Rafflesia
Rafflesia | |
---|---|
Rafflesia arnoldii flowers in Bengkulu, Indonesia | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Malpighiales |
Family: | Rafflesiaceae |
Genus: | Rafflesia R.Br. ex Thomson bis[1]
|
Type species | |
Rafflesia arnoldii R.Br. | |
Species | |
See Classification section |
Rafflesia (
Western Europeans first learned about plants of this genus from French surgeon and naturalist Louis Deschamps when he was in Java between 1791 and 1794; but his notes and illustrations, seized by the British in 1803, were not available to western science until 1861.[5] The first British person to see one was Joseph Arnold in 1818, in the Indonesia rainforest in Bengkulu, Sumatra, after a Malay servant working for him discovered a flower and pointed it out to him.[6] The flower, and the genus, was later named after Stamford Raffles,[7] the leader of the expedition and the founder of the British colony of Singapore.
The following is from Arnold's account of discovering the flower:[6]
Here I rejoice to tell you I happened to meet with what I consider as the greatest prodigy of the vegetable world. I had ventured some way from the party, when one of the Malay servants came running to me ... To tell you the truth, had I been alone, and had there been no witnesses, I should, I think, have been fearful of mentioning the dimensions of this flower, so much does it exceed every flower I have seen or heard of.
Description
The plant has no stems, leaves or roots. It is a
The flowers look and smell like rotting flesh. The foul odour attracts insects such as
Because Amorphophallus has the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, it is sometimes mistakenly credited as having the world's largest flower. Both Rafflesia and Amorphophallus are flowering plants, but they are unrelated to each other. Rafflesia arnoldii has the largest single flower of any flowering plant, at least in terms of weight. Amorphophallus titanum has the largest unbranched inflorescence, while the talipot palm (Corypha umbraculifera) forms the largest branched inflorescence, containing thousands of flowers; the talipot is monocarpic, meaning the individual plants die after flowering.[citation needed]
Rafflesia are also remarkable for showing a large
Names
In
In English Rafflesia is known as the stinking corpse lily.[3] It is also known as "corpse flower", or bunga bankai in Indonesian,[17] a name that more commonly refers to the titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) of the family Araceae.[18][8] The type species arnoldii has been called the "monster flower".[19][9]
Taxonomy
In 1999 the British botanical historian David Mabberley pointed out that the genus Rafflesia was first validated by an anonymous report on the meeting published in the Annals of Philosophy in September 1820 (the name was technically an unpublished nomen nudum until this publication). Mabberley claimed the author was Samuel Frederick Gray.[20] However, as that is nowhere stated in the Annals, per Article 46.8 of the code of ICBN, Mabberley was wrong to formally ascribe the validation to Gray. The validation of the name was thus attributed to one Thomas Thomson, the editor of the Annals in 1820, by the IPNI. Mabberley admitted his error in 2017.[1] This Thomson was not the botanist Thomas Thomson, who was three years old in 1820, but his identically named father, a chemist.[21]
Evolution and phylogeny
Comparison of
To maintain monophyletic families, in 2016 the APG IV system separated the family Peraceae from the Euphorbiaceae.[25] A summary cladogram is shown below,[24] with family placements in the APG IV system.[25]
Euphorbiaceae sensu lato |
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A 2010 molecular phylogenetic study of 18 species of Rafflesia found that they fell into four clear-cut geographically defined groups:[26]
Rafflesia |
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However, the clear monophyly of the four geographical clades does not correspond to any clear difference in appearance. There is no consistency within the clades in the size of flowers, or the presence or absence of white warts; species in different clades resemble one another more than they do some other species within the same clade. Homoplasy – repeatedly gaining or losing traits – seems to be the rule within Rafflesia.[26]
Accepted species
As of October 2020[update], Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:[27]
- Rafflesia arnoldii – Sumatra, Borneo
- Rafflesia aurantia – Philippines (Luzon)
- Rafflesia azlanii – Peninsular Malaysia
- Rafflesia baletei – Philippines (Luzon)
- Rafflesia banaoana Malabrigo – Philippines (Luzon); treated as a synonym of R. leonardi by other sources[28]
- Rafflesia bengkuluensis – Sumatra (Indonesia)
- Indonesian Borneo (northeast Kalimantan)
- Rafflesia camarinensis F.B.Valenz., Jaucian-Adan, Agoo & Madulid – the Philippines
- Rafflesia cantleyi – Peninsular Malaysia
- Rafflesia ciliata Koord. – Indonesian Borneo (northeast Kalimantan)
- Rafflesia consueloae – Philippines (Luzon)
- Rafflesia gadutensis – Sumatra (Indonesia)
- Rafflesia hasseltii – Sumatra
- Rafflesia horsfieldii R.Br. – West Java(Indonesia)
- Rafflesia keithii – Borneo
- Rafflesia kemumu Susatya, Hidayati & Riki – Sumatra (Indonesia)
- Rafflesia kerrii – Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia
- Rafflesia lagascae – Philippines (Luzon)
- Rafflesia lawangensis – Sumatra
- Rafflesia leonardi – Philippines (Luzon)
- Rafflesia lobata – Philippines (Panay)
- Rafflesia manillana – Philippines (Samar)
- Rafflesia meijeri Wiriad. & Sari – North Sumatra, Indonesia
- Rafflesia micropylora – Sumatra
- Rafflesia mira – Philippines (Mindanao)
- Rafflesia mixta – Philippines (Mindanao)
- Rafflesia parvimaculata Sofiyanti, K.Mat-Salleh, Khairil, Zuhailah, Mohd.Ros. & Burs – Peninsular Malaysia
- Rafflesia philippensis – Philippines (Luzon)
- Rafflesia pricei – Borneo
- Rafflesia rochussenii – Java, Sumatra
- Rafflesia schadenbergiana – Philippines (Mindanao)
- Rafflesia sharifah-hapsahiae J.H.Adam, R.Mohamed, Aizat-Juhari & K.L.Wan – Peninsular Malaysia
- Rafflesia speciosa – Philippines (Panay)
- Rafflesia su-meiae M. Wong, Nais & F.Gan – Peninsular Malaysia
- Rafflesia tengku-adlinii – Borneo (Sabah)
- Rafflesia tiomanensis Siti-Munirah, Salamah & Razelan – Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia[29]
- Rafflesia tuan-mudae – Borneo (Sarawak)
- Rafflesia tuanku-halimii J.H.Adam, Aizat-Juhari, Azilah & K.L.Wan – Peninsular Malaysia
- Rafflesia verrucosa – Philippines (Mindanao)
- Rafflesia witkampii Koord. – Indonesian Borneo (East Kalimantan)
- Rafflesia zollingeriana Koord. – East Java (Indonesia)
Other names
- Rafflesia patma – Java; considered a synonym of R. horsfieldii by Plants of the World Online,[27] apparently based on the confused writings of a British historian of botany,[20] although R. horsfieldii, for which no specimens were ever collected, only a drawing made which was lost centuries ago, is not considered a valid taxon by Rafflesia experts.[30]
- Rafflesia titan – A synonym of R. arnoldii; it was in fact validly published earlier, being rushed to publication in Singapore in 1820 by a British botanist who feared that the French, who had actually discovered a species before the British, might deny the glory of the species description to servants of the British Empire.[5] In order to retain the honour of naming the species to the famous British scientist Robert Brown, the historian of botany mentioned above chose to pretend a 1821 pre-print Brown sent to a colleague was a valid 'effective publication',[20] which has been accepted by the relevant British institutions.[27][31]
Loss of the chloroplast genome
Research published in 2014 revealed that one Philippine Rafflesia species from the island of Luzon, R. lagascae (a synonym of R. manillana), may have lost the genome of its chloroplast and it is speculated that the loss happened due to the parasitic lifestyle of the plant.[13]
Distribution
Malay Peninsula
Rafflesia can be found along the area of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand in the Malay Peninsula.[32][33]
Malaysia
In Peninsular Malaysia, the flower can be found in few states such as Kelantan, Pahang, Perak and Terengganu. In Perak, three species of the flower can be found in Royal Belum state park and Gerik forest reserve of which are Rafflesia kerrii, Rafflesia cantleyi and Rafflesia azlanii. Rafflesia azlanii was named after the Sultan of Perak, Sultan Azlan Shah.[32] Meanwhile, two species of the flower hosted by Tetrastigma Planch can be found in three location in Kelantan. The Rafflesia cantleyi species can be found in Ulut Sat and Chabang Tongkat while Rafflesia kerrii can be found in Lojing.[34] Furthermore, two locations in Pahang where this flower can be found are Lembah Benum forest reserve and Lata Jarum.[35][36] For Terengganu, the flower of Rafflesia Cantleyi species can be found in Kuala Berang. A flower has been found in this area hanging on the root of its host three metres above the ground, unlike the common flowers found on the ground roots.[37]
The locations of these flowers are turned into tourist attractions for biodiversity lovers and hikers and helps to generate income for the local people.[34][35][36][37]
Thailand
In Thailand Rafflesia can be observed in Khao Sok National Park where the flowers are numbered and monitored by the park rangers.[33]
Greater Sunda Islands
Species native to Borneo include Rafflesia arnoldii, R. cantleyi, R. hasseltii, R. keithii, R. kerrii, R. pricei, R. tengku-adlinii and R. tuan-mudae. R. arnoldii boasts the world's largest single bloom.[38]
R. keithii is an endemic species in Sabah and the largest among the three species of Rafflesia found in Sabah. The flower size is between 60 cm to 80 cm. Due to its size, the flower is generally found on the forest floor growing on the underground stem or root of Tetrastigma lanceolarium. R. keithii can be mostly found around the area of Poring, Sabah.[39][40]
Mindanao species
The Mindanao species is known as
Ecology
Species of Rafflesia are all thought to be
The gender ratio may be skewed. In R. lobata there are approximately nine male flowers for every female flower.
In Rafflesia arnoldii the flowers are visited by the flies
Uses
In Thailand the buds and flowers of R. kerrii are considered a delicacy. They are also harvested for
These plants also have some economic use in attracting
Research in Malaysia and Indonesia has made it possible to propagate the species for use in horticulture, with the famous
See also
- Amorphophallus titanum, a similar smelling plant, sometimes known as the "corpse flower"
- Parasitic plant
- Carrion flower
References
- ^ a b c "Rafflesia". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ ISBN 9780195885736. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
Rare plants of the area include the Rafflesia, the world's broadest flower which is appropriately named the stinking corpse lily—a parasitic plant with neither stem nor leaves whose three-foot-wide blossom exudes a most disagreeable scent; and the five-foot-tall phallus lily, a plant whose name reflects its structure but[...]
- ^ a b "Rafflesia R.Br. ex Gray". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ ISBN 90-71236-33-1.
- ^ a b c d Keng, Hsuan (1978). Orders and Families of Malayan Seed Plants (revised ed.). Singapore: Singapore University Press (original published by University of Malaya Press 1969). p. 106.
- ^ "Rafflesia". Infopedia. Government of Singapore. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ a b c d Shaw, Jonathan (March–April 2017). "Colossal Blossom: Pursuing the peculiar genetics of a parasitic plant". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
- ^ a b Scottie Andrew. "Scientists just found one of the world's largest flowers blooming in an Indonesian jungle". CNN. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
- ^ Reuell, Peter (November 4, 2014). "Stages of Bloom". Harvard Gazette News. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
- .
- Kew Botanical Gardens. 2011. Archived from the originalon 2014-02-20. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
note: unverified errata info possibly from Mabberley (1985)
- ^ PMID 24458431.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ISBN 9780954682804.
- ^ a b Burkill, Isaac Henry (April 1930). "An Index to the Malay Vernacular Names with comments". The Gardens' Bulletin; Straits Settlements. 3 (6 (part 2)): 300. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ a b c Sir Richard James Wilkinson (primarily based on the works of). "Searching native orthography for "patma", "pakma"". SEAlang Library Malay. SEAlang. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ISBN 9789676530455. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
You could not miss a Rafflesia if you were near one: aptly tagged bunga bankai or 'corpse flower' by the Indonesians, it smells like rotting meat, which serves to attract carrion-scavenging flies and beetles.
- ^ "corpse flower". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
- ISBN 9780195616231. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
[...]have the same structural features of the Monster Flower, Rafflesia arnoldii, but are smaller in size.
- ^ ISSN 2212-1676. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ "Thomson bis". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
- PMID 14715901.
- PMID 15496229.
- ^ S2CID 27620205
- ^
- ^ PMID 20723606.
- ^ a b c "Rafflesia R.Br. ex Gray". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ "Rafflesia leonardi Barcelona & Pelser". Parasitic Plant Connection. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
- ^ Siti-Munirah, Mat Yunoh; Salamah, Ahmad & Razelan, Mohd Shah (March 2021). "Rafflesia tiomanensis (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Malaysia". Malayan Nature Journal. 73 (1): 19–26.
- ISSN 2212-1676. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- ^ "Rafflesia arnoldii". International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ a b "Dua lokasi di Hulu Perak subur Rafflesia". Harian Metro (in Malay). 25 March 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ a b "Where to see Rafflesia in Thailand – the biggest flower in the world". 203 Challenges. 30 January 2019.
- ^ a b "Tiga lokasi bunga Pakma di Kelantan [METROTV]". Harian Metro (in Malay). 3 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ a b "Bunga rafflesia antara 4 produk baharu pelancongan di Lembah Benum". Harian Metro (in Malay). 29 December 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ a b "Tarikan bunga gergasi di Lata Jarum". Harian Metro (in Malay). 16 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ a b "Rafflesia juga ditemui tergantung". Harian Metro (in Malay). 21 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ "Rafflesia Facts - Rafflesia, The World's Largest Bloom". RafflesiaFlower.com. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
- ^ Peters, Robert Francis; Ting, Yap Yih (2016). "Protection of Rafflesia through the Appreciation of the Dusun's Indigenous Knowledge; A Preliminary Case Study at Poring-Sabah" (PDF). Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation. 13: 27–42. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- JSTOR 2388307. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
- ^ Barcelona, J.F., P.B. Pelser, A.M. Tagtag, R.G. Dahonog & A.P. Lilangan. 2008. The rediscovery of Rafflesia schadenbergiana Göpp. ex Hieron. (Rafflesiaceae). Flora Malesiana Bulletin 14: 162-165.
- ^ Madulid, D.A.; Tandang, D.N. & Agoo, E.M.G. (2008). "Rafflesia magnifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ M.E. Manting, R.B. Arbolonio, R.B. Caballero & P.B. Pelser. 2014. Rafflesia mixta (Rafflesiaceae), a new species from Surigao del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines
- ^ Balete, D.S., P.B. Pelser, D.L. Nickrent & J.F. Barcelona. 2010. Rafflesia verrucosa (Rafflesiaceae), a new species of small-flowered Rafflesia from eastern Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 10: 49-57.
- ^ ISBN 978-602-19319-0-5.
- S2CID 214086640. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
- ISSN 2087-0469. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
- ^ . Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ .
- S2CID 242647106. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
- OCLC 50043098.
- ^ Barkman, Todd J. (2000). "Rafflesia". Barkman's homepage. Western Michigan University. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
Further reading
- Sofiyanti, Nery; Yen, Choong (December 2012). "Morphology of Ovule, Seed, and Pollen Grain of Rafflesia R. Br. (Rafflesiaceae)". Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy. 19 (2): 109–117. .
External links
- Media related to Rafflesia at Wikimedia Commons
- Rafflesia flower and threats
- Parasitic Plant Connection: Rafflesia Gallery
- ARKive: images and movies of the rafflesia (Rafflesia spp)