PowerShell
Developer Microsoft | | |
First appeared | November 14, 2006 | |
---|---|---|
Stable release | 7.4.1
/ January 11, 2024[1] | |
dynamic | ||
Implementation language | C# | |
Platform | PowerShell: .NET Windows PowerShell: .NET Framework | |
OS |
| |
License | MIT License[2] (but the Windows component remains proprietary) | |
Filename extensions |
| |
Website | microsoft | |
Influenced by | ||
Chef, Puppet |
PowerShell is a task automation and
PowerShell is bundled with all currently supported
In PowerShell, administrative tasks are generally performed via cmdlets (pronounced command-lets), which are specialized .NET
PowerShell's support for
PowerShell includes its own extensive, console-based help (similar to man pages in Unix shells) accessible via the Get-Help
cmdlet. Updated local help contents can be retrieved from the Internet via the Update-Help
cmdlet. Alternatively, help from the web can be acquired on a case-by-case basis via the -online
switch to Get-Help
.
Background
The
Microsoft attempted to address some of these shortcomings by introducing the
Kermit
By the late 1990s,
Monad
By 2002, Microsoft had started to develop a new approach to command-line management, including a CLI called Monad (also known as Microsoft Shell or MSH). The ideas behind it were published in August 2002 in a white paper called the "Monad Manifesto" by its chief architect,
Monad was to be a new extensible CLI with a fresh design capable of automating a range of core administrative tasks. Microsoft first demonstrated Monad publicly at the Professional Development Conference in Los Angeles in October 2003. A few months later, they opened up private beta, which eventually led to a public beta. Microsoft published the first Monad public
PowerShell
On April 25, 2006, not long after the initial Monad announcement, Microsoft announced that Monad had been renamed Windows PowerShell, positioning it as a significant part of its management technology offerings.[15] Release Candidate (RC) 1 of PowerShell was released at the same time. A significant aspect of both the name change and the RC was that this was now a component of Windows, rather than a mere add-on.
Release Candidate 2 of PowerShell version 1 was released on September 26, 2006, with final
PowerShell v2.0 was completed and released to manufacturing in August 2009, as an integral part of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Versions of PowerShell for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 were released in October 2009 and are available for download for both 32-bit and 64-bit platforms.[17] In an October 2009 issue of TechNet Magazine, Microsoft called proficiency with PowerShell "the single most important skill a Windows administrator will need in the coming years".[18]
Windows 10 shipped with Pester, a script validation suite for PowerShell.[19]
On August 18, 2016, Microsoft announced
Design
A key design tactic for PowerShell was to leverage the large number of APIs that already existed in Windows, Windows Management Instrumentation, .NET Framework, and other software. PowerShell cmdlets "wrap around" existing functionality. The intent with this tactic is to provide an administrator-friendly, more-consistent interface between administrators and a wide range of underlying functionality. With PowerShell, an administrator doesn't need to know .NET, WMI, or low-level API coding, and can instead focus on using the cmdlets exposed by PowerShell. In this regard, PowerShell creates little new functionality, instead focusing on making existing functionality more accessible to a particular audience.[25]
Grammar
PowerShell's developers based the core grammar of the tool on that of the POSIX 1003.2 KornShell.[26]
However, PowerShell's language was also influenced by PHP, Perl, and many other existing languages.[27]
Named Commands
Windows PowerShell can execute four kinds of named commands:[28]
- cmdlets (.NET Framework programs designed to interact with PowerShell)
- PowerShell scripts (files suffixed by
.ps1
) - PowerShell functions
- Standalone executable programs
If a command is a standalone executable program, PowerShell launches it in a separate
Extended Type System
The PowerShell Extended Type System (ETS) is based on the .NET type system, but with extended semantics (for example, propertySets and third-party extensibility). For example, it enables the creation of different views of objects by exposing only a subset of the data fields, properties, and methods, as well as specifying custom formatting and sorting behavior. These views are mapped to the original object using XML-based configuration files.[30]
Cmdlets
Cmdlets are specialized commands in the PowerShell environment that implement specific functions. These are the native commands in the PowerShell stack. Cmdlets follow a Verb-Noun naming pattern, such as Get-ChildItem, which makes it self-documenting code.[31] Cmdlets output their results as objects and can also receive objects as input, making them suitable for use as recipients in a pipeline. If a cmdlet outputs multiple objects, each object in the collection is passed down through the entire pipeline before the next object is processed.[31]
Cmdlets are specialized .NET
Cmdlet
or from PSCmdlet
, the latter being used when the cmdlet needs to interact with the PowerShell runtime.[31] These base classes specify certain methods – BeginProcessing()
, ProcessRecord()
and EndProcessing()
– which the cmdlet's implementation overrides to provide the functionality. Whenever a cmdlet runs, PowerShell invokes these methods in sequence, with ProcessRecord()
being called if it receives pipeline input.[32] If a collection of objects is piped, the method is invoked for each object in the collection. The class implementing the cmdlet must have one .NET attribute – CmdletAttribute
– which specifies the verb and the noun that make up the name of the cmdlet. Common verbs are provided as an enum.[33][34]If a cmdlet receives either pipeline input or command-line parameter input, there must be a corresponding property in the class, with a mutator implementation. PowerShell invokes the mutator with the parameter value or pipeline input, which is saved by the mutator implementation in class variables. These values are then referred to by the methods which implement the functionality. Properties that map to command-line parameters are marked by ParameterAttribute
[35] and are set before the call to BeginProcessing()
. Those which map to pipeline input are also flanked by ParameterAttribute
, but with the ValueFromPipeline
attribute parameter set.[36]
The implementation of these cmdlet classes can refer to any .NET API and may be in any .NET language. In addition, PowerShell makes certain APIs available, such as WriteObject()
, which is used to access PowerShell-specific functionality, such as writing resultant objects to the pipeline. Cmdlets can use .NET data access APIs directly or use the PowerShell infrastructure of PowerShell Providers, which make data stores addressable using unique paths. Data stores are exposed using drive letters, and hierarchies within them, addressed as directories. Windows PowerShell ships with providers for the file system, registry, the certificate store, as well as the namespaces for command aliases, variables, and functions.[37] Windows PowerShell also includes various cmdlets for managing various Windows systems, including the file system, or using Windows Management Instrumentation to control Windows components. Other applications can register cmdlets with PowerShell, thus allowing it to manage them, and, if they enclose any datastore (such as a database), they can add specific providers as well.[citation needed]
The number of cmdlets included in the base PowerShell install has generally increased with each version:
Version | Cmdlets | Ref |
---|---|---|
Windows PowerShell 1.0 | 129 |
[38] |
Windows PowerShell 2.0 | 632 |
[39] |
Windows PowerShell 3.0 | about 1,000 |
[40] |
Windows PowerShell 4.0 | ? | |
Windows PowerShell 5.0 | about 1,300 |
[41] |
Windows PowerShell 5.1 | 1,586 |
[citation needed] |
PowerShell Core 6.0 | ? | |
PowerShell Core 6.1 | ? | |
PowerShell Core 6.2 | ? | |
PowerShell 7.0 | 1,507 |
[citation needed] |
PowerShell 7.1 | ? | |
PowerShell 7.2 | ? | |
PowerShell 7.4 | 1,656 |
Cmdlets can be added into the shell through snap-ins (deprecated in v2) and modules; users are not limited to the cmdlets included in the base PowerShell installation.
Pipeline
PowerShell implements the concept of a Out-Default
cmdlet, which transforms the objects into a stream of format objects and then renders those to the screen.[45][46]
Because all PowerShell objects are .NET objects, they share a .ToString()
method, which retrieves the text representation of the data in an object. In addition, PowerShell allows formatting definitions to be specified, so the text representation of objects can be customized by choosing which data elements to display, and in what manner. However, in order to maintain backward compatibility, if an external executable is used in a pipeline, it receives a text stream representing the object, instead of directly integrating with the PowerShell type system.[47][48][49]
Scripting
Windows PowerShell includes a
$
. Variables can be assigned any value, including the output of cmdlets. Strings can be enclosed either in single quotes or in double quotes: when using double quotes, variables will be expanded even if they are inside the quotation marks. Enclosing the path to a file in braces preceded by a dollar sign (as in ${C:\foo.txt}
) creates a reference to the contents of the file. If it is used as an L-value, anything assigned to it will be written to the file. When used as an R-value, the contents of the file will be read. If an object is assigned, it is serialized before being stored.[citation neededObject members can be accessed using .
notation, as in C# syntax. PowerShell provides special variables, such as $args
, which is an array of all the command-line arguments passed to a function from the command line, and $_
, which refers to the current object in the pipeline.
Using the function
keyword, PowerShell provides for the creation of functions. A simple function has the following general look:[54]
function name ([Type]$Param1, [Type]$Param2) {
# Instructions
}
However, PowerShell allows for advanced functions that support named parameters, positional parameters, switch parameters and dynamic parameters.[54]
function Verb-Noun {
param (
# Definition of static parameters
)
dynamicparam {
# Definition of dynamic parameters
}
begin {
# Set of instruction to run at the start of the pipeline
}
process {
# Main instruction sets, ran for each item in the pipeline
}
end {
# Set of instruction to run at the end of the pipeline
}
}
The defined function is invoked in either of the following forms:[54]
name value1 value2
Verb-Noun -Param1 value1 -Param2 value2
PowerShell allows any static .NET methods to be called by providing their namespaces enclosed in brackets ([]
), and then using a pair of colons (::
) to indicate the static method.[55] For example:
[Console]::WriteLine("PowerShell")
There are dozens of ways to create objects in PowerShell. Once created, one can access the properties and instance methods of an object using the .
notation.[55]
PowerShell accepts strings, both raw and escaped. A string enclosed between single quotation marks is a raw string while a string enclosed between double quotation marks is an escaped string. PowerShell treats straight and curly quotes as equivalent.[56]
The following list of special characters is supported by PowerShell:[57]
Sequence | Meaning |
---|---|
`0 | Null |
`a | Alert |
`b | Backspace |
`e | Escape (since PowerShell 6) |
`f | Form feed |
`n | Newline |
`r | Carriage return |
`t | Horizontal tab |
`u{x} | Unicode escape sequence (since PowerShell 6) |
`v | Vertical tab |
--% | Treat any character from this point forward literally |
For error handling, PowerShell provides a .NET-based exception-handling mechanism. In case of errors, objects containing information about the error (Exception
object) are thrown, which are caught using the try ... catch
construct (although a trap
construct is supported as well). PowerShell can be configured to silently resume execution, without actually throwing the exception; this can be done either on a single command, a single session or perpetually.[58]
Scripts written using PowerShell can be made to persist across sessions in either a .ps1
file or a .psm1
file (the latter is used to implement a module). Later, either the entire script or individual functions in the script can be used. Scripts and functions operate analogously with cmdlets, in that they can be used as commands in pipelines, and parameters can be bound to them. Pipeline objects can be passed between functions, scripts, and cmdlets seamlessly. To prevent unintentional running of scripts, script execution is disabled by default and must be enabled explicitly.[59] Enabling of scripts can be performed either at system, user or session level. PowerShell scripts can be signed to verify their integrity, and are subject to Code Access Security.[60]
The PowerShell scripting language supports binary prefix notation similar to the scientific notation supported by many programming languages in the C-family.[61]
Hosting
One can also use PowerShell embedded in a management application, which uses the PowerShell runtime to implement the management functionality. For this, PowerShell provides a managed hosting API. Via the APIs, the application can instantiate a runspace (one instantiation of the PowerShell runtime), which runs in the application's process and is exposed as a Runspace
object.[7] The state of the runspace is encased in a SessionState
object. When the runspace is created, the Windows PowerShell runtime initializes the instantiation, including initializing the providers and enumerating the cmdlets, and updates the SessionState
object accordingly. The Runspace then must be opened for either synchronous processing or asynchronous processing. After that it can be used to execute commands.[citation needed]
To execute a command, a pipeline (represented by a Pipeline
object) must be created and associated with the runspace. The pipeline object is then populated with the cmdlets that make up the pipeline. For sequential operations (as in a PowerShell script), a Pipeline object is created for each statement and nested inside another Pipeline object.Invoke()
method to run the commands, or its asynchronous equivalent, InvokeAsync()
. If the pipeline has the Write-Host
cmdlet at the end of the pipeline, it writes the result onto the console screen. If not, the results are handed over to the host, which might either apply further processing or display the output itself.[citation needed
Pipeline
objects and invokes them.[citation neededDesired State Configuration
DSC allows for declaratively specifying how a software environment should be configured.[62]
Upon running a configuration, DSC will ensure that the system gets the state described in the configuration. DSC configurations are idempotent. The Local Configuration Manager (LCM) periodically polls the system using the control flow described by resources (imperative pieces of DSC) to make sure that the state of a configuration is maintained.
Versions
Initially using the code name "Monad", PowerShell was first shown publicly at the Professional Developers Conference in October 2003 in Los Angeles. All major releases are still supported, and each major release has featured backwards compatibility with preceding versions.
Windows PowerShell 1.0
PowerShell 1.0 was released in November 2006 for
.Windows PowerShell 2.0
PowerShell 2.0 is integrated with Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2[64] and is released for Windows XP with Service Pack 3, Windows Server 2003 with Service Pack 2, and Windows Vista with Service Pack 1.[65][66]
PowerShell v2 includes changes to the scripting language and hosting API, in addition to including more than 240 new cmdlets.[67][68]
New features of PowerShell 2.0 include:[69][70][71]
- PowerShell remoting: Using WS-Management, PowerShell 2.0 allows scripts and cmdlets to be invoked on a remote machine or a large set of remote machines.
- Background jobs: Also called a PSJob, it allows a command sequence (script) or pipeline to be invoked asynchronously. Jobs can be run on the local machine or on multiple remote machines. An interactive cmdlet in a PSJob blocks the execution of the job until user input is provided.
- Transactions: Enable cmdlet and developers can perform transactional operations. PowerShell 2.0 includes transaction cmdlets for starting, committing, and rolling back a PSTransaction as well as features to manage and direct the transaction to the participating cmdlet and provider operations. The PowerShell Registry provider supports transactions.
- Advanced functions: These are cmdlets written using the PowerShell scripting language. Initially called "script cmdlets", this feature was later renamed "advanced functions".[72]
- SteppablePipelines: This allows the user to control when the
BeginProcessing()
,ProcessRecord()
andEndProcessing()
functions of a cmdlet are called. - Modules: This allows script developers and administrators to organize and partition PowerShell scripts in self-contained, reusable units. Code from a module executes in its own self-contained context and does not affect the state outside the module. Modules can define a restricted runspace environment by using a script. They have a persistent state as well as public and private members.
- Data language: A domain-specific subset of the PowerShell scripting language that allows data definitions to be decoupled from the scripts and allows localized string resources to be imported into the script at runtime (Script Internationalization).
- Script debugging: It allows breakpoints to be set in a PowerShell script or function. Breakpoints can be set on lines, line & columns, commands and read or write access of variables. It includes a set of cmdlets to control the breakpoints via script.
- Eventing: This feature allows listening, forwarding, and acting on management and system events. Eventing allows PowerShell hosts to be notified about state changes to their managed entities. It also enables PowerShell scripts to subscribe to ObjectEvents, PSEvents, and WmiEvents and process them synchronously and asynchronously.
- Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment (ISE): PowerShell 2.0 includes a GUI-based PowerShell host that provides integrated debugger, syntax highlighting, tab completion and up to 8 PowerShell Unicode-enabled consoles (Runspaces) in a tabbed UI, as well as the ability to run only the selected parts in a script.
- Network file transfer: Native support for prioritized, throttled, and asynchronous transfer of files between machines using the Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS).[73]
- New cmdlets: Including
Out-GridView
, which displays tabular data in the WPF GridView object, on systems that allow it, and if ISE is installed and enabled. - New operators:
-Split
,-Join
, and Splatting (@
) operators. - Exception handling with Try-Catch-Finally: Unlike other .NET languages, this allows multiple exception types for a single catch block.
- Nestable Here-Strings: PowerShell Here-Strings have been improved and can now nest.[74]
- Block comments: PowerShell 2.0 supports block comments using
<#
and#>
as delimiters.[75] - New APIs: The new APIs range from handing more control over the PowerShell parser and runtime to the host, to creating and managing collection of Runspaces (
RunspacePools
) as well as the ability to create Restricted Runspaces which only allow a configured subset of PowerShell to be invoked. The new APIs also support participation in a transaction managed by PowerShell
Windows PowerShell 3.0
PowerShell 3.0 is integrated with Windows 8 and with Windows Server 2012. Microsoft has also made PowerShell 3.0 available for Windows 7 with Service Pack 1, for Windows Server 2008 with Service Pack 1, and for Windows Server 2008 R2 with Service Pack 1.[76][77]
PowerShell 3.0 is part of a larger package, Windows Management Framework 3.0 (WMF3), which also contains the
New features in PowerShell 3.0 include:[77][81]: 33–34
- Scheduled jobs: Jobs can be scheduled to run on a preset time and date using the Windows Task Scheduler infrastructure.
- Session connectivity: Sessions can be disconnected and reconnected. Remote sessions have become more tolerant of temporary network failures.
- Improved code writing: Code completion (IntelliSense) and snippets are added. PowerShell ISE allows users to use dialog boxes to fill in parameters for PowerShell cmdlets.
- Delegation support: Administrative tasks can be delegated to users who do not have permissions for that type of task, without granting them perpetual additional permissions.
- Help update: Help documentations can be updated via Update-Help command.
- Automatic module detection: Modules are loaded implicitly whenever a command from that module is invoked. Code completion works for unloaded modules as well.
- New commands: Dozens of new modules were added, including functionality to manage disks
get-WmiObject win32_logicaldisk
, volumes, firewalls, network connections, and printers, which had previously been performed via WMI.[further explanation needed]
Windows PowerShell 4.0
PowerShell 4.0 is integrated with
New features in PowerShell 4.0 include:
- Desired State Configuration:DMTF management standards and WS-ManagementProtocol
- New default execution policy: On Windows Servers, the default execution policy is now
RemoteSigned
. - Save-Help: Help can now be saved for modules that are installed on remote computers.
- Enhanced debugging: The debugger now supports debugging workflows, remote script execution and preserving debugging sessions across PowerShell session reconnections.
- -PipelineVariable switch: A new ubiquitous parameter to expose the current pipeline object as a variable for programming purposes
- Network diagnostics to manage physical and Hyper-V's virtualized network switches
- Where and ForEach method syntax provides an alternate method of filtering and iterating over objects.
Windows PowerShell 5.0
Windows Management Framework (WMF) 5.0 RTM which includes PowerShell 5.0 was re-released to web on February 24, 2016, following an initial release with a severe bug.[86]
Key features included:
- The new
class
keyword that creates classes for object-oriented programming - The new
enum
keyword that creates enums OneGet
cmdlets to support thepackage manager[87]- Extending support for switch management to layer 2 network switches.[88]
- Debugging for PowerShell background jobs and instances of PowerShell hosted in other processes (each of which is called a "runspace")
- Desired State Configuration (DSC) Local Configuration Manager (LCM) version 2.0
- DSC partial configurations
- DSC Local Configuration Manager meta-configurations
- Authoring of DSC resources using PowerShell classes
Windows PowerShell 5.1
It was released along with the
PowerShell 5.1 is the first version to come in two editions of "Desktop" and "Core". The "Desktop" edition is the continuation of the traditional Windows PowerShell that runs on the .NET Framework stack. The "Core" edition runs on .NET Core and is bundled with Windows Server 2016 Nano Server. In exchange for smaller footprint, the latter lacks some features such as the cmdlets to manage clipboard or join a computer to a domain, WMI version 1 cmdlets, Event Log cmdlets and profiles.[24] This was the final version of PowerShell made exclusively for Windows.
PowerShell Core 6
PowerShell Core 6.0 was first announced on August 18, 2016, when Microsoft unveiled PowerShell Core and its decision to make the product
The most significant change in this version of PowerShell is the expansion to the other platforms. For Windows administrators, this version of PowerShell did not include any major new features. In an interview with the community on January 11, 2018, the PowerShell team was asked to list the top 10 most exciting things that would happen for a Windows IT professional who would migrate from Windows PowerShell 5.1 to PowerShell Core 6.0; in response, Angel Calvo of Microsoft could only name two: cross-platform and open-source.[96] PowerShell 6 changed to UTF-8 as default encoding, with some exceptions.[97] (PowerShell 7.4 changes more to UTF-8)[98]
6.1
According to Microsoft, one of the new features of PowerShell 6.1 is "Compatibility with 1900+ existing cmdlets in Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019."[99] Still, no details of these cmdlets can be found in the full version of the change log.[100] Microsoft later professes that this number was insufficient as PowerShell Core failed to replace Windows PowerShell 5.1 and gain traction on Windows.[101] It was, however, popular on Linux.[101]
6.2
PowerShell Core 6.2 is focused primarily on performance improvements, bug fixes, and smaller cmdlet and language enhancements that improved developer productivity.[102]
PowerShell 7
PowerShell 7 is the replacement for PowerShell Core 6.x products as well as Windows PowerShell 5.1, which is the last supported Windows PowerShell version.[103][101] The focus in development was to make PowerShell 7 a viable replacement for Windows PowerShell 5.1, i.e. to have near parity with Windows PowerShell in terms of compatibility with modules that ship with Windows.[104]
New features in PowerShell 7 include:[105]
- The
-Parallel
switch for theForEach-Object
cmdlet to help handle parallel processing - Near parity with Windows PowerShell in terms of compatibility with built-in Windows modules
- A new error view
- The
Get-Error
cmdlet - Pipeline chaining operators (
&&
and||
) that allow conditional execution of the next cmdlet in the pipeline - The ?: operator for ternary operation
- The
??
operator for null coalescing - The
??=
operator for null coalescing assignment - Cross-platform
Invoke-DscResource
(experimental) - Return of the
Out-GridView
cmdlet - Return of the
-ShowWindow
switch for theGet-Help
PowerShell 7.2
PowerShell 7.2 is the next long-term support version of PowerShell, after version 7.0. It uses
PowerShell 7.3
This version includes some general Cmdlet updates and fixes, testing for framework dependent package in release pipeline as well as build and packaging improvements.[107]
PowerShell 7.4
PowerShell 7.4 is based on
Previously UTF-8 was default for other, but not all, things.Comparison of cmdlets with similar commands
The following table contains a selection of the cmdlets that ship with PowerShell, noting similar commands in other well-known command-line interpreters. Many of these similar commands come out-of-the-box defined as aliases within PowerShell, making it easy for people familiar with other common shells to start working.
PowerShell (Cmdlet) | PowerShell (Alias) | Windows Command Prompt
|
Unix shell | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Get-ChildItem | gci, dir, ls[a] | dir | ls | Lists all files and folders in the current or given folder |
Test-Connection[b] | ping | ping | ping | Sends ICMP echo requests to the specified machine from the current machine, or instructs another machine to do so
|
Get-Content | gc, type, cat | type | cat | Gets the content of a file |
Get-Command | gcm | where
|
type, which, compgen | Lists available commands and gets command path |
Get-Help | help, man[a] | help | man
|
Prints a command's documentation on the console |
Clear-Host | cls, clear | cls
|
clear | Clears the screen[c] |
Copy-Item | cpi, copy, cp | xcopy, robocopy
|
cp | Copies files and folders to another location |
Move-Item | mi, move, mv | move | mv | Moves files and folders to a new location |
Remove-Item | ri, del, erase, rmdir, rd, rm | del, erase, rmdir, rd | rm, rmdir | Deletes files or folders |
Rename-Item | rni, ren, mv | ren, rename | mv | Renames a single file, folder, hard link or symbolic link |
Get-Location | gl, cd, pwd | cd | pwd | Displays the working path (current folder) |
Pop-Location | popd | popd | popd | Changes the working path to the location most recently pushed onto the stack |
Push-Location | pushd | pushd | pushd | Stores the working path onto the stack |
Set-Location | sl, cd, chdir | cd, chdir | cd | Changes the working path |
Tee-Object | tee | — | tee | Pipes input to a file or variable, passing the input along the pipeline |
Write-Output | echo, write | echo | echo | Prints strings or other objects to the standard output
|
Get-Process | gps, ps | tlist,[d] tasklist[e] | ps | Lists all running processes |
Stop-Process | spps, kill | taskkill[e]
|
kill[f] | Stops a running process |
Select-String | sls | findstr
|
grep | Prints lines matching a pattern |
Set-Variable | sv, set | set | env, export, set, setenv | Creates or alters the contents of an environment variable |
Invoke-WebRequest | iwr, |
curl[110] | wget, curl | Gets contents from a web page on the Internet |
Notes
- ^ a b
ls
andman
aliases are absent in the Linux version of PowerShell Core. - object that can be programmatically inspected.[109]
- ^ Clear-Host is implemented as a predefined PowerShell function.
- ^ Windows NT 4, Windows 98 Resource Kit, Windows 2000 Support Tools
- ^ a b Introduced in Windows XP Professional Edition
- signal, the "Terminate" signal is merely the default
- ^
curl
andwget
aliases are absent from PowerShell Core, so as to not interfere with invoking similarly named native commands.
Filename extensions
Extension | Description |
---|---|
.ps1 | Script file[111] |
.psd1 | Module's manifest file; usually comes with a script module or binary module[112] |
.psm1 | Script module file[113] |
.dll | DLL-compliant[a] binary module file[114] |
.ps1xml | Format and type definitions file[49][115] |
.xml | XML-compliant[b] serialized data file[116] |
.psc1 | Console file[117] |
.pssc | Session configuration file[118] |
.psrc | Role Capability file[119] |
- ^ Dynamic-link library (DLL) is not a PowerShell-only format. It is a generic format for storing compiled .NET assembly's code.
- ^ XML is not a PowerShell-only format. It is a popular information interchange format.
Application support
Application | Version | Cmdlets | Provider | Management GUI |
---|---|---|---|---|
Exchange Server | 2007 | 402 | Yes | Yes |
Windows Server | 2008 | Yes | Yes | No |
Microsoft SQL Server | 2008 | Yes | Yes | No |
Microsoft SharePoint | 2010 | Yes | Yes | No |
System Center Configuration Manager
|
2012 R2 | 400+ | Yes | No |
System Center Operations Manager | 2007 | 74 | Yes | No |
System Center Virtual Machine Manager | 2007 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
System Center Data Protection Manager | 2007 | Yes | No | No |
Windows Compute Cluster Server
|
2007 | Yes | Yes | No |
Microsoft Transporter Suite for Lotus Domino[120]
|
08.02.0012 | 47 | No | No |
Microsoft PowerTools for Open XML[121] | 1.0 | 33 | No | No |
IBM WebSphere MQ[122]
|
6.0.2.2 | 44 | No | No |
IoT Core Add-ons[123]
|
74 | Unknown | Unknown | |
Quest Management Shell for Active Directory[124] | 1.7 | 95 | No | No |
Special Operations Software Specops Command[125] | 1.0 | Yes | No | Yes |
VMware vSphere PowerCLI[126] | 6.5 R1 | 500+ | Yes | Yes |
Internet Information Services[127] | 7.0 | 54 | Yes | No |
Windows 7 Troubleshooting Center[128] | 6.1 | Yes | No | Yes |
Microsoft Deployment Toolkit[129] | 2010 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
NetApp PowerShell Toolkit[130][131] | 4.2 | 2000+ | Yes | Yes |
JAMS Scheduler – Job Access & Management System[132] | 5.0 | 52 | Yes | Yes |
UIAutomation[133] | 0.8 | 432 | No | No |
Dell Equallogic[134] | 3.5 | 55 | No | No |
LOGINventory[135] | 5.8 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
SePSX[136] | 0.4.1 | 39 | No | No |
Alternative implementation
A project named Pash, a
See also
- Common Information Model (computing)
- Comparison of command shells
- Comparison of programming languages
- Web-Based Enterprise Management
- Windows Script Host
- Windows Terminal
References
- GitHub.com.
- GitHub.com.
- ^ Snover, Jeffrey (May 25, 2008). "PowerShell and WPF: WTF". Windows PowerShell Blog. Microsoft.
- ^ a b c d Bright, Peter (August 18, 2016). "PowerShell is Microsoft's latest open source release, coming to Linux, OS X". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ^ "Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14971 for PC".
- ^ "PowerShell is replacing Command Prompt".
- ^ a b c d e "powershell". Retrieved March 13, 2023.
- MSDN Magazine. Microsoft. Archived from the originalon October 6, 2008.
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Further reading
- Finke, Douglas (2012). Windows PowerShell for Developers. ISBN 978-1-4493-2270-0.
- Holmes, Lee (2006). Windows PowerShell Quick Reference. ISBN 0-596-52813-2.
- Holmes, Lee (2007). Windows PowerShell Cookbook. ISBN 978-0-596-52849-2.
- Jones, Don; Hicks, Jeffery (2010). Windows PowerShell 2.0: TFM (3rd ed.). Sapien Technologies. ISBN 978-0-9821314-2-8.
- Jones, Don (2020). Shell of an Idea: The Untold History of PowerShell. Self-published. ISBN 978-1-9536450-3-6.
- Kopczynski, Tyson; Handley, Pete; Shaw, Marco (2009). Windows PowerShell Unleashed (2nd ed.). ISBN 978-0-672-32988-3.
- Kumaravel, Arul; White, Jon; Naixin Li, Michael; Happell, Scott; Xie, Guohui; Vutukuri, Krishna C. (2008). Professional Windows PowerShell Programming: Snapins, Cmdlets, Hosts and Providers. ISBN 978-0-470-17393-0.
- Oakley, Andy (2005). Monad (AKA PowerShell). ISBN 0-596-10009-4.
- Watt, Andrew (2007). Professional Windows PowerShell. ISBN 978-0-471-94693-9.
- Wilson, Ed (2013). Windows PowerShell 3.0 Step by Step. ISBN 978-0-7356-6339-8.
- Wilson, Ed (2014). Windows PowerShell Best Practices. ISBN 978-0-7356-6649-8.