Serpukhovian

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Serpukhovian
330.9 ± 0.2 – 323.2 ± 0.4 Ma
Romer's Gap
Subdivision of the Carboniferous according to the ICS, as of 2021.[1]

Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago
EtymologyName formalityFormalUsage informationCelestial body
AgeStratigraphic unitStageTime span formalityFormalLower boundary definitionNot formally definedLower boundary definition candidatesFAD of the conodont Lochriea ziegleri
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s) Upper boundary definitionFAD of the conodont Declinognathodus nodiliferusUpper boundary GSSPArrow Canyon, Nevada, USA
36°44′00″N 114°46′40″W / 36.7333°N 114.7778°W / 36.7333; -114.7778Upper GSSP ratified1996[2]

The Serpukhovian is in the

Chesterian Stage of North American stratigraphy.[4]

Name and definition

The Serpukhovian Stage was proposed in 1890 by Russian stratigrapher Sergei Nikitin and was introduced in the official stratigraphy of European Russia in 1974.[5] It was named after the city of Serpukhov, near Moscow. The ICS later used the upper Russian subdivisions of the Carboniferous in its international geologic time scale.

The base of the Serpukhovian is informally defined by the first appearance of the

Urals of Russia, and the Naqing (Nashui) section in Guizhou, China.[4]

The top of the stage (the base of the

ammonoid genus Homoceras and the ammonoid biozone of Isohomoceras subglobosum.[7]

Subdivision

Biostratigraphy

In Europe, the Serpukhovian Stage includes three conodont biozones: the Gnathodus postbilineatus Zone (youngest), Gnathodus bollandensis Zone, and Lochriea ziegleri Zone (in part, oldest). There are three foraminifera biozones: the Monotaxinoides transitorius Zone (youngest), Eostaffellina protvae Zone, and Neoarchaediscus postrugosus Zone (oldest).

In North America, the stage encompassed four conodont biozones: the Rhachistognathus muricatus Zone (youngest), Adetognathus unicornis Zone, Cavusgnathus naviculus Zone, and Gnathodus bilineatus Zone (in part, oldest).

Regional subdivisions

In the regional stratigraphy of Russia (and Eastern Europe as a whole), the Serpukhovian is subdivided into four substages, from oldest to youngest: the Tarusian, Steshevian, Protvian, and Zapaltyubian. The former three are found in the

Donets Basin and the Urals.[4]

In the regional stratigraphy of the United Kingdom (and Western Europe as a whole), the Serpukhovian corresponds to the lower half of the Namurian regional stage. This portion of the Namurian includes three substages, from oldest to youngest: the Pendleian, Arnsbergian and Chokierian. Only the lowermost Chokierian falls in the Serpukhovian, the upper part of the substage corresponds to the earliest Bashkirian.[8][4]

In North America, the Serpukhovian corresponds to the upper part of the

Chesterian regional stage, while in China the Serpukhovian is roughly equivalent to the Dewuan regional stage.[4]

Serpukhovian extinction

The largest extinction event of the Carboniferous Period occurred in the early Serpukhovian. This extinction came in the form of ecological turnovers, with the demise of diverse Mississippian assemblages of

Ordovician-Silurian extinction, where taxonomic diversity was abruptly devastated but quickly recovered to pre-extinction levels.[11][12][13]

Sepkoski (1996) plotted an extinction rate of around 23-24% for the Serpukhovian as a whole, based on marine genera which persist through multiple stages.[14] Bambach (2006) found an early Serpukhovian extinction rate of 31% among all marine genera.[15] Using an extinction probability procedure generated from the Paleobiology Database, McGhee et al. (2013) estimated an extinction rate as high as 39% for marine genera.[12] On the other hand, Stanley (2016) estimated that the extinction was much smaller, at a loss of only 13-14 % of marine genera.[16]

Relative to other biological crises, the Serpukhovian extinction was much more selective in its effects on different evolutionary faunas. Stanley (2007) estimated that the early Serpukhovian saw the loss of 37.5% of marine genera in the Paleozoic evolutionary fauna. Only 15.4% of marine genera in the modern evolutionary fauna would have been lost along the same time interval.[17] This disconnect, and the severity of the extinction as a whole, is reminiscent of the Late Devonian extinction events. Another similarity is how the Serpukhovian extinction was seemingly driven by low rates of speciation, rather than particularly high rates of extinction.[18][11]

It is disputed whether the aftermath of the extinction saw a relative stagnation of biodiversity or a major increase. Some studies have found that in the following

Carboniferous-Earliest Permian Biodiversification Event (CPBE).[21][22] Foraminifera especially saw extremely rapid diversification.[23] The CPBE's cause may have been the dramatically increased marine provincialism caused by sea level fall during the LPIA combined with the assembly of Pangaea, which limited the spread of taxa from one region of the world ocean to another.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
  2. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i4/003
    .
  3. Cambridge University
    Press.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2
    , retrieved 2021-11-03
  5. ^ Fedorowsky, J.; 2009: Early Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Part 1. Introductory considerations and the genus Rotiphyllum Hudson, 1942, Acta Geologica Polonica 59 (1), pp. 1–37.
  6. ^ Lane, H.R.; Brenckle, P.L.; Baesemann, J.F. & Richards, B.; 1999: The IUGS boundary in the middle of the Carboniferous: Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA, Episodes 22 (4), pp 272–283
  7. ^ Menning, M.; Alekseev, A.S.; Chuvashov, B.I.; Davydov, V.I.; Devuyst, F.-X.; Forke, H.C.; Grunt, T.A.; Hance, L.; Heckel, P.H.; Izokh, N.G.; Jin, Y.-G.; Jones, P.J.; Kotlyar, G.V.; Kozur, H.W.; Nemyrovska, T.I.; Schneider, J.W.; Wang, X.-D.; Weddige, K.; Weyer, D. & Work, D.M.; 2006: Global time scale and regional stratigraphic reference scales of Central and West Europe, East Europe, Tethys, South China, and North America as used in the Devonian–Carboniferous–Permian Correlation Chart 2003 (DCP 2003), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240 (1-2): pp 318–372
  8. ^ Heckel, P.H. & Clayton, G.; 2006: The Carboniferous system, use of the new official names for the subsystems, series and stages, Geologica Acta 4 (3), pp 403–407
  9. S2CID 129588228
    .
  10. S2CID 86045338
    . Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  11. ^
    ISSN 0091-7613. {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help
    )
  12. ^
    ISSN 0031-0182
    .
  13. ISSN 0031-0182
    .
  14. ISBN 978-3-642-79634-0
  15. ISSN 0084-6597
    .
  16. PMID 27698119
    .
  17. S2CID 90130435
    .
  18. ^
    ISSN 0091-7613
    .
  19. ISSN 0091-7613
    .
  20. S2CID 213580499
    .
  21. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103699
    . Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  22. S2CID 210698603
    . Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  23. S2CID 130097035
    . Retrieved 4 September 2022.

Further reading

  • Nikitin, S.N.; 1890: Carboniferous deposits of the Moscow region and artesian waters near Moscow, Trudy Geologicheskogo Komiteta 5(5), pp. 1–182 (in Russian).

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serpukhovian&oldid=1192022257"