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=== Ridda wars ===
=== Ridda wars ===
Dhiraar spent his time during the outbreak of [[Ridda wars]](wars against apostates) as tax collector but later also served as soldier in many of Ridda battles he later rank served as a scout cavalry in Mobile guard Elite unit under the famous general Khalid bin Walid.<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=IR9rNAai2koC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=wadi+ruqqad+azwar&source=bl&ots=fWGemCOnLu&sig=xQrgVin-RDG8yc0wWdj50mfXtEE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vmy6VLTpHYjJuASxl4DIDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=wadi%20ruqqad%20azwar&f=false Yarmuk AD 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria By David Nicolle]</ref> In one points he was sent by Khalid to lead one detachment consisted of [[Banu Tamim]](Tamim tribe) warriors to confront [[Malik ibn Nuwayrah]], chief of Bani Yarbu', one of Banu Tamim sub tribe, regarding the accusation he was involved in apostacy<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&pg=PA149&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AxDaVKeJE8SyuATcz4HoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar%20azwar&f=false The Origins of the Islamic State; Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Bin Jab Al-Baladhuri, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá Balādhurī; ]</ref>
Dhiraar spent his time during the outbreak of [[Ridda wars]](wars against apostates) as tax collector but later also served as soldier in many of Ridda battles he later rank served as a scout cavalry in Mobile guard Elite unit under the famous general Khalid bin Walid. In one points there's apostacy revolt in his clan which led by Tulayha, so he was sent by [[Muhammad]] to quell this rebellion<ref>[http://%5Bhttps://books.google.co.id/books?id=IR9rNAai2koC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=wadi+ruqqad+azwar&source=bl&ots=fWGemCOnLu&sig=xQrgVin-RDG8yc0wWdj50mfXtEE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vmy6VLTpHYjJuASxl4DIDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=wadi%20ruqqad%20azwar&f=false%20Yarmuk%20AD%20636:%20The%20Muslim%20Conquest%20of%20Syria%20%20By%20David%20Nicolle%5D</ref>%20In%20one%20point%20He%20was%20sent%20by%20<ref>https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GQrVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=dhirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v8jpVIeyKsKWuAT8xoHwDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar&f=false Husayn Haekal, Muhammad; Cordova library, 2014; 1 Biografi Abu Bakr Ash-Shiddiq ra.]</ref>
Another particular event involving Dhiraar during this campaign was he was sent by Khalid to lead one detachment consisted of [[Banu Tamim]](Tamim tribe) warriors to confront [[Malik ibn Nuwayrah]], chief of Bani Yarbu', one of Banu Tamim sub tribe, regarding the accusation he was involved in apostacy<ref>[https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DrtLsKXt1osC&pg=PA149&dq=dirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AxDaVKeJE8SyuATcz4HoDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar%20azwar&f=false The Origins of the Islamic State; Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Bin Jab Al-Baladhuri, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá Balādhurī; ]</ref>


=== Battle of Ajnadayn ===
=== Battle of Ajnadayn ===

Revision as of 12:25, 22 February 2015

Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
Rashidun conquest of Levant

Dhiraar bin Al-Azwar bin Malik ibn Aws bin Jadhimah bin Rabia bin Malik bin Sha'labah bin Asad bin Khuzaymah bin Mudrikah bin Ilyas bin Mudar Bin Nizar bin Adnan al-Asadi (

Sahabah
or companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

He is well known as ferocious warrior and successful military figure during

Battle of Yarmouk and Battle of Ajnadayn
.

Life

Born sometime in the seventh century, Dhirrar was son of one of the

Bani Assad tribe chief, Malik bin Aws. his lineage can be traced as the son of Malik son of Aws son of Jadhimah son of Rabia bin Malik bin Sha'labah bin Asad bin Khuzaymah bin Mudrikah bin Ilyas bin Mudar Bin Nizar bin Adnan al-Asadi.[1][2][3] his family was among the first converts to Islam. After the Battle of the Trench along with Tulayha bin Khuwailid was sent as delegation to their kinsmen of Bani Assad ibn Khuzaymah to urge his tribesmen to embrace Islam[4]
to he was also known as al-Azwar.

Ridda wars

Dhiraar spent his time during the outbreak of

Ridda wars(wars against apostates) as tax collector but later also served as soldier in many of Ridda battles he later rank served as a scout cavalry in Mobile guard Elite unit under the famous general Khalid bin Walid. In one points there's apostacy revolt in his clan which led by Tulayha, so he was sent by Muhammad to quell this rebellion[5]%20In%20one%20point%20He%20was%20sent%20by%20[6]

Another particular event involving Dhiraar during this campaign was he was sent by Khalid to lead one detachment consisted of

Malik ibn Nuwayrah, chief of Bani Yarbu', one of Banu Tamim sub tribe, regarding the accusation he was involved in apostacy[7]

Battle of Ajnadayn

The

Sassanian Empire
and reach Syria, which brought him to engage the opposition. During the middle of the battle it is recorded that the impetuous Dhiraar confront Khalid and said:

"Why are we waiting when Allah, the Most High, is on our side? By Allah, our enemies will think that we are afraid of them. Order the attack, and we shall attack with you."[8][Notes 1]

Khalid decided to let individual champions go into combat against Byzantine champions. accordingly the Muslims would have the advantage, and it would be useful to eliminate as many of the Roman officers as possible, as this would in turn reduce the effectiveness of the Roman army. so Khalid finally decided to allow Dhiraar to act according to this plan. at first Dhiraar kept on his coat of mail and helmet Because of the Byzantine archers, and in his hand carried a shield made of elephant hide, which likely had once belonged to a Roman. it was stated by Waqidi gave his personal battle cry when he approaching the Rome:

"I am the death of the Pale Ones
I am the killer of the Romans
I am a scourge sent upon you
I am Dhiraar bin Al Azwar!" [11][Notes 2]

As a few of the Roman champions advanced to answer his challenge, Dhiraar immediately abandon his armor and garment and the Romans knew him at once as the Naked Champion. In the next few minutes, Dhiraar killed several Romans, including two generals, one of whom was the governor of Amman and the other the governor of Tiberius. this progress allow Khalid to seize the advantage Byzantine's rank disorder and morale breakdown after the death of many Rome soldiers or generals in the close combats due to Dhiraar's action.[14]

After the defeat the Byzantine-allied

Amr ibn al-A'as
's forces in a place known traditionally as Adjnadayn.

Battle of Yarmouk

Later in the battle of Yarmouk assigned most of the time as Muslim armies's scout. usually screening the battlefield with small group of horsemen to determine the best way to deal with Byzantine force.

It is recorded by

Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl stood firm with 400 men holding the deserted line and successfully defend the Muslim position until the once fleeting Muslim ranks were back to battlefield and reinforced the position again.[15][16]
The circumstances were more detailed in Tabari chomprehensive record that Ikrimah saying:

"(Would) i fight the messenger of God in every place, yet flee from you today?! who will take an oath(to fight) to the death?!" [17]

Al Harith bin Hisham and Dirrar bin Al-Azwar both swear an oath along with 400 of notable mens and knights(Furusiyya). they fought in the front of Khalid's(command) tent until all of them were disabled by wounds. Many of them died after the clash due to heavy wounds including Ikrimah. although some like Dhiraar was able to recovered.[18]

troop deployment day-5
Deployment of troops on the fifth day. Dhiraar troops was waiting on the far left to ambush routed Byzantine army.

Dhiraar played a prominent role when Khalid assigned him to capture a bridge at Ayn al Dhakar for safe crossing across the deep gorges of the ravines of Wadi-ur-Ruqqad with 500 soldiers at night of the fifth day, then he ordered by Khalid to set an ambush there to eliminate the Byzantine armies who has been routed and using this bridge as a way to withdraw.[19]

In the next day Dhiraar moved with 500 mounted troops around the northern flank of Byzantines and captured the bridge the plan was successful as the Byzantine was retreated onto this path as Khalid's prediction, and the retreating Byzantine army shocked as Dhiraar has been waiting them in Wadi Ul Raqqad bridge . The Byzantines were surrounded from all sides now. Some fell into the deep ravines off the steep slopes, others tried to escape in the waters, only to be smashed on the rocks below and again others were killed in their flight. Nevertheless a large number of the soldiers managed to escape the slaughter

The Muslims took no prisoners in this battle as Byzantine general,

Sassanid Empire
and Dhiraar was counted among them

Later career

During the

Waqidi, who has been criticized by Ahmad ibn Hanbal , al-Shafi’i, Al-Bukhari and others as unreliable[21][22]

Historicity regarding death

The young Sahabi embraced his death in Syria, being victim of the pernicious plague outbreak which broke in Syria and western Iraq which caused by severe drought took the lives of many of the pious Companion including

Hijra which means his death was supposedly in 640 AD[23] He was buried in Syria.[24]

but another account from

Battle of Yamama[25][26]

Also it was reported by Ibn Hajjar Hadith that in one case that Dhiraar murdered

Malik ibn Nuwayrah and committed adultery of female slave taken from the campaign. so Khalid has ordered by Caliph Umar to executed him due this crime. However before Khalid received the order to execute Dhiraar he already passed away[27] although there's some controversy regarding the textual translations if Dhiraar has passed away in that time (regardless the cause) or not,[28] as its recorded by Bayhaqi[29]

so this is different from Al-Waqidi version. on the other side Tabari explained the same circumstances with Waqidi that Dhiraar was appeared at the battle of Yarmouk

Rostam Farrokhzād[31]

However, it is should be noted that Ibn Hajjar surmisses there's two different person of Dhiraar. the first was Dhiraar bin Azwar from Asad tribe but another named Dhiraar bin al-Khattab was also exist, thus chroniclers like Abd al-Barr making some mistakes by identifying those two different persons as the one person. Althought the confusion was evident here the older chroniclers such as Abu Ismail al Azdi and Sayf ibn Umar was conscious the existence of two Dhiraar but they also recorded both Dhiraar al-Azwar and Dhiraar bin al-Khattab was present in the Syrian campaign particularly battle of Yarmouk, Dismissing al-Barr & Waqidi's claim[32]

Legacy

File:Dirar Bin Al-Azwar Mosque.jpg
Dirar Bin Al-Azwar Mosque in Jordan

Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, another prophet's companion and his former superior on the campaign against Byzantine empire, in an area which witnessed the first battles between the Muslims and the Byzantine empire
in the earliest Muslim conquests.

In popular culture

Several 20th century film about Muslim conquests was made which including Dhiraar as one of the cast

Biography

Notes

  1. ^ This dialogue recording was not generally accepted as it was only found in the records of Al-Waqidi who has been criticized by many scholars in terms of Hadith narration field.[9][10]
  2. ^ This dialogue recording was not generally accepted as it was only found in the records of Al-Waqidi who has been criticized by many scholars in terms of Hadith narration field.[12][13]

Primary sources

  • Tarikh al Rusul wal Muluk by
    Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
  • Futuh Al Sham
    Waqidi
  • Ibn Hajar

Citations

  1. ^ Siar Salaf
  2. ^ [1] Ibn Abd al-Barr : 1/224 absorption.
  3. ^ IslamWeb Library of Hadith chain
  4. ^ Abu Khalil, Shawqī (2004). Atlas Al-sīrah Al-Nabawīyah Quoting Ibn Hisham, 4/164; At Tabari, 3/136; 'Uyun al Athr, 2/234; Ar Rawd al Unuf, 4/220; Ibn Khaldun, 2/56; At Tabaqat Al Kubra, 1/357; As Seerah al Halabiyyah, 3/248; Al Kamil fit Tarikh, 2/98. p. 242.
  5. ^ [http://%5Bhttps://books.google.co.id/books?id=IR9rNAai2koC&pg=PA96&lpg=PA96&dq=wadi+ruqqad+azwar&source=bl&ots=fWGemCOnLu&sig=xQrgVin-RDG8yc0wWdj50mfXtEE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vmy6VLTpHYjJuASxl4DIDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=wadi%20ruqqad%20azwar&f=false%20Yarmuk%20AD%20636:%20The%20Muslim%20Conquest%20of%20Syria%20%20By%20David%20Nicolle%5D
  6. ^ https://books.google.co.id/books?id=GQrVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&dq=dhirar+azwar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v8jpVIeyKsKWuAT8xoHwDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=dirar&f=false Husayn Haekal, Muhammad; Cordova library, 2014; 1 Biografi Abu Bakr Ash-Shiddiq ra.]
  7. ^ The Origins of the Islamic State; Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Bin Jab Al-Baladhuri, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá Balādhurī;
  8. ^ Waqidi: p. 36 [1], Ch. 29 in, In Swords of Allah.
  9. ^ http://www.islammemo.cc/zakera/aghalet-tarehkia/2003/01/12/1114.html
  10. ^ http://www.letmeturnthetables.com/2012/01/muhammad-ibn-umar-waqidi-narrator.html
  11. ^ Waqidi: p. 36 [2], Ch. 29 in, In Swords of Allah.
  12. ^ http://www.islammemo.cc/zakera/aghalet-tarehkia/2003/01/12/1114.html
  13. ^ http://www.letmeturnthetables.com/2012/01/muhammad-ibn-umar-waqidi-narrator.html
  14. ^ Book “Sword of Allah” written by Retd. Lt. Gen. A. I. “Sword of Allah” written by Retd. Lt. Gen. A. I. Ikram
  15. ^ Islamic Books by Ibn Taymiyyah Maqdisi and Abdullah Azzam
  16. ^ Ḥayātuṣ-ṣaḥābah: The Lives of the Sahabah, Volume 1; Muḥammad Yūsuf ibn Muḥammad Ilyās Kāndihlawī al-Dihlawī; Published by Darul Ishaat, 1991; Digitalized by University of Virginia, 2008
  17. ^ Waqidi: p. 36 [3], Ch. 29 in The History of al-Tabari Vol. 11: The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H. 12-13.
  18. ^ Waqidi: p. 36 [4], Ch. 29 in The History of al-Tabari Vol. 11: The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H. 12-13.
  19. ^ SWORD OF ALLAH : Khalid Bin Al-Waleed His Life & Campaigns; Lt. Gen. A.I. Akram
  20. ^ Yarmuk AD 636: The Muslim Conquest of Syria By David Nicolle
  21. ^ http://www.islammemo.cc/zakera/aghalet-tarehkia/2003/01/12/1114.html
  22. ^ http://www.letmeturnthetables.com/2012/01/muhammad-ibn-umar-waqidi-narrator.html
  23. ^ http://www.atlastours.net/jordan/jordan_valley.html
  24. ^ Book “Futooh ush Sham” written by Allama Waqidi
  25. ^ [5]
  26. ^ http://islamstory.com/ar/ضرار_بن_الأزور Khuri Hitti, Phillip (2005). The Origins of the Islamic State quoting Ya'kubi vol II page 165,2002. p. 149.
  27. ^ Zawātī, Ḥilmī (2005). Is Jihād a Just War? quoting Abu Bakr Ahmad bin Husayn Al-Bayhaqi , Al Sunan Al Kubra 10 volume(Haydar Abad) Da'irat Al-Ma'rif Al-Uthmaniyya, 2001. p. 44.
  28. ^ http://kingoflinks.net/Mkhalfoon/10Khalid/6Dhrar.htm
  29. ^ {{cite book | last = Zawātī | first = Ḥilmī |title = Is Jihād a Just War? citation of Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn Husayn al-Bayhaqi, al-Sunan Al Kubra
  30. ^ the history of nations and the apostles and kings , Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, c 2, p. 336. رابط الموضوع: http://www.alukah.net/culture/0/54093/#ixzz3RD0InZQZ
  31. ^ The Origins of the Islamic State; Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Bin Jab Al-Baladhuri, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá Balādhurī;
  32. ^ {{cite book | last = Nassau Lees | first = W. |title = The Conquest of Syria commonly ascribed to Muḥammad b. 'Umar al- Wāqidī: Ed. with notes by W. Nassau Lees, Volume 1]
  33. ^ http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com&sl=ar&u=http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25B8%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2581&usg=ALkJrhjSoBHLJ3Iu94R889vW-xgh2IVowg

See also

Template:Sahaba

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