Microsoft and open source

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F# Software Foundation
.NET Foundation
Xamarin
GitHub

embedded, and mobile computing—technologies powered by open source advances—CEO Satya Nadella led Microsoft towards open source adoption although Microsoft's traditional Windows business continued to grow throughout this period generating revenues of 26.8 billion in the third quarter of 2018, while Microsoft's Azure cloud revenues nearly doubled.[1]

Microsoft open sourced some of its code, including the .NET Framework, and made investments in Linux development, server technology, and organizations, including the Linux Foundation and Open Source Initiative. Linux-based operating systems power the company's Azure cloud services. Microsoft acquired GitHub, the largest host for open source project infrastructure, in 2018. Microsoft is among the site's most active contributors. While this acquisition led a few projects to migrate away from GitHub.[2], this proved a short-lived phenomenon as by 2019 there were over 10 million new users of GitHub.[citation needed]

Since 2017, Microsoft is one of the biggest open source contributors in the world,[3] measured by the number of employees actively contributing to open source projects on GitHub, the largest host of source code in the world.[4][5]

History

Initial stance on open source

See also:
Open Letter to Hobbyists
Altair 8K BASIC on paper tape. In 1976, Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates
expressed frustration with most computer hobbyists who were using his company's software without having paid for it.

The paradigm of freely sharing computer

open letter that positioned the hobbyist act of copying software as a form of theft.[7]

Microsoft successfully expanded in personal computer and enterprise server markets through the 1990s, partially on the strength of the company's marketing strategies.

embrace-extend-extinguish", in which Microsoft would adopt standard technology, add proprietary extensions, and upon establishing a customer base, would lock consumers into the proprietary extension to assert a monopoly of the space. The memos also acknowledged open source as a methodology capable of meeting or exceeding proprietary development methodology. Microsoft downplayed these memos as the opinions of an individual employee and not Microsoft's official position.[9]

While many major companies worked with open source software in the 2000s,

sued Lindows, a Linux operating system that could run Microsoft Windows applications, as a trademark violation. The court rejected the claim and after Microsoft purchased its trademark, the software changed its name to Linspire.[11]

In 2002, Microsoft began experimenting with 'shared source', including the Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure, the core of .NET Framework.[16]

Adoption

1990s

In 1998, Microsoft published at least one public beta release of their Services for UNIX (SFU)

GPL. Microsoft fulfilled the obligations imposed by the GPL and other Open Source Software (FLOSS)
licenses by offering the source code of these software components and their licenses for download.

Services for UNIX (SFU)
v1.0 was released in February 1999.

2000s

In April 2004, Windows Installer XML (WiX) was the first Microsoft project to be released under an open-source license,[18] the Common Public License.[19] Initially hosted on SourceForge,[20] it was also the first Microsoft project to be hosted externally.

In June 2004, for the first time Microsoft was represented with a booth at

exposition, held annually in Germany.[21]
LinuxTag claims to be Europe's largest exhibition for open source software.

In August 2004, Microsoft made the complete source code of the

Microsoft Public License.[22]

In September 2004,

FlexWiki, making its source code available on SourceForge.[23]
The engine is open source, also licensed under the Common Public License. FlexWiki was the third Microsoft project to be distributed via SourceForge, after WiX and Windows Template Library.

In 2005, Microsoft released the

Apache License 2.0.[16]

In 2006, Microsoft launched its

Microsoft Public License
.

Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer

In November 2006, Microsoft and Novell announced a broad partnership to make sure Windows interoperates with SUSE Linux. The initial agreement endured until 2012 and included promises not to sue over patents as well as joint development, marketing and support of Windows – Linux interoperability solutions. In addition, Microsoft and Novell agreed to work to ensure documents created in the free OpenOffice.org productivity suite can seamlessly work in Office 2007, and vice versa. Both companies also agreed to develop on translators to improve interoperability between Office Open XML and OpenDocument formats. The company also purchased 70,000 one-year SUSE Linux Enterprise Server maintenance and update subscription coupons from Novell. Microsoft could distribute the coupons to customers as a way to convince them to choose Novell's Linux rather than a competitor's Linux distribution.[27]

Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer acknowledged that more customers are running mixed systems and said about the partnership with Novell:

While we're going to compete, we're going to collaborate in the right way.

— Steve Ballmer, CEO of Microsoft[28]

In June 2007, Tom Hanrahan, former Director of Engineering at the Linux Foundation, became Microsoft's Director of Linux Interoperability.[29][30] The

Microsoft Reciprocal License (MS-RL) in 2007.[16] Microsoft open sourced IronRuby, IronPython, and xUnit.net under MS-PL in 2007.[16]

In 2008, Microsoft joined the

Apache Software Foundation[31] and co-founded the Open Web Foundation with Google, Facebook, Sun, IBM, Apache, and others.[16] Also in 2008, Microsoft began distributing the open source jQuery JavaScript library together with the Visual Studio development environment for use within the ASP.NET AJAX and ASP.NET MVC frameworks.[32][33]

When Microsoft released

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server became the first non-Windows operating system officially supported on Hyper-V. Microsoft and Novell signed an agreement to work on interoperability two years earlier.[34]

Microsoft first began contributing to the

501(c)(6) non-profit corporation founded by Microsoft and led mostly by Microsoft employees and affiliates, was founded in September 2009. Its goal was to "enable the exchange of code and understanding among software companies and open source communities."[35][36] Later in September 2010, the name Outercurve Foundation was adopted.[37]

In November 2009, Microsoft released the source code of the

Apache License 2.0.[38]

Solutions Linux 2010
in Paris

Apache License 2.0 in July 2010.[39]

Microsoft signed the Joomla contributor agreement and started upstreaming improvements in 2010.[16]

2010s

In 2011, Microsoft started contributing code to the Samba project. The same year, Microsoft also ported Node.js to Windows, upstreaming the code under Apache License 2.0.[16] The first version of Python Tools for Visual Studio (PTVS) was released in March 2011. After acquiring Skype in 2011, Microsoft continued maintaining the Skype Linux client.[16] In July 2011, Microsoft was the fifth largest contributor to the Linux 3.0 kernel at 4% of the total changes.[40][41] The company became a partner with LinuxTag for their 2011 event and also sponsored LinuxTag 2012.[42][43]

In 2012, Microsoft began hosting Linux

Reactive extensions, and IL2JS (an IL to JavaScript compiler) were released under Apache License 2.0.[16] The TypeScript programming language was released under Apache License 2.0 in 2012. It was the first Microsoft project hosted on GitHub.[16] In June 2012, Microsoft contributed Open Management Infrastructure to The Open Group with the goal "to remove all obstacles that stand in the way of implementing standards-based management so that every device in the world can be managed in a clear, consistent, coherent way and to nurture [and] spur a rich ecosystem of standards-based management products."[45]

In 2013, Microsoft relicensed the

libgit2, the most widely deployed version of Git. The company is dedicating engineering hours to help further develop libgit2 and working with GitHub and other community programmers who devote time to the software.[46]

Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella in 2014

In 2014,

embedded, and mobile computing
, Microsoft turned to open source to stay apace in these open source dominated fields. Microsoft's adoption of open source included several surprising turns.

Miguel de Icaza, founding member of the Mono, and Xamarin projects and member of the board of directors of the .NET Foundation

In 2014, the company opened the source of its

embedded Linux.[16]

In the beginning of 2015, Microsoft open sourced the Z3 Theorem Prover, a cross-platform satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solver.[47]

Also in 2015, Microsoft co-founded the

Visual Studio 2017.[50]

The same year, Microsoft also open sourced

Internet of Things (IoT) device in the network.[51] Microsoft has been developing AllJoyn support and contributing code upstream since 2014.[16]

Microsoft opened the keynote speech at All Things Open in 2015 by stating that:

Microsoft's approach to open today is: Enable, integrate, release, and contribute.

— Mark Russinovich, CTO of Microsoft Azure[52]

In August 2015, Microsoft released

MIT License.[56]

The ten organizations with the most open-source contributors on GitHub in 2016[57]

In January 2016, Microsoft became Gold Sponsor of SCALE 14x – the fourteenth annual Southern California Linux Expo, a major convention.[58]

When Microsoft acquired Xamarin and LinkedIn in 2016, it relicensed the Mono framework under MIT License and continued maintaining the Kafka stream-processing software platform as open source.[16] Also in 2016, Microsoft introduced the Windows Subsystem for Linux, which lets Linux applications run on the Windows operating system. The company invested in Linux server technology and Linux development to promote cross-platform compatibility and collaboration with open source companies and communities, culminating with Microsoft's platinum sponsorship of the Linux Foundation and seat on its board of directors.[59]

Microsoft released

Apache License 2.0
in March 2016.

In March 2016, Ballmer changed his stance on Linux, saying that he supports his successor Satya Nadella's open source commitments. He maintained that his comments in 2001 were right at the time but that times have changed.[61][62]

Commentators have noted the adoption of open source and the change of strategy at Microsoft:[63]

The company has become an enthusiastic supporter of Linux and of open source and a very active member of many important projects.

— Jim Zemlin, Executive Director of
The Linux Foundation[64]

At

EclipseCon in March 2016, Microsoft announced that the company is joining the Eclipse Foundation as a Solutions Member.[65]

The BitFunnel search engine indexing algorithm and various components of the Microsoft Bing search engine were made open source by Microsoft in 2016.[66][67] vcpkg, a cross-platform open source package manager, was released in September 2016.[68]

Microsoft joined the

MariaDB Foundation in 2017.[16]
The Open Source Initiative, formerly a target of Microsoft, used the occasion of Microsoft's sponsorship as a milestone for open source software's widespread acceptance.

The Debian-based SONiC network operating system was open sourced by Microsoft in 2017.[69]

Also the same year, the Windows development was moved to

Microsoft Store to open source applications and gave the keynote speech at the Open Source Summit North America 2017 in Los Angeles.[16]

In 2018, the Microsoft CTO of Data spoke with ZDNet about the growing importance of open source stating that:

We meet customers where they are, and in particular if you want Linux we'll give you Linux; if you want MySQL, well we'll give you MySQL; you want NoSQL well we'll give you NoSQL -- that means you need to be part of open source; open source by nature is a community thing.

— Raghu Ramakrishnan, Microsoft CTO of Data[74]

Microsoft became Platinum Sponsor and delivered the keynote of the 2018 Southern California Linux Expo – the largest community-run open-source and free software conference in North America.[75][76]

Microsoft developed Linux-based operating systems for use with its Azure cloud services. Azure Cloud Switch supports the Azure infrastructure and is based on open source and proprietary technology, and Azure Sphere powers Internet of things devices. As part of its announcement, Microsoft acknowledged Linux's role in small devices where the full Windows operating system would be unnecessary.[76]

CEO of Microsoft's GitHub subsidiary, the largest host of source code
in the world
LinuxCon 2018 in China.[77] Noorali serves on the Kubernetes Steering Committee.[78]
LinuxCon
2018 in Beijing, China

Also in 2018, Microsoft acquired

GPL license lets Microsoft modify Linux source code for internal use without sharing those changes.[79]

In 2018, Microsoft included OpenSSH, tar, and curl commands in Windows.[80][81] Also, Microsoft released Windows Calculator as open source under MIT License on GitHub.[82]

Since 2018, Microsoft has been a sponsor of the

AdoptOpenJDK project. It is a drop-in replacement for Oracle's Java/JDK.[83]

In April 2018, Microsoft released the Windows 3.x/Windows NT

Power BI.[86] In October 2018, Microsoft joined the Open Invention Network[87] and cross-licensed 60,000 patents with the open source community.[88][89]

In 2019, Microsoft's Windows Subsystem for Linux 2 transitioned from an emulated Linux kernel to a full Linux kernel within a virtual machine, improving processor performance manifold. In-keeping with the GPL open source license, Microsoft will submit its kernel improvements for accommodation into the master, public release.[90]

Also in 2019, Microsoft released

Microsoft C++ Standard Library as open source[16] and transitioned its Edge browser to use the open source Chromium as the basis.[91] The Windows Console infrastructure was open-sourced under the MIT License alongside Windows Terminal.[92]

After publishing

open specification, Microsoft contributed the patents to the Open Invention Network (OIN), and started upstreaming the device driver to the Linux kernel.[16]

At

Quantum Development Kit, including its Q# compilers and simulators.[93]

In December 2019, Microsoft released

Node.js Foundation merged to form OpenJS Foundation, Microsoft contributed the popular cross-platform desktop application development tool Electron to OpenJS Foundation.[95][96]

2020s

research programming language, was open sourced in January 2020.[97][98] Microsoft released DeepSpeed, an open source deep learning optimization library for PyTorch, in February 2020.[99]

In 2020, Microsoft open sourced the

network protocol),[100] Project Petridish, a neural architecture search algorithm for deep learning,[101] and the Fluid Framework for building distributed, real-time collaborative web applications.[102] Microsoft also released the Linux-based Azure Sphere operating system.[16]

In March 2020, Microsoft acquired

CORD-19, a public dataset of academic articles about COVID-19 and research related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[105] The dataset is created through the use of text mining of the current research literature.[106][107]

After exploring different alternative options and talking with various well-known commercial and open source package manager teams including

OneGet package manager-manager, Microsoft decided to develop and release the open source Windows Package Manager in 2020.[108]

Microsoft was one of the silver sponsors for the

X.Org Developer’s Conference 2020 (XDC2020). Microsoft had multiple developers presenting on the opening day.[109]

Microsoft completed the first phase of porting the

Windows 10 on ARM devices in June 2020.[83]

In August 2020, Microsoft became founding member of the

software security.[110][111]

In September 2020, Microsoft released the Surface Duo, an Android-based smartphone with a Linux kernel.[112] The same month, Microsoft released OneFuzz, a self-hosted fuzzing-as-a-service platform that automates the detection of software bugs.[113] It supports Windows and Linux.[114]

Microsoft is a major contributor to the

cloud infrastructure operating system based on Linux and developed by the Linux Systems Group at Microsoft for its edge network services and as part of its Microsoft Azure cloud infrastructure was open sourced in 2020.[116][117]

In February 2021, Microsoft made the source code for its

Windows Subsystem for Linux 2.[123] In the following month, Microsoft launched an open source project to make the Berkeley Packet Filter work on Windows.[124]

At the

Android apps on their Windows desktop.[125]

In August 2021, Microsoft announced that it is expanding its partnership to become a Strategic Member at the Eclipse Foundation.[126]

Microsoft released the source code of 3D Movie Maker under the MIT License in May 2022,[127][128] following a request by the Twitter user Foone a month earlier.[129] Also in May, Microsoft joined the XDP community and released a new open-source Express Data Path interface for Windows.[130][131]

In August 2022, Microsoft open sourced more than 1,500 of its 3D

Figma and GitHub.[132]

Support of open source organizations

Microsoft is either founding member, joining member, contributing member, and/or sponsor of a number of open source related organizations and initiatives. Examples include:

Selected products

3D Movie Maker
source code editor with an open project on Windows 10
DiskSpd
Windows
PowerShell for Linux on Ubuntu
Windows Terminal
Vowpal Wabbit
Windows Package Manager
XML Notepad XML editor

See also

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Further reading

External links

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