Crop wild relative
doi:10.3390/d13100463). . (February 2022) |
A crop wild relative (CWR) is a wild plant closely related to a
Overview
The wild relatives of crop plants constitute an increasingly important resource for improving agricultural production and for maintaining sustainable agro-ecosystems. Their natural selection in the wild accumulates a rich set of useful traits that can be introduced into crop plants by crossing.
CWRs have contributed many useful genes to crop plants, and modern varieties of most major crops now contain genes from their wild relatives.[8] Therefore, CWRs are wild plants related to socio-economically important species including food, fodder and forage crops, medicinal plants, condiments, ornamental, and forestry species, as well as plants used for industrial purposes, such as oils and fibres, and to which they can contribute beneficial traits. A CWR can be defined as "... a wild plant taxon that has an indirect use derived from its relatively close genetic relationship to a crop...”[9]
Conservation of crop wild relatives
CWRs are essential components of natural and agricultural
The natural populations of many CWRs are increasingly at risk. They are threatened by
Conservation strategies for CWRs often consider both
In 2016, 29% of wild relative plant species were completely missing from the world’s genebanks, with a further 24% represented by fewer than 10 samples. Over 70% of all crop wild relative species worldwide were in urgent need of further collecting to improve their representation in genebanks, and over 95% were insufficiently represented with regard to the full range of geographic and ecological variation in their native distributions. While the most critical priorities for further collecting were found in the Mediterranean and Near East, Western and Southern Europe, Southeast and East Asia, and South America, crop wild relatives insufficiently represented in genebanks are distributed across almost all countries worldwide.[14][15]
Examples of wild relatives
Grains
- Oats (Avena sativa) – Avena byzantina
- Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) – Chenopodium berlandieri
- Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) – Eleusine africana[16]
- Barley (Hordeum vulgare) – Hordeum arizonicum and Hordeum spontaneum[17]
- Rice (Oryza sativa) – Oryza rufipogon[18]
- African Rice (Oryza glaberrima) – Oryza barthii
- Pennisetum purpureum[19]
- Rye (Secale cereale subsp. cereale) – Secale cereale subsp. dighoricum
- Sorghum halepense[20]
- Broom millet (Panicum miliaceum) – Panicum fauriei
- Wheat (Triticum aestivum) – Einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum)
- Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) – Zea diploperennis
Vegetables
Note: Many different vegetables share one common ancestor, particularly in the Brassica genus of plants (cruciferous vegetables). Many vegetables are also hybrids of different species, again this is particularly true of Brassicas (see e.g. triangle of U).
- Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) – Asparagus dauricus
- Beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) – Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima
- Sinapis arvensis)
- Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) - Brassica elongata
- Carrot (Daucus carota) – Daucus gracilis[21]
- Garlic (Allium sativum var. sativum) – Allium atroviolaceum
- Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum)
- Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) – Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola)
- Mustard (Brassica juncea subsp. juncea) – Brassica carinata
- Onion (Allium cepa var. cepa) – Allium galanthum
- Rape (Brassica napus var. napus) – Common dogmustard (Erucastrum gallicum)
- Spinach (Spinacea oleracea) – Spinacia turkestanica
- Squash (Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo) – Cucurbita okeechobeensis
- Turnip (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) – Brassica rapa
Fruits
- Almond (Prunus dulcis) – Chinese plum (Prunus salicina and many others)
- Apple (Malus domestica) – mostly Malus sieversii, but with some cultivars perhaps belonging to Malus sylvestris or being a hybrid of the two.
- Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) – Prunus brigantina
- Avocado (Persea americana) – Persea schiedeana
- Banana – Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana and Musa schizocarpa[22]
- Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) – Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterphyllus)
- Cacao (Theobroma cacao) – Theobroma angustifolium
- Cherry (Prunus avium) – Prunus mahaleb
- Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) – Cucumis hystrix
- Eggplant (Solanum melongena) – Thorn apple (Solanum incanum), Solanum insanum[23]
- Hybrids exist also including other Vitisspecies.
- Citrus medica
- Lemon (Citrus limon) – Citrus indica
- Mango (Mangifera indica) – Mangifera altissima
- Citrus aurantiifolia)
- Papaya (Carica papaya) – Jarilla chocola
- Peach (Prunus persica var. persica) – Prunus tomentosa
- Pyrus caucasica
- Pepper (Capsicum annuum) – Capsicum baccatum
- Ananas bracteatus
- Plum (Prunus domesticus subsp. domestica)- Prunus spinosa and Prunus cerasifera
- Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima subsp. maxima) – Cucurbita ecuadorensis
- × ananassa)
- Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) – Solanum chilense
- Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis)
Oilseeds
- Peanut (Arachis hypogaea subsp. hypogaea) – Arachis duranensis
- Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) – Helianthus exilis
- Soya (Glycine max) – Glycine clandestina
- Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) – Carthamus creticus
- Rapeseed (Brassica napus) – Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea
Pulses
- Lentil (Lens culinaris) – Lens ervoides
- Garden Pea (Pisum sativum) – Pisum fulvum
- Butter Bean (Phaseolus lunatus) – Phaseolus augusti
- Garden Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) – Phaseolus coccineus
- Faba Bean (Vicia faba) – Vicia johannis
- Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) – Lathyrus tuberosus[24]
- Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) – Vigna monantha
- Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) – Vigna hosei
- Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) – Cajanus albicans, Cajanus scarabaeoides, Cajanus sericeus, Cajanus acutifolius[25]
- Cicer arietinum) – Cicer reticulatum, Cicer echinospermum[26]
- Vetch (Vicia sativa) – Vicia barbazitae
- Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis var. angularis) – Vigna umbellata
- Black gram bean (Vigna mungo var. mungo) – Vigna grandiflora
- Mung bean (Vigna radiata var. radiata) – Vigna stipulacea
Forages
Tubers
- Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) – Ipomoea triloba, Ipomoea cynanchifolia, Ipomoea leucantha and Ipomoea trifida[28]
- Cassava (Manihot esculenta subsp. esculenta) – Manihot walkerae
- Potato (Solanum tuberosum) – Solanum chacoense
See also
- List of domesticated plants
- Wild type
- Agricultural biodiversity
- Agriculture
- Agronomy
- Gene pool
- Australian Grains Genebank
- Plant genetic resources
References
- ^ Bioversity International, (2006). Crop wild relatives. Bioversity International, Rome.
- ^ FAO, (1998). The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO, Rome
- ^ FAO, (2008). Establishment of a global network for the in situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and needs. FAO, Rome
- ^ a b Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd BV, Kell SP (2008). "Crop wild relatives: establishing the context.". In Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd BV, Kell SP, Iriondo J, Dulloo E, Turok J (eds.). Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. pp. 3–30.
- ^ Vavilov NI (1926). Studies in the origin of cultivated plants. Leningrad: Institute of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding.
- S2CID 36269581.
- S2CID 238580339.
- ISSN 0011-183X.
- S2CID 26885014.
- ^ Hawkes JG, Maxted N, Ford-Lloyd BV (2000). The ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp. 1–250.
- ^ Heywood VH, Dulloo ME (2006). "In Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species – a Critical Global Review of Good Practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 11. IPGRI, Rome".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - S2CID 3064850.
- PMID 9262467.
- ^ .
- S2CID 7174536.
- S2CID 225135026.
- S2CID 225167970.
- S2CID 229546947.
- S2CID 224875047.
- S2CID 225470264.
- ISSN 1435-0653.
- S2CID 225195460.
- S2CID 225378001.
- ISSN 1435-0653.
- ISSN 0006-3207.
- S2CID 233360422.
- ISSN 1435-0653.
- S2CID 224985206.
External links
- Crop Wild Relatives Inventory and Gap Analysis
- European Crop Wild Relative Diversity Assessment and Conservation Forum
- Beyond the Gardens: The Crop Wild Relatives Project (Vimeo Video)
- [1] A short video on emmer wheat.
- Short DIVERSEEDS video on crop wild relatives in the fertile crescent in Israel
- Atlas of Guatemalan Crop Wild Relatives
- Bioversity International - Crop Wild Relatives