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
  12. ^ Choudhary Rahmat Ali (28 January 1933). "Now or never: Are we to live or perish for ever?". Pakistan Movement Historical Documents. Retrieved 4 December 2007.
  13. ^ Beck, Sanderson. South Asia 1800-1950.
  14. ISBN 978-0-521-09783-3
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-61069-765-1
    .
  16. ^ a b c "Objectives Resolution is passed". Story of Pakistan (1949). Retrieved 12 May 2013.
  17. ^ a b c "Presidential Election". Story of Pakistan. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  18. ^ a b c d e "Why has the Jamaat-e-Islami failed in Pakistani politics?". Irtiqa. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  19. ^ "The Constitution". The Constitution. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  20. ^ a b c d "General Elections 1977". General Elections 1977.
  21. ^ "Afghan war settlement". Afghan war settlement. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Rules of Democracy: The Zia period". Story of Pakistan Press Foundation. Foundation of Pakistan Studies. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  23. ^
    ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1
    .
  24. ^ Patel, Aakar (8 August 2012). "In praise of Zia". Express Tribune, 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  25. ISBN 978-0804784801
    .
  26. ^ Farooq Tirmizi (20 May 2012). "Setting the record straight: Not all dictators equal, nor all democrats incompetent". Express Tribune. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  27. ^ Khanna, Sushil Khanna. "The Crisis in the Pakistan Economy". Sushil Khanna. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
  28. ^ Nasir, Abbas (7 July 2012). "Zia's Long Shadow". Dawn Newspapers. Dawn Newspapers. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  29. ^ "Pakistan's abused Ahmadis". The Economist. London. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  30. ^ "Rules of Democracy: Historic 8th Amendment is passed". Historic 8th Amendment is passed. Historic 8th Amendment is passed. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  31. ^ a b c Nadeem F. Paracha (28 March 2013). "Times of the Vital Sign". Dawn News, Nadeem F. Paracha. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  32. ^
    ISBN 978-3638588218
    .
  33. ^
    ISBN 978-1438119137
    .
  34. ISBN 978-1134186167
    .
  35. ISBN 8170996740
    .
  36. ISBN 0761996834
    .
  37. ^
    ISBN 978-0816061846.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  38. ^ a b c "Pakistan: A Nuclear Power". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  39. ^
    ISBN 978-0203933572
    .
  40. ISBN 978-1429969079
    .
  41. ^ "The Lahore Summit". The Lahore Summit. 1 June 2003. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  42. ^ "Kargil Offensive". Story of Pakistan. Kargil Offensive. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  43. ^
    ISBN 074-3283449
    .
  44. ISBN 978-1437904253
    .
  45. ^ Ajay Garg (2010). Angels of the Lost World. New Delhi: Ajay Garg.
Scholarly books

See also

External links

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