Ukrainian–Soviet War
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Ukrainian–Soviet War | |||
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Part of the 8 November 1917 – 17 November 1921 (4 years, 1 week and 2 days) | |||
Location | |||
Result |
Bolshevik victory
| ||
Territorial changes |
Partition of Ukraine between the Peace of Riga ) |
Austria-Hungary
(1918)
(1918)
Poland
(1920–21)
Poland
(1918–19)
White movement
(1919–20)
Ukrainian State
(1918)
Various independent rebels[vague]
Austria-Hungary
(1918)
(1918)
Poland
(1920–21)
Semen Karetnyk
Fedir Shchus †
Viktor Bilash
History of Ukraine |
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Ukraine portal |
The Ukrainian–Soviet War[1] (Ukrainian: радянсько-українська війна, romanized: radiansko-ukrainska viina) is the term commonly used in post-Soviet Ukraine for the events taking place between 1917–21, nowadays regarded essentially as a war between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Bolsheviks (Russian SFSR and Ukrainian SSR). The war ensued soon after the October Revolution when Lenin dispatched Antonov's expeditionary group to Ukraine and Southern Russia.
Historiography
In Soviet historiography and terminology, the armed conflict is depicted as part of the greater Russian Civil War: in Ukraine, this war was fought between the national government (led by Symon Petliura) and the Russian Bolshevik government (led by Lenin).
The war may be divided into three phases:
- December 1917 – April 1918: Revolutionary days, attempted Bolshevik coups, invasion of Ukraine by the Red Army formations, signing of protectorate treaty, and liberation from the Bolsheviks.
- December 1918 – December 1919: Civil war in Ukraine, full-scale invasion by the Red Army, West Ukraineto Poland.
- Spring 1920 – Autumn 1921: Polish–Soviet War (Treaty of Warsaw), Russian Civil War (between Bolshevik armies and the Armed Forces of South Russia), Ukrainian guerrilla operations (First and Second Winter Campaigns), government in exile.
Important documents
- Declarations of the Central Council of Ukraine (Universals)
- Ultimatum of Sovnarkom to the Central Council of Ukraine
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk granting status of neutrality to Ukraine as a bufferzone for the Central Powers, as well as military protection, in negotiating peace with the Bolsheviks of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
- Unification Act, unification of the western Ukraine
- Treaty of Warsaw, Polish-Ukrainian anti-Bolshevik pact
- Peace of Riga, partition of Ukraine
Background
After the
In November 1917, the government of Ukraine denounced the Bolsheviks' armed coup against the Provisional Government, known as the
On December 17, 1917, the Russian Bolsheviks planned a rival
The Kievan Bolsheviks who fled to Kharkov joined the regional Congress of Soviets of the
War
December 1917–April 1918
The Bolsheviks, numbering around 30,000 and composed of Russian army regulars stationed at the front, a number of garrisoned units, and Red Guard detachments composed of laborers from Kharkov gubernia and the Donbass, began by advancing from the northeast led by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko and Mikhail Muravyov.[6] The Ukrainian forces at the time of the invasion consisted of about 15,000 made up from volunteer detachments and several battalions of the Free Cossacks and the Sich Riflemen.
The invasion of pro-Soviet forces from Russia was accompanied by uprisings initiated in Ukraine by the local Bolsheviks in the developed cities throughout the territory of
As the Bolsheviks marched towards Kyiv, a small Ukrainian National Republic unit of less than 500 schoolboys (some sources give a figure of 300
On January 29, 1918, the
Once the Bolsheviks took Kyiv, they began an offensive in
Post-Hetmanate intervention
During November 1918, troops from the
The Central Military-
To stop the coming war with the Bolsheviks, the government of
January 1919–June 1919
On January 7, 1919 the Bolsheviks
The Soviet forces were advanced across North-eastern Ukraine and occupied
Then Chekhivsky resigned from office, right after Vynnychenko created in
July 1919–December 1919
The Red Army retaliated against the Ukrainian offensive, recapturing
By October 1919, about 70% of the Directorate's troops and more than 90% of the allied Ukrainian Galician Army fell to typhus.[14]
December 1919–November 1920
From December 6, 1919 to May 6, 1920, the
November 1921
The last action of the UNR against the Soviets was a raid behind the Red Army lines in November 1921 known as the
Two expeditionary forces were established, one from
This was the last operation of the UNR army against the Soviets. The end of the Second Winter Campaign brought the Ukrainian-Soviet war to a definite end,[1] however partisan fighting against the Bolsheviks continued until mid-1922[18] and in response the Red Army terrorized the countryside.[19]
Rebellion states
Local supporters of Ukrainian People's Republic created anti-Russian and anti-Bolshevik rebellion states on occupied territories like Independent Medvyn Republic[20] or Kholodny Yar Republic.[21] They kept fighting with Russians and collaborators until 1923. [22]
Aftermath
The end of the war saw the incorporation of most of the territories of Ukraine into the
For the next few years the Ukrainian nationalists would continue to try to wage a partisan guerrilla war on the Soviets. They were aided by Polish intelligence (see Prometheism); however, they were not successful. The last active Ukrainian movements would be mostly eradicated during the Holodomor.[24] Further, the relative lack of Polish support for the Ukrainian cause would cause a growing resentment on the part of the Ukrainian minority in Poland towards the Polish interwar state.
See also
- Ukraine after the Russian Revolution
- Polish–Soviet War
- Polish–Ukrainian War
- Nestor Makhno
- Ukrainian Death Triangle
- Russo-Ukrainian War
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21 at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ J. Kim Munholland. "Ukraine.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- ISBN 0-8133-3792-5.
- ^ a b c d Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press, 1988.
- ^ Robert Sullivant. Soviet Politics and the Ukraine 1917–1957. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
- ^ a b Nicholas Chirovsky. An introduction to Ukrainian History Volume III 19th and 20th Century Ukraine. New York, Philosophical Library, 1986
- ^ "History of Ukraine" (in Ukrainian). Retrieved September 12, 2006.
- ^ Палач Петлюра — предтеча нынешних властей. Rabochaya Gazeta (in Russian). Retrieved 27 January 2012.
- ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
- ^ Дмитрий Аггеевич Чугаев. "Коммунистическая партия: организатор Союза Советских Социалистических Республик". Мысль. 1972. p.176
- ^ (in Ukrainian) 100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated, Ukrayinska Pravda (18 April 2018)
- ^ "А. Скромницкий. Связи Украинской Народной Республики (УНР) и Советской России (November 1918 — April 1919 год)" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.
- ^ ISBN 0-8020-0830-5
- ISBN 978-0-8157-2744-6.
- ISBN 0-7126-0694-7. (First edition: New York, St. Martin's Press, inc., 1972.)
- ^ Mykhailo Hrushevsky, edited by O. J. Frederiksen. A History of Ukraine. New Haven: Yale University Press: 1941.
- ^ Winter Campaigns at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ Partisan movement in Ukraine, 1918–22 at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- WED Allen. The Ukraine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941.
- ^ "Медвинська республіка: спротив російсько-більшовицьким окупантам". www.ukrinform.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ Коваль, Роман. "Начерк до історії Холодноярської організації 1917-1922 років". Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- Espresso TV(9 February 2020)
- ^ Ukrainian National Republic at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- ^ Timothy Snyder, Covert Polish Missions across the Soviet Ukrainian Border, 1928–1933, p. 71-78, in Cofini, Silvia Salvatici (a cura di), Rubbettino, 2005. Full text in PDF Archived 2008-02-27 at the Wayback Machine