Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar
Diraar bin Al-Azwar | |
---|---|
Nickname(s) | al-Azwar, The Warrior or The Champion |
Born | Mecca Adnanite (tribe) |
Diraar ibn al-Azwar (
Dhiraar was known to his tribe as al-Azwar.Dhiraar was feared by the
Diraar was a member of the elite
Biography
Dhiraar belonged to the
During the initial period of the
Conquest of Iraq
Dhiraar participated in the first Muslim conquest of Persia under Khalid ibn al-Walid, which immediately occurred after Ridda wars.[14] Dhiraar played pivotal role in the battle of Walaja as he was assigned as one of two cavalry commanders that tasked to lead detachments of Rashidun cavalries to struck the advancing Sassanid army from the rear and trap themin double envelopment maneuver strategy designed by Khalid.[15]
-
Khalid led main army to engage and bait the Sassanid while cavalry of Dhiraar and Suwaid ibn Muqrin hiding behind the hill
-
Sassanids launched counter-attack, on Khalid's instructions the Muslim withdrawing their position to lure the Sassanid advance.
-
Dhiraar and Suwaid ibn Muqrin cavalry launching envelopment attack.
-
Muslim cavalry and infantry complete the encirclement of the Persian army.
In the year of 12
Later, Dhiraar were recorded along with Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab, Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha, and Dhiraar ibn al-Muqarrin to be appointed as quarter commanders of Rashidun garrison in al-Sib.[14] Dhiraar and the others mounted raids that penetrated into area that reached the bank of Tigris river.[14]
Conquest of Levant
The
Battle of Ajnadayn
According to George Nafziger, Dhiraar accomplished several impressive feats during the Battle of Ajnadayn, where he reportedly slew multiple Byzantine champions including two provincial governors.[20] At one point, Dhiraar impetuously confronted Khalid and asked:
"Why are we waiting when Allah, the Most High, is on our side? By Allah, our enemies will think that we are afraid of them. Order the attack, and we shall attack with you."[21][Notes 4]
Waqidi recorded another event in which Dhiraar duels against Vahan. Dhiraar unfastened and discarded his armor and upper garments during the duel, thus continuing bare-chested. In a very fierce duel, Dhiraar eventually spears Vahan through the chest, killing him. He then continues on, charging through the Byzantine ranks and killing at least three dozen Byzantine soldiers alone, according to witnesses.[24] The deaths of the Byzantine commanders sowed disorder and loss of morale among the Byzantine ranks, which Khalid used to his strategic advantage.[21]
Further battles in Levant
After the defeat of the Byzantine-allied
During the siege of al-Rastan, it is recorded that the supreme commander of Rashidun, Abu Ubaydah, employing certai plan that allowed Dhiraar and about 20 warriors which included Al-Musayyab bin Najba, Dhul-Kalaa Al-Himyari, Amr bin Ma;di Yakrib Al-Zubaidi, Hashim ibn Utba, Qays ibn Makshuh, Abd Al-Rahman bin Abi Bakr Al-Siddiq, Malik bin Al-Ashtar, and others to enter the city, and causing riot inside which thrown the entire city to confusion, and opening the gate from inside to allow the Muslim forces waiting outside to overwhelm the defense,[31] thus allowing the city to be captured despite it has very strong fortification defense.[32]
Battle of Yarmuk
In the battle of Yarmouk, Dhiraar were placed on the left wing which commanded by
"Would I fight the Messenger of God in every place, yet flee from you today?! Who will take an oath (to fight) to the death?!"[14]
Al-Harith ibn Hisham and Diraar ibn Al-Azwar both swore an oath along with 400 of notable men and knights. They fought in front of Khalid's command tent until all of them were disabled by wounds. Many of them died after the clash due to heavy wounds including Ikrimah, Although some like Dhiraar were able to recover.[14]
In the final day of the battle, Dhiraar played a prominent role when Khalid assigned him to capture a bridge at Ayn al-Dhakar to safely cross the deep gorges of the ravines of Wadi-ur-Ruqqad with 500 soldiers at the night of the fifth day. He was then ordered by Khalid to set an ambush there to eliminate the Byzantine armies who had been routed and who intended to use this bridge as a way to withdraw.[37] The next day, Dhiraar moved with 500 mounted troops around the northern flank of the Byzantines and captured the bridge. The plan was successful as the Byzantines retreated onto this path, where Dhiraar had been waiting for them in Wadi ar-Raqqad Bridge.[27] The Byzantines were surrounded from all sides now. Some fell into the deep ravines off the steep slopes, others tried to escape in the waters, only to be smashed on the rocks below and again others were killed in their flight.[38]
Battle of Qadisiyyah
Later, Caliph Umar instructed a portion of the Rashidun troops from Yarmouk to be transferred to
Conquest of Africa
Later, According to Waqidi, during the
Later, Dhiraar were mentioned again involved in the Muslim campaign to
Siege of Bahnasa city
After the victory in Darishkur, the Byzantine Sudanese forces flee to Bahnasa town and locked the gates, which then followed by the Muslims besiege the town, as the enemy were reinforced by an arrival of 50,000 according to the report of
Historical death controversy
It is widely accepted by the consensus of historians that Dhiraar died in Syria from the
Yet, other accounts of Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar's death exist. For instance,
Legacy
Part of a series on |
Islam |
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As Sahabi, Dhiraar narrated traditions from Muhammad were accepted as Hadith. A certain Hadith regarding the milking are transmitted by Dhirrar from the authority of Hanad as-Sirri , student of Sulaiman al-Aʽmash.[69] Dhiraar also narrated a hadith straightly from Muhammad regarding wealth and possessions in view of Islam, which recorded in Al-Mustadrak ala al-Sahihayn written by Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri.[7][8]
Dirar ibn al-Azwar Mosque was built in his commemoration which located to the northern part of the Jordan Valley adjacent the mausoleum of
The sword supposedly belonging to Dhiraar were now preserved in the Topkapı Palace Museum, Turkey.[71]
Socio-political
There is records regarding the modern era historiography study of the conquest of
The Dharri clan or also known as the Zarari were Arabian tribe in modern day Iraq who are allegedly traced their ancestry as descendant of Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar.[76]
In popular culture
Several 20th-century films made about Muslim conquests included Dhiraar as one of the cast:
- Syrian actor Ahmed Slan played the role of Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar in the first season of the series Khalid ibn al-Walid, directed by the Jordanian Mohammed Azizia.[citation needed]
- Egyptian actor Abdullah Ghaith played the role in the series Under the Shade of Swords,better source needed] by the Egyptian director Saeed Al-Rashidi.
Appendix
Notes
- ^ Baghawi transmit the long narrative chains which came from Dhiraar himself which recorded by Al-Tabarani. however Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani rejected the authenticity of the dialogue contained in the narration, although he did not criticize regarding the case that Dhiraar's possession of thousand camels which came in the background of the dialogue narration[8]
- ^ Blankinship did not really sure about the exact meaning about the materials used by the city defenders to defend against Dhiraar, except relying on solely the original translation interpretation.[14]
- ^ This dialogue recording was not generally accepted as it was only found in the records of Al-Waqidi who has been criticized by many scholars in terms of Hadith narration field.[22][23]
- ^ The compilation records about the conquest of Sudan and southern egypt were compilled in Futuhat Bahnasa and records of al-Maqrizi[46][47]
- ^ Symmachos were a successor of Foederati auxiliary troops in Roman empire that existed around 400-650 AD.[49] In this case, they consisted of native black Sudanese auxiliary units of Byzantine.[47]
- ^ The first version narrated the siege of Bahnasa were led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, who also brought an ex Sassanid Marzban and his 2,000 Persian convert soldiers in this campaign. The Persian Marzban suggested to Khalid to form a suicide squad who will carry a wooden box filled with mixture of sulphur and oil and placing it at the gates, ignited it and blasting the gates(or melting the iron gate, according to the original translation), allowing the Muslim army to enter the city.[51][52]
- ^ The second version were the Muslim army led by Qays ibn Harith without much details of how the Muslims managed to subdue the city. However, this source mention that Qays ibn Harith name were used temporarily to rename Oxyrhynchus for while to honor his deeds in this campaign, before being renamed to be al-Bahnasa.[53]
- ^ Skepticism regarding Ya'qubi's works existed because he was accused of Shi'ite bias.[63]
- ^ Wallis Budge, author of The English Sudan, its History and Monuments, Quoted Burckhardt that the narrations of the Bedja troops arrival of 50,000 were attested by well authenticated train of chain narrators from the traditional accounts themselves.[72]
- Abdullah ibn Sa'd contacted with the Sudanese in 641, after the capture of Aswan[46] However, Hendricxk mentioned that J. Jarry, and Vasilios Christides favored the Futuh of Bahnasa and argued it has strong factual standing, although the other correlated source mixed some historical facts with some myths from Ode of Antarah ibn Shaddad.[47]
Primary sources
- Mustadrak al-Hakim; Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri
- Futuh as-Sham; Abu Ismail al Azdi
- Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk; Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
- Futuh as-Sham; Waqidi
- Futuh al-Bahnasa; Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn 'Alī ibn 'Abd al-Qādir ibn Muḥammad al-Maqrīzī
- Sirah; Ibn Hisham
- Ali ibn al-Athir
- Kitāb al-futūh al-kabīr wa-l-ridda; Sayf ibn Umar
- Mu'jam al-Buldan; Yaqut al-Hamawi
- Sahih al-Bukhari; Muhammad al-Bukhari
- Al-Isti'ab fi ma'rifat al-ashab; Ibn 'Abd al-Barr
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... أغشى بني ضؤر من عنزة: أباح لنا، ما بين بضرى وذومَة، كتائب منا يلبسون السّنوّرًا إذا هو سامانا، من الناس، واحدّ له الملك خالا ملكه وتفـطرا نفت مُضرّ الحمراء عنا سيوفنا، كما طرد الليل النهار فأذبرًا وقال ضرار بن الأزور يذكر أهل الردة ...
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فهو من الصحابة الذين قابلوا الرسول صلى الله على وسلم وأعلن إسلامه أمامه. كان لعمرو الدور الكبير والمتميز في حروب التحرير العربية الإسلامية وعلى الجبهتين الشامية والعراقية، فعندما امتنعت قلعة الرستن على المسلمين في فتحها ألا بحيلة دبرها القائد أبو عبيدة على أمير القاعة نقيطاس طغت عليهم فكان أحد اللذين وضعهم القائد في صناديق كأمانة لحين رجوعهم من مقاتلة هرقل، وتم فتح القلعة بعون الله وهمة الرجال.
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... بصدد دراسة عن الصحابي البطل ضرار بن الأزور؛ فقادتنا لهذه الدراسة إلى شيع خطير جدير بالتسجيل فيما يتعلق بتحديد تاريخ وفاة فذا الصحابي الجليل، وليس هلا التاريخ هوما يعنينا هنا، ولكن للذي لفتني نظرنا هوس يقرره الواقدي في هلا الشأن ولعل ...
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... الجيش إذ كانت الخيول تنفر منها الأمر الذي جعل الصحابة يوجهون اهتمامهم اليها حتى قتلوها مع من عليها، وقد أبلى جرير بن عبد الله البجلي، والقعقاع بن عمرو، وطليحة الأسدي، وعمرو بن معد يكرب، وخالد بن عرفطة، وضرار بن الخطاب بلاء كبيراً، إذ كانوا يقلعون عيون الفيلة فتشرد بمن عليها ثم تقتل ويقتل أصحابها، فلما كان الزوال من ذلك الذي عرف بالقادسية وهو الاثنين الرابع عشر من شهر محرم من السنة الرابعة عشرة هبت ريح شديدة على الفرس...
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