Religious violence in India
Religious violence in India includes acts of violence by followers of one religious group against followers and institutions of another religious group, often in the form of rioting.[1] Religious violence in India has generally involved Hindus and Muslims.[2][3]
Despite the secular and religiously tolerant constitution of India, broad religious representation in various aspects of society including the government, the active role played by autonomous bodies such as National Human Rights Commission of India and National Commission for Minorities, and the ground-level work being done by non-governmental organisations, sporadic and sometimes serious acts of religious violence tend to occur as the root causes of religious violence often run deep in history, religious activities, and politics of India.[4][5][6][7]
Along with domestic organizations, international human rights organisations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch publish reports[8] on acts of religious violence in India. From 2005 to 2009, an average of 130 people died every year from communal violence,[9] or about 0.01 deaths per 100,000 population. The state of Maharashtra reported the highest total number of religious violence related fatalities over that five-year period, while Madhya Pradesh experienced the highest fatality rate per year per 100,000 population between 2005 and 2009.[10] Over 2012, a total of 97 people died across India from various riots related to religious violence.[11]
The US Commission on International Religious Freedom classified India as Tier-2 in persecuting religious minorities, the same as that of Iraq and Egypt. In a 2018 report,
Many historians argue that religious violence in independent India is a legacy of the policy of divide and rule pursued by the British colonial authorities during the era of Britain's control over the Indian subcontinent, in which local administrators pitted Hindus and Muslims against one another, a tactic that eventually culminated in the partition of India.[16]
Ancient India
Ancient text
The
Colonial Era
Goa Inquisition (1560–1774)
The first inquisitors, Aleixo Dias Falcão and Francisco Marques, established themselves in what was formerly the king of Goa's
The adverse effects of the inquisition forced hundreds of Hindus, Muslims and
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In 1813, the East India Company charter was amended to allow for government sponsored missionary activity across
There was a perception that the company was trying to convert Hindus and Muslims to Christianity, which is often cited as one of the causes of the revolt. The revolt is considered by some historians as a semi-national and semi-religious war seeking independence from British rule[32][33] though Saul David questions this interpretation.[34] The revolt started, among the Indian sepoys of British East India Company, when the British introduced new rifle cartridges, rumoured to be greased with pig and cow fat—an abhorrent concept to Muslim and Hindu soldiers, respectively, for religious reasons. 150,000 Indians and 6,000 Britons were killed during the 1857 rebellion.[35][36]
Partition of Bengal (1905)
The British colonial era, since the 18th century, portrayed and treated Hindus and Muslims as two divided groups, both in cultural terms and for the purposes of governance.
Bengal was partitioned by the British colonial government, in 1905, along religious lines—a Muslim majority state of East Bengal and a Hindu majority state of West Bengal.[39] The partition was deeply resented, seen by both groups as evidence of British favoritism to the other side. Waves of religious riots hit Bengal through 1907. The religious violence worsened, and the partition was reversed in 1911.[citation needed] The reversal did little to calm the religious violence in India, and Bengal alone witnessed at least nine violent riots, between Muslims and Hindus, in the 1910s through the 1930s.[38][40]
Malabar rebellion (1921)
Moplah Rebellion was an Anti
According to one view, the reasons for the Moplah rebellion was religious revivalism among the Muslim Moplahs, and hostility towards the landlord Hindu
Partition of British India (1947)
Direct Action Day, which started on 16 August 1946, left approximately 3,000 Hindus dead and 17,000 injured.[45][46]
After the
Although a partition plan was accepted, no large population movements were contemplated. As India and Pakistan become independent, 14.5 million people crossed borders to ensure their safety in an increasingly lawless and communal environment. With British authority gone, the newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border along communal lines. Estimates of the number of deaths range around roughly 500,000, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at one million.[48]
Modern India
Partition of India
Large-scale religious violence and riots have periodically occurred in India since its independence from British colonial rule. The aftermath of the
Gujarat communal riots (1969)
Religious violence broke out between Hindus and Muslims during September–October 1969, in Gujarat.[50] It was the most deadly Hindu-Muslim violence since the 1947 partition of India.[51][52]
The violence included attacks on Muslim chawls by their Dalit neighbours.[52] The violence continued over a week, then the rioting restarted a month later.[53][54] Some 660 people were killed (430 Muslims, 230 Hindus), 1074 people were injured and over 48,000 lost their property.[52][55]
Anti-Sikh riots/massacre (1984)
In the 1970s, Sikhs in Punjab had sought autonomy and complained about domination by the Hindu.[56] Indira Gandhi government arrested thousands of Sikhs for their opposition and demands particularly during Indian Emergency.[56][57] In Indira Gandhi's attempt to "save democracy" through the Emergency, India's constitution was suspended, 140,000 people were arrested without due process, of which 40,000 were Sikhs.[58]
After the Emergency was lifted, during elections, she supported
The assassination provoked mass rioting against Sikh.
The 1984 riots fueled the Sikh insurgency movement. In the peak years of the insurgency, religious violence by separatists, government-sponsored groups, and the paramilitary arms of the government was endemic on all sides.
Religious involvement in North-East India militancy
Religion has begun to play an increasing role in reinforcing ethnic divides among the decades-old militant separatist movements in north-east India.[65][66][67]
The Christian separatist group National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) has proclaimed bans on Hindu worship and has attacked animist Reangs and Hindu Jamatia tribesmen in the state of Tripura. Some resisting tribal leaders have been killed and some tribal women raped.[citation needed]
According to The Government of Tripura, the
Anti-Hindu violence
There have been a number of attacks on Hindu temples and Hindus by Muslim militants and Christian evangelists. Prominent among them are the
In August 2000,
In September 2008,
Lesser incidents of religious violence happen in many towns and villages in India. In October 2005, five people were killed in Mau in Uttar Pradesh during Muslim rioting, which was triggered by the proposed celebration of a Hindu festival.[75]
On 3 and 4 January 2002, eight Hindus were killed in Marad, near Kozhikode due to scuffles between two groups that began after a dispute over drinking water.[76][77] On 2 May 2003, eight
In the
Religious violence has led to the death, injuries and damage to numerous Hindus.[83][84] For example, 254 Hindus were killed in 2002 Gujarat riots out of which half were killed in police firing and rest by rioters.[85][86][87] During 1992 Bombay riots, 275 Hindus died.[88]
In October, 2018, a Christian personal security officer of an additional sessions judge assassinated his 38-year-old wife and his 18-year-old son for not converting to Christianity.[89]
In October 2020, a 20-year old Nikita Tomar was shot by Tausif, a Muslim, for not converting to Islam and marrying to him. Tausif was imprisoned for life.[90]
Some cases of murder because of blasphemy have also taken place. Kamlesh Tiwari was murdered for his allegedly blasphemous comments on Muhammad in October 2019.[91][92] A similar case took place in Gujrat in January 2022 where Kishan Bharvad was murdered for making an allegedly blasphemous social media post on Muhammad on the directive of a Muslim cleric.[93] A Hindu man named Nagaraju was murdered by a Muslim man for marrying a Muslim woman.[94]
- Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
In the
Since March 1990, estimates of between 300,000 and 500,000 pandits have migrated outside Kashmir
Many
Anti-Muslim violence
The history of modern India has many incidents of communal violence. During the 1947 partition there was religious violence between Muslim-Hindu, Muslim-Sikhs and Muslim-Jains on a gigantic scale.[103] Hundreds of religious riots have been recorded since then, in every decade of independent India. In these riots, the victims have included many Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Christians and Buddhists.
On 6 December 1992, members of the
In the aftermath of the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya by Hindu nationalists on 6 December 1992, riots took place between Hindus and Muslims in the city of Mumbai. Four people died in a fire in the Asalpha timber mart at Ghatkopar, five were killed in the burning of Baiganwadi; shacks along the harbour line track between Sewri and Cotton Green stations were gutted; and a couple was pulled out of a rickshaw in Asalpha village and burnt to death.[110] The riots changed the demographics of Mumbai greatly, as Hindus moved to Hindu-majority areas and Muslims moved to Muslim-majority areas.
The Godhra train burning incident in which Hindus were burned alive allegedly by Muslims by closing door of train, led to the 2002 Gujarat riots in which mostly Muslims were killed. According to the death toll given to the parliament on 11 May 2005 by the United Progressive Alliance government, 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed, and another 2,548 injured. 223 people are missing. The report placed the number of riot widows at 919 and 606 children were declared orphaned.[111][112][113] According to hone advocacy group, the death tolls were up to 2000.[114] According to the Congressional Research Service, up to 2000 people were killed in the violence.[115]
Tens of thousands were displaced from their homes because of the violence. According to New York Times reporter Celia Williams Dugger, witnesses were dismayed by the lack of intervention from local police, who often watched the events taking place and took no action against the attacks on Muslims and their property.[116] Sangh leaders[117][118] as well as the Gujarat government[119][120] maintain that the violence was rioting or inter-communal clashes—spontaneous and uncontrollable reaction to the Godhra train burning.
The
The 2020 Delhi riots, which left more than 40 dead and hundreds injured, were triggered by protests against a citizenship law seen by many critics as anti-Muslim and part of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist agenda.[123][124][125]
In recent years, anti-Muslim violence in India has increased seriously due to the Hindutva ideology[126] where citizens with other religious beliefs are tolerated but have second‐class status.[127]
Anti-Christian violence
A 1999 Human Rights Watch report states increasing levels of religious violence on Christians in India, perpetrated by Hindu organizations.[128][129] In 2000, acts of religious violence against Christians included forcible reconversion of converted Christians to Hinduism, distribution of threatening literature and destruction of Christian cemeteries.[128] According to a 2008 report by Hudson Institute, "extremist Hindus have increased their attacks on Christians, until there are now several hundred per year. But this did not make news in the U.S. until a foreigner was attacked."[130] In
Graham Stuart Staines (1941 – 23 January 1999) an
In its annual human rights reports for 1999, the United States Department of State criticised India for "increasing societal violence against Christians."[140] The report listed over 90 incidents of anti-Christian violence, ranging from damage of religious property to violence against Christian pilgrims.[140]
In Madhya Pradesh, unidentified persons set two statues inside St Peter and Paul Church in Jabalpur on fire.[141] In Karnataka, religious violence was targeted against Christians in 2008.[142]
Anti-atheist violence
On 15 March 2007, a bounty of
On 2 July 2011, the house of U. Kalanathan, secretary of the
On 16 February 2015, rationalist
In March 2017, 31-year-old A Farooq, an Indian Muslim youth from Coimbatore who became an atheist, was killed by members of a Muslim radical group.[156][157]
Statistics
Year | Incidents | Deaths | Injured |
---|---|---|---|
2005 | 779 | 124 | 2066 |
2006 | 698 | 133 | 2170 |
2007 | 761 | 99 | 2227 |
2008 | 943 | 167 | 2354 |
2009 | 849 | 125 | 2461 |
2010 | 701 | 116 | 2138 |
2011 | 580 | 91 | 1899 |
2012 | 668 | 94 | 2117 |
2013 | 823 | 133 | 2269 |
2014 | 644 | 95 | 1921 |
2015 | 751 | 97 | 2264 |
2016 | 703 | 86 | 2321 |
2017 | 822 | 111 | 2384 |
From 2005 to 2009, an average of 130 people died every year from communal riots, and 2,200 were injured.[10] In pre-partitioned India, over the 1920–1940 period, numerous communal violence incidents were recorded, an average of 381 people died per year during religious violence, and thousands were injured.[164]
According to PRS India,[10] 24 out of 35 states and union territories of India reported instances of religious riots over the five years from 2005 to 2009. However, most religious riots resulted in property damage but no injuries or fatalities. The highest incidences of communal violence in the five-year period were reported from Maharashtra (700). The other three states with high counts of communal violence over the same five-year period were Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. Together, these four states accounted for 64% of all deaths from communal violence. Adjusted for widely different population per state, the highest rate of communal violence fatalities were reported by Madhya Pradesh, at 0.14 death per 100,000 people over five years, or 0.03 deaths per 100,000 people per year.[10] There was a wide regional variation in rate of death caused by communal violence per 100,000 people. The India-wide average communal violence fatality rate per year was 0.01 person per 100,000 people per year. The world's average annual death rate from intentional violence, in recent years, has been 7.9 per 100,000 people.[165]
For 2012,[11] there were 93 deaths in India from many incidences of communal violence (or 0.007 fatalities per 100,000 people). Of these, 48 were Muslims, 44 Hindus and one police official. The riots also injured 2,067 people, of which 1,010 were Hindus, 787 Muslims, 222 police officials and 48 others. Over 2013, 107 people were killed during religious riots (or 0.008 total fatalities per 100,000 people), of which 66 were Muslims, 41 were Hindus. The various riots in 2013 also injured 1,647 people including 794 Hindus, 703 Muslims and 200 policemen.[11][166]
International human rights reports
The 2007 United States Department of State International Religious Freedom Report noted The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the National Government generally respected this right in practice. However, some state and local governments limited this freedom in practice.[167]
The 2008 Human Rights Watch report notes: India claims an abiding commitment to human rights, but its record is marred by continuing violations by security forces in counterinsurgency operations and by government failure to rigorously implement laws and policies to protect marginalised communities. A vibrant media and civil society continue to press for improvements, but without tangible signs of success in 2007.[8]
The 2007 Amnesty International report listed several issues concern in India and noted Justice and rehabilitation continued to evade most victims of the 2002 Gujarat communal violence.[168]
The 2007 United States Department of State Human Rights Report[169] noted that the government generally respected the rights of its citizens; however, numerous serious problems remained. The report which has received a lot of controversy internationally,[170][171][172][173] as it does not include human rights violations of United States and its allies, has generally been rejected by political parties in India as interference in internal affairs,[174] including in the Lower House of Parliament.[175]
In a 2018 report, United Nations Human Rights office expressed concerns over attacks directed at minorities and Dalits in India. The statement came in an annual report to the United Nations Human Rights Council's March 2018 session where Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein said,
"In India, I am increasingly disturbed by discrimination and violence directed at minorities, including Dalits and other scheduled castes, and religious minorities such as Muslims. In some cases this injustice appears actively endorsed by local or religious officials. I am concerned that criticism of government policies is frequently met by claims that it constitutes sedition or a threat to national security. I am deeply concerned by efforts to limit critical voices through the cancellation or suspension of registration of thousands of NGOs, including groups advocating for human rights and even public health groups."[176]
In film and literature
Religious violence in India have been a topic of various films and novels.
- Firaaq, a film set in the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat riots
- Ismat Chugtai
- Gandhi, a 1982 film which included portrayal of the Direct Action Day and Partition riots
- Tamas, a film on partition based on a book by Bhisham Sahni
- Babri Mosque in Ayodhya[177]
- Gulzarabout Punjab terrorism
- Earth, a 1998 film[178] portraying Partition violence in Lahore
- Fiza, a 2000 film[179] set amidst the Bombay riots
- Hey Ram, a 2002 film[180] with a semi-fictional plot centred around Partition of India and related religious violence
- Mr. and Mrs. Iyer, a 2002 film[181] about the relationship between two lead characters Meenakshi Iyer and Raja amidst Hindu-Muslim riots in India
- 2002 Gujarat violence, banned in India[182]
- Sikhriots
- Black Friday, a Hindi film on the 1993 serial bomb blasts in Mumbai, directed by Anurag Kashyap[183]
- Amu, a film about a girl orphaned during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots
- , we'd still have a mother."
- Train to Pakistan, a novel by Khushwant Singh set during the Partition of India, and a movie by the same name, based on the book
- "Toba Tek Singh", a satirical story by Saadat Hasan Manto set during the Partition of India
- Muzaffarnagar Abhi Baki Hai, a documentary on the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riot[188]
- Punjab 1984, a 2014 Indian Punjabi period drama film based on the 1984–86 Punjab insurgency's impact on social life
- Man with the White Beard, 2018 fiction by Dr Shah Alam Khan set in the backdrop of three major riots of India: the anti Sikh riots of 1984, the anti Muslim riots of Gujarat in 2002 and the anti Christian riots of Kandhamal in 2008[189]
See also
- Caste-related violence in India
- Religious harmony in India
- Communalism (South Asia)
- Hindu–Islamic relations
- Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983
- Islamic terrorism in India during 21st century
- Madhe Sahaba Agitation
- List of massacres in India
- List of riots in India
- List of riots in Mumbai
- Persecution of atheists
- Persecution of Christians
- Persecution of Hindus
- Persecution of Muslims
- Religion in India
- Saffron terror
- Terrorism in India
- Violence against Muslims in India
- 1925 Indian riots
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External links
- Violence against Christians continues
- Next Stop Orissa
- "Religious intolerance in India" (PDF).
- Sangh Parivar makes it a bloodthirsty Sunday for Muslims and Christians
- Vandals in Orissa
- Communal Violence and the Denial of Justice
- Varshney-Wilkinson Dataset on Hindu-Muslim Violence in India, 1950–1995, Version 2
- Religion based violence and communalism, People's Union for Civil Liberties
- Communal History of India, From 1947 to 2013
- Varshney-Wilkinson Dataset on Hindu-Muslim Violence in India, 1950–1995, Version 2 (ICPSR 4342)