Khalid ibn al-Walid: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Mohammad adil-Khalid's conquest of Iraq.PNG|thumb|250px|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's conquest of Iraq|Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's conquest of lower Mesopotamia (Iraq).]] |
[[File:Mohammad adil-Khalid's conquest of Iraq.PNG|thumb|250px|alt=Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's conquest of Iraq|Map detailing the route of Khalid ibn Walid's conquest of lower Mesopotamia (Iraq).]] |
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{{Further|Islamic conquest of Persia}} |
{{Further|Islamic conquest of Persia}} |
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With the collapse of the rebellion, and Arabia united under the central authority of the caliph at Medina, Abu Bakr decided to expand his empire. It is unclear what his intentions were, whether it was a full scale expansion plan or pre-emptive attacks to secure more territory to create a buffer zone between the Islamic state and the powerful Sassanid and Byzantine empires.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=188}}</ref> Khalid was sent to the Persian Empire with an army consisting of 18,000 volunteers to conquer the richest province of the Persian empire, [[Euphrates]] region of lower Mesopotamia, (''present day [[Iraq]]''). Khalid entered lower Mesopotamia with this force.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=223}}</ref> |
With the collapse of the rebellion, and Arabia united under the central authority of the caliph at Medina, Abu Bakr decided to expand his empire. It is unclear what his intentions were, whether it was a full scale expansion plan or pre-emptive attacks to secure more territory to create a buffer zone between the Islamic state and the powerful Sassanid and Byzantine empires.<ref>{{Harvnb|Akram|2004|p=188}}</ref> Khalid was sent to the Persian Empire with an army consisting of 18,000 volunteers to conquer the richest province of the Persian empire, [[Euphrates]] region of lower Mesopotamia, (''present day [[Iraq]]''). Khalid entered lower Mesopotamia with this force.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=223}}</ref>. It is recorded that before engaging the Sassanid forces Khalid wrote a letter to taunt his opponents to surrender: {{quote| Submit to Islam and be safe. Or agree to the payment of the Jizya(tax), and you and your people will be under our protection, else you will have only yourself to blame for the consequences, for I bring the men who desire death as ardently as you desire life.<ref>History of the |
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World, Volume IV [Book XII. The Mohammedan Ascendency], page 463, by John Clark Ridpath, LL.D. 1910.</ref>|Khalid ibn Walid}} |
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He won quick victories in four consecutive battles: the [[Battle of Chains]], fought in April 633; the [[Battle of River]], fought in the third week of April 633; the [[Battle of Walaja]], fought in May 633 (where he successfully used a [[Pincer movement|double envelopment manoeuvre]]), and [[Battle of Ullais]], fought in the mid-May 633.<ref name="Morony224">{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=224}}</ref> In the last week of May 633, [[al-Hira]], the regional capital city of lower Mesopotamia, [[Battle of Hira|fell to Khalid]]. The inhabitants were given peace on the terms of annual payment of ''[[jizya]]'' (''tribute'') and agreed to provide intelligence for Muslims.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=233}}</ref> After resting his armies, in June 633, Khalid laid siege to [[Anbar (town)|Anbar]] which despite fierce resistance fell in July 633 as a result of the [[Battle of Al-Anbar|siege imposed on the town]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=192}}</ref> Khalid then moved towards the south, and [[Battle of ein-ul-tamr|captured Ein ul Tamr]] in the last week of July, 633.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jaques|2007|p=18}}</ref> |
He won quick victories in four consecutive battles: the [[Battle of Chains]], fought in April 633; the [[Battle of River]], fought in the third week of April 633; the [[Battle of Walaja]], fought in May 633 (where he successfully used a [[Pincer movement|double envelopment manoeuvre]]), and [[Battle of Ullais]], fought in the mid-May 633.<ref name="Morony224">{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=224}}</ref> In the last week of May 633, [[al-Hira]], the regional capital city of lower Mesopotamia, [[Battle of Hira|fell to Khalid]]. The inhabitants were given peace on the terms of annual payment of ''[[jizya]]'' (''tribute'') and agreed to provide intelligence for Muslims.<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=233}}</ref> After resting his armies, in June 633, Khalid laid siege to [[Anbar (town)|Anbar]] which despite fierce resistance fell in July 633 as a result of the [[Battle of Al-Anbar|siege imposed on the town]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Morony|2005|p=192}}</ref> Khalid then moved towards the south, and [[Battle of ein-ul-tamr|captured Ein ul Tamr]] in the last week of July, 633.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jaques|2007|p=18}}</ref> |
Revision as of 04:56, 3 March 2015
Khālid ibn al-Walīd خالد إبن الوليد | |
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Chalcis (637–638) |
Abū Sulaymān Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīrah al-Makhzūmī (
Khalid ibn al-Walid (Khalid son of al-Walid) was from the
Although Umar later relieved him of high command, he nevertheless remained the effective leader of the forces arrayed against the Byzantines during the early stages of the
Early life
Khalid was born c. 592 in Mecca. His father was
Soon after his birth, in accordance with the traditions of the Quraysh, Khalid was sent to a
The three leading clans of Quraysh at that time were
Muhammad's era (610–632)
Not much is known about Khalid during the early days of the preaching of Muhammad. His father was known for his hostility against Muhammad. Following the
Conversion to Islam
A peace agreement of ten years was concluded between the Muslims and Quraysh of Mecca at the
Military Campaigns during Muhammad's era
An expedition was immediately prepared to take punitive action against the Ghassanids. Muhammad appointed
All three named commanders were slain during the battle, and Khalid was selected as the commander. He was able to maintain his heavily outnumbered army of 3,000 men against a massive army of 200,000 of the Byzantine Empire and Ghassanid Arabs in what would be known as the Battle of Mu'tah. Khalid assumed command of the Muslim army at the crucial moment, and turned what would have been a bloody slaughter into a strategic retreat and saved the Muslim army from total annihilation.[16]
During nightfall, Khalid sent some columns behind the main army, and the next morning prior to the battle they were instructed to join the Muslim army in small bands, one after the other, giving an impression of a fresh reinforcement, thus lowering the opponent's morale. Khalid somehow stabilized the battle lines for that day, and during the night his men retreated back to Arabia. Believing a trap was waiting for them, the Byzantine troops did not pursue.[17] Khalid is said to have fought valiantly at the Battle of Mu'tah and to have broken nine swords during the battle. After the Battle of Mu'tah, Khalid was given the title Sword of God for bringing back his army to fight another day.[18][19]
Later military campaigns
A year later, in 630, the Muslims advanced from Medina to conquer Mecca. In the Conquest of Mecca Khalid commanded one of the four Muslims armies that entered Mecca from four different routes, and routed the Qurayshi cavalry. Later that year, he participated in the Battle of Hunayn and the Siege of Ta'if.
He was part of the
In 631 he participated in the farewell hajj of Muhammad. During which he is said to have collected a few hairs of Muhammad as a holy relic, knowing that they would help him win his battles.[21]
Military campaigns as commander
On January 630 AD, 8AH, 9th month, of the Islamic Calendar.[22] Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent to destroy the Idol Goddess al-Uzza, worshipped by polytheists. He did this,[23][24] killing one Ethiopian woman.[25]
Khalid ibn al-Walid was also sent to invite the
Muhammad also sent Khalid on an
In April 631 AD, Muhammad again sent Khalid on an 2nd expedition to Dumatul Jandal to destroy the pagan Idol, Wadd. Khalid destroyed the statue as well as the shrine and killed those who resisted.[32][33][34][36]
Abu Bakr's era (632–634)
Conquest of Arabia
After the death of Muhammad, many powerful Arab tribes broke away in open revolt against the rule of Medina. Caliph
In mid-September 632 AD, Khalid
Once the region around
Abu Qatada Ansari, a companion of Muhammad, who accompanied Khalid from Medina was so shocked at Malik's murder by Khalid that he immediately returned to Medina, and told Abu Bakr that he refused to serve under a commander who had killed a Muslim.[45] The death of Malik and Khalid's taking of his wife Layla created controversy. Some officers of his army—including Abu Qatadah—believed that Khalid killed Malik to take his wife. After the pressure exerted by Umar—Khalid's cousin and one of Caliph Abu Bakr's main advisors—Abu Bakr called Khalid back to Medina to explain himself.[46] Although Khalid had declared Malik an apostate, in Medina, ‘Umar told Khâlid: “You enemy of Allâh! You killed a Muslim man and then leap upon his wife. By Allâh, I will stone you".[47] Some have argued that Umar later dismissed him from army service over this. [48][49]
Khalid then crushed the most powerful threat to the nascent Islamic state of Medina:
Invasion of Persian Empire
With the collapse of the rebellion, and Arabia united under the central authority of the caliph at Medina, Abu Bakr decided to expand his empire. It is unclear what his intentions were, whether it was a full scale expansion plan or pre-emptive attacks to secure more territory to create a buffer zone between the Islamic state and the powerful Sassanid and Byzantine empires.[50] Khalid was sent to the Persian Empire with an army consisting of 18,000 volunteers to conquer the richest province of the Persian empire, Euphrates region of lower Mesopotamia, (present day Iraq). Khalid entered lower Mesopotamia with this force.[51]. It is recorded that before engaging the Sassanid forces Khalid wrote a letter to taunt his opponents to surrender:
Submit to Islam and be safe. Or agree to the payment of the Jizya(tax), and you and your people will be under our protection, else you will have only yourself to blame for the consequences, for I bring the men who desire death as ardently as you desire life.[52]
— Khalid ibn Walid
He won quick victories in four consecutive battles: the
By then, nearly all of lower Mesopotamia, (the northern
On his return from Arabia, Khalid received intelligence entailing a concentration of a large Persian army and Christian Arab auxiliaries.[53] These forces were based in four different camps in the Euphrates region at Hanafiz, Zumail, Saniyy and the largest being at Muzayyah. Khalid avoided a pitch battle with a large united Persian force and decided to attack and destroy each of the camps in a separate night attacks from three sides.[58] He divided his army in three units, and attacked the Persian forces in coordinated assaults from three different directions during the night, starting from the Battle of Muzayyah, then the Battle of Saniyy, and finally the Battle of Zumail in November 633 AD.[59]
This string of Muslim victories curtailed Persian efforts to recapture lower Mesopotamia and left the Persian capital Ctesiphon unguarded and vulnerable to Muslim attack. Before assaulting the Persian capital, Khalid decided to eliminate all Persian forces from the south and west, and thus marched against the border city of Firaz, where he defeated a combined force of Sassanid Persians, Byzantine Romans and Christian Arabs and captured the city's fortress during the Battle of Firaz in December 633.[60] This was the last battle in his conquest of lower Mesopotamia. While Khalid was on his way to attack Qadissiyah, a key fort on the way to Ctesiphon, he received a letter from Abu Bakr and was sent to the Byzantine front in Syria to assume the command of Muslim armies with the intent of conquering Roman Syria. During his stay in Iraq, Khalid was also installed as military governor of the conquered territory.[61]
Invasion of the Byzantine Empire
After the successful invasion of the Sassanid Persian province of Iraq, Caliph Abu Bakr’s sent an expedition to invade the
There were two routes towards Syria from Iraq, one was via
Khalid entered Syria in June 634 and quickly captured the border forts of Sawa,
With the news of Khalid's arrival, Abu Ubaidah ordered
Defeat at the Battle of Ajnadayn left Syria vulnerable to the Muslim army. Khalid decided to capture Damascus, the Byzantine stronghold. At Damascus, Thomas, son-in-law of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, was in charge of the city's defense.[69] Receiving intelligence of Khalid’s march towards Damascus he prepared the city's defences. He wrote to Emperor Heraclius, who was at Emesa that time, for reinforcement. Moreover, Thomas, in order to delay or halt Khalid's advance and to attain time to prepare for a siege, sent his armies to move forward. Two of his armies were routed first at Yaqusa in mid-August and the other at Maraj as-Saffar on 19 August.[70] Meanwhile, Heraclius' reinforcements reached Damascus before the other column of Heraclius reached the city which Khalid laid siege to on 20 August. To isolate Damascus from the rest of the region, Khalid placed the detachments south on the road to Palestine and in north at the Damascus-Emesa route, and several other smaller detachments on routes towards Damascus. Heraclius' reinforcements were intercepted and routed by Khalid at the Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab 30 km from Damascus.[71]
Khalid led an assault and
Caliph Umar's era (634–642)
Dismissal of Khalid from command
On 22 August 634, Abu Bakr died, having made
Conquest of Central Levant
Soon after the appointment of Abu-Ubaidah as commander in chief, he sent a small detachment to the annual fair held at Abu-al-Quds, modern day Abla, near Zahlé 50 km east of Beirut. There was a Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison guarding that fair, however the size of the garrison was miscalculated by the Muslim informants. The garrison quickly encircled the small Muslim force. Before it would have been completely destroyed, Abu Ubaidah, having received new intelligence, sent Khalid to rescue the Muslim army. Khalid engaged and defeated them in the Battle of Abu-al-Quds on 15 October 634 and returned with tons of looted booty from the fair and hundreds of Roman prisoners.[76]
With Central Syria captured, the Muslims had dealt a decisive blow to the Byzantines. The communication between Northern Syria and Palestine was now cut off. Abu Ubaidah decided to march to Fahl (Pella), which is about 500 ft (150 m) below sea level, and where a strong Byzantine garrison and survivors of Battle of Ajnadayn were present.[77] The region was crucial because from here the Byzantine army could strike eastwards and cut the supply lines and communications to Arabia.[78] Moreover with this large garrison at the rear, Palestine could not be invaded. The Muslim army moved to Fahl with Khalid leading the advance guard, only to find the plain being flooded by Byzantines engineers blocking the Jordan River. The Byzantine army was eventually defeated at the Battle of Fahl on the night 23 January 635.[63]
Battle for Emesa and 2nd Battle of Damascus
With the victory at Fahl, the Muslim army split,
Emesa and
Battle of Yarmouk
After capturing Emesa, the Muslims moved north to capture the whole of the Northern Syria. Meanwhile Heraclius had concentrated a large army at Antioch to roll back Syria. Khalid got the news from Roman prisoners in Northern Syria. After his past experiences Heraclius had been avoiding pitch battles with the Muslims. He planned to isolate the Muslim corps from each other, and separately encircle and destroy the Muslim armies. Five massive armies were launched in Syria from different routes in June 636 to recapture it.[85] Khalid, sensing Heraclius' plan, feared that the Muslim armies would indeed be isolated and destroyed. In a council of war he suggested that Abu Ubaidah draw all the Muslim armies to one place so as to fight a decisive battle with the Byzantines.[86] As per Khalid's suggestion, Abu Ubaidah ordered all the Muslim armies in Syria to evacuate the conquered land and concentrate at Jabiya.[87] This maneuver gave a decisive blow to Heraclius' plan, as he did not wish to engage his troops in an open battle with the Muslims, where the Muslim light cavalry could be effectively used against the heavy and less mobile Byzantine cavalry. From Jabiya, on Khalid’s suggestion, Abu Ubaidah ordered the Muslim army to withdraw to the plain of the
On 15 August, the Battle of Yarmouk was fought, it lasted for 6 days and ended in a devastating defeat for the Byzantines. The Battle of Yarmouk is considered to be one of the most decisive battles of history.[90] It was a historic defeat that sealed the fate of Byzantium in the Levant, the magnitude of the defeat was so intense that Byzantine forces were unable to recover from it for some time. It left the whole of the Byzantine Empire vulnerable to the Muslim Arab armies. The battle was the greatest battle ever fought on Syrian soil up to that point, and is believed to be the tactical marvel of Khalid.[2]
Capturing Jerusalem
With the Byzantine army shattered and routed, the Muslims quickly recaptured the territory that they conquered prior to Yarmouk. The Muslim forces moved south to a last Byzantine stronghold,
Conquest of Northern Syria
With Emesa already in hand, Abu Ubaidah and Khalid moved towards Chalcis, which was strategically the most significant fort of Byzantines. Through Chalcis, the Byzantines would guard Anatolia, Heraclius' homeland Armenia and the Asian zone's capital Antioch. Abu Ubaidah sent Khalid with his elite mobile guard towards Chalcis.[94] The fort was guarded by the Greek troops under their commander, Menas, who was reported to be of high prestige, second only to the emperor himself. Menas, diverting from conventional Byzantine tactics, decided to face Khalid and destroy the leading elements of the Muslim army before the main body could join them at Hazir, 5 km east of Chalcis. The Roman army was totally annihilated at the Battle of Hazir, which even forced Umar to praise Khalid's military genius.[95] Umar is reported to have said: "Khalid is truly the commander, May Allah have mercy upon Abu Bakr. He was a better judge of men than I have been".[96]
Abu Ubaidah soon joined Khalid at the virtually impregnable fort of Chalcis, which surrendered in June 637. With this strategic victory, the territory north of Chalcis lay open to the Muslims. Khalid and Abu Ubaidah next captured Aleppo from desperate Byzantine troops in October 637.[97] The next objective was the splendid city of Antioch, the capital of the Asian zone of the Byzantine Empire. Before marching towards Antioch, Khalid and Abu Ubaidah decided to isolate the city from Anatolia; this was done by capturing all the fortresses that were providing strategic defense to Antioch, most importantly
Abu Ubaidah sent Khalid northwards, while he marched south and captured Lazkia, Jabla,
Farewell, a long farewell to Syria, my fair province. Thou art an infidel's (enemy's) now. Peace be with you, O' Syria – what a beautiful land you will be for the enemy hands.[100]
With the devastating defeat at Yarmouk his empire was extremely vulnerable to Muslim invasion. With few military resources left he was no longer in a position to attempt a military come back in Syria. To gain time for the preparations of the defense of the rest of his empire, Heraclius needed the Muslims occupied in Syria. He sought help of the Christian Arabs of
Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia
After the battle, Umar ordered the conquest of
Dismissal from army
Khalid, by now, was at the height of his career, he was famous and loved by his men, for the Muslim community he was a national hero,[108] and was publicly known as Sayf-ullah ("Sword of God".) In one occasion, when Khalid, during his stay at
Umar and his senate identified this act as misuse of state treasure, though not as punishing as to lose one's office, but in case of Khalid this was the excuse what Umar apparently needed. He immediately wrote a letter to Abu Ubaidah asking him to bring Khalid in front of the congregation, his turban, and take off his cap. Umar wanted Abu Ubaida to ask Khalid from what funds he gave to Ash'as: from his own pocket or from the state treasury? If he confessed to having used the spoils, he was guilty of misappropriation. Khalid went to
Later Umar explained his dismissal of Khalid:
I have not dismissed Khalid because of my anger or because of any dishonesty on his part, but because people glorified him and were misled. I feared that people would rely on him. I want them to know that it is Allah who give us victory; and there should be no mischief in the land.[116]
— Caliph Umar.
It was in this way that Khalid's successful military career came to an end.
Death
Although it is believed that relations between Umar and Khalid, cousins, were always something short of cordial, both of them apparently harboured no ill-will towards each other. Upon his death, he bequeathed his property to Umar and made him the executor of his will and estate.[117]
Within less than four years of his dismissal, Khalid died and was buried in 642 in Emesa, where he lived since his dismissal from military services. His tomb is now part of a mosque called Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque. Khalid's tombstone depicts a list of over 50 victorious battles that he commanded without defeat (not including small battles).[118] It is said that he had wanted to die as a martyr in the field of battle, and was apparently disappointed when he knew that he would die in bed.[119] Khalid expressed the pain of this sadness through one last, anguished sentence:
I've fought in so many battles seeking martyrdom that there is no spot in my body left without a scar or a wound made by a spear or sword. And yet here I am, dying on my bed like an old camel. May the eyes of the cowards never rest.[120]
— Khalid ibn Walid
The wife of Khalid, upon feeling such a pain of her husband told Khalid: "You were given the title of 'Saif-ullah' meaning, 'The Sword of Allah' and, the sword of Allah is not meant to be broken and hence, it is not your destiny to be a 'martyr' but to die like a conqueror."
Legacy
Military
Khalid is said to have fought around a hundred battles, both major battles and minor skirmishes as well as single duels, during his military career. Having remained undefeated, this fact makes him one of the finest military generals in history.[121]
Khalid was the architect of most of the early Muslim military doctrines,
Much of Khalid's strategic and tactical genius lies in his use of extreme methods. He apparently put more emphasis on annihilating enemy troops, rather than achieving victory by simply defeating them. For instance his employment of the
Khalid utilized his better understanding of terrain in every possible way to gain strategic superiority over his enemies. During his Persian campaigns, he initially never entered deep into Persian territory and always kept the Arabian desert at his rear, allowing his forces to retreat there in case of a defeat.[125] It was only after all the strong Persian and Persian-allied forces were routed that he penetrated deep into Euphrates region and captured the regional capital of Iraq, Al-Hira. Again, at Yarmouk, the terrain would help him in executing his grand strategy of annihilating the Byzantines.
In their mobility, Khalid's troops had no match until the
The historian
'I have come to know what you have done to my army. You have killed my son-in-law and captured my daughter. You have won and got away safely. I now ask you for my daughter. Either return her to me on payment of ransom or give her to me as a gift, for honour is a strong element in your character.
Khalid said to the ambassador:
Take her as a gift, there shall be no ransom.
The ambassador took the daughter of Heraclius, and returned to Antioch.
An example of Khalid's
Khalid's elite
The Arabs soldiers were far more lightly armored then their Roman and Persian contemporaries, which made them vulnerable in close combat at set-piece battles and to missile fire of enemy archers.[122] Khalid therefore never blundered in the battle and would rely on intelligence reports from spies that he would hire from local population on liberal rewards. Persian Historian
He (Khalid) neither slept himself, nor did he let others sleep; nothing could be kept hidden from him.[133]
— Al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings
Political
Khalid also remained
Umar is said to have later regretted this decision.[134] It is said that after the Hajj of 642, Umar had decided to re-appoint Khalid to the military services, apparently to command the Muslim conquest of Persia that was to begin shortly. But fate had decided otherwise, as when he reached Medina, news of Khalid's death reached him.[135] The news of Khalid's death broke like a storm over Medina. The women took to the streets, led by the women of the Banu Makhzum (Khalid's tribe), wailing and beating their chests. Though Umar, from the very first day had given orders that there would be no wailing for departed Muslims, as forbidden in Islam, in this one case he made an exception. Umar said:
Let the women of the Banu Makhzum say what they will about Abu Sulaiman (Khalid), for they do not lie, over the likes of Abu Sulaiman weep those who weep.[136]
— Caliph Umar
It is also recorded that once Umar was sitting with his companions, someone recalled Khalid, Umar reportedly said: "By God, he was Islam's shield against the enemies, his heart was pure from every animosity". According to some narrations, on Umar’s death bed, he named people who he would have appointed as successors to the Caliphate if they had been alive, and amongst those he named was Khalid.[137]
Religious standing
Khalid ibn Walid was a
In popular culture
- In the series Omar, a TV show about the first years of Islam, the character of Khalid ibn al-Walid was portrayed by the Syrian actor Mehyar Khaddour. The character of Khalid ibn al-Walid was one of the main characters in the show.
- Khalid's reputation as a formidable general led to his inclusion as a "Great General" in Civilization V and the Warlords expansion to the Civilization IV video game, which attempts to include real historical people in its gameplay.
- The Al-Khalidis named after Khalid ibn al-Walid.
- The Agosta 90B class submarine, PNS/M Khalid (S137)
- The Bangladesh Navy's frigate BNS Khalid Ibni Walid is named after him.
- Kazi Nazrul Islam wrote a popular poem named "Khaled" while he was suffering from malaria, showing his respect to Khaled and grief for his colonized countrymen.
- The troops sent by the Operation Desert Storm was named "Khalid Bin Walid Independent Armoured Brigade Group." It has been in active service in Saudi Arabiasince.
Family
Walid reportedly had many wives and many children from them. Only the names of his following children are recorded in history.
- Walid's sons were: (Khalid's brothers)
- Hisham ibn Walid
- Walid ibn Walid
- Ammarah ibn Walid
- Abdul Shams ibn Walid.[5]
- Walid's daughters were: (Khalid's sisters)
- Faktah bint Walid
- Fatimah bint Walid.[5]
- Najiyah bint al-Walid(Disputed).[citation needed]
It is unknown how many children Khalid ibn al-Walid had, but names of his three sons and one known daughter are mentioned in history which are as follows:
- Sulaiman bin Khalid
- Abdulrehman ibn Khalid
- Muhajir bin Khalid.[142]
Sulaiman, Khalid's eldest son, was killed during the
See also
- Category:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid
- List of famous Arabs
- Sunni view of the Sahaba
- List of battles of Muhammad
Notes
- ^ a b c Khalid ibn al-Walid, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved. 17 October 2006.
- ^ a b Akram 2004, p. 496
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 2
- ^ Muhammad ibn Saad, Tabaqat vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina pp. 195-196. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
- ^ a b c Akram 2004, p. 3
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 5
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 4
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 9
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 14
- ^ Weston 2008, p. 41
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 70
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 75
- ^ Al-Waqidi & 8th century, p. 321
- ^ Walton 2003, p. 208
- ^ Nicolle 2009, p. 22
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 80
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 90
- ^ Al-Waqidi & 8th century, p. 322
- ^ Ibn Hisham & 9th century, p. 382
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 128
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 135
- ^ "List of Battles of Muhammad". Military.hawarey.org. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ a b The sealed nectar, By S.R. Al-Mubarakpuri, Pg256. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ a b ""He sent Khalid bin Al-Waleed in Ramadan 8 A.H", Witness-Pioneer.com". Witness-pioneer.org. 16 September 2002. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- ^ The life of Mahomet and history of Islam, Volume 4, By Sir William Muir, Pg 135 See bottom, Notes section
- ^ The life of Mahomet and history of Islam, Volume 4, By Sir William Muir, Pg 135. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- Sirat Rasul Allah(Life of Muhammad), trans. Guillaume, Oxford 1955, pp. 561–562
- ^ al-Tabari, Victory of Islam, trans. Fishbein, Albany 1997, pp. 188 ff.
- ^ In the Footsteps of the Prophet:Lessons from the Life of Muhammad, By Tariq Ramadan Page 179 [1]
- ^ Tafsir Ibn Kathir all 10 volumes By IslamKotob Page
- ^ The Meaning And Explanation Of The Glorious Qur’an (Vol 2) 2nd Edition By Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman Page 241 [2]
- ^ ISBN 978-9960-897-71-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-9960-897-54-7.
- ^ a b Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 277
- ISBN 978-0-7661-7741-3. A full online version of it is available here [3]
- ISBN 978-0-7661-7741-3.
- ^ a b c Nicolle 2009, p. 25
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 167
- ^ Walton 2003, p. 17
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 178
- ^ Al-Tabari 915, pp. 501–502
- ^ Al-Tabari 915, p. 496
- ^ Al-Tabari 915, p. 502
- ^ Tabari: Vol. 2, Page no: 5
- ^ (A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims, Ali Razwy, Chapter 55)
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 183
- ISBN 978-0791410714
- ^ Dynamics of Self-Determination in Palestine: Protection of Peoples By P. J. I. M. De Waart Page 190 [4]
- ^ Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: edited by Alexander Mikaberidze Page 751 [5]
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 188
- ^ Morony 2005, p. 223
- ^ History of the World, Volume IV [Book XII. The Mohammedan Ascendency], page 463, by John Clark Ridpath, LL.D. 1910.
- ^ a b c Morony 2005, p. 224
- ^ Morony 2005, p. 233
- ^ Morony 2005, p. 192
- ^ Jaques 2007, p. 18 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJaques2007 (help)
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 215
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 217
- ^ Morony 2005, p. 225
- ^ Morony 2005, p. 230
- ^ Morony 2005, p. 149
- ^ a b Allenby 2003, p. 68
- ^ a b c d e f Gil 1997, p. 40 Cite error: The named reference "Gil43" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 267
- ^ Gil 1997, p. 41
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 270
- ^ Jaques 2007, p. 155 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJaques2007 (help)
- ^ Jaques 2007, p. 20 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJaques2007 (help)
- ^ Nicolle 1994, p. 58
- ^ Jaques 2007, p. 636 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJaques2007 (help)
- ^ Nicolle 1994, p. 57
- ^ a b Walton 2003, p. 28
- ^ Nicolle 1994, p. 59
- ^ a b c Allenby 2003, p. 70
- ^ Al-Waqidi & 8th century, p. 62
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 305
- ^ Nicolle 1994, p. 52
- ^ a b Allenby 2003, p. 71
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 319
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 323
- ^ Allenby 2003, p. 72
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 338
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 345
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 389
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 409
- ^ Gil 1997, p. 45
- ^ Weston 2008, p. 50
- ^ Nicolle 1994, p. 63
- ^ Walton 2003, p. 29
- ^ Walton 2003, p. 30
- ^ Gil 1997, p. 51
- ^ Gil 1997, p. 53
- ^ Jaques 2007, p. 491 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJaques2007 (help)
- ^ Nicolle 1994, p. 84
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 429
- ^ Al-Tabari 915, p. 98
- ^ Jaques 2007, p. 28 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFJaques2007 (help)
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 445
- ^ Haykal 1990, p. 145
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 448
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 451
- ^ Haykal 1990, p. 144
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 453
- ^ Haykal 1990, p. 146
- ^ Haykal 1990, pp. 146–47
- ^ Haykal 1990, p. 147
- ^ Haykal 1990, p. 152
- ^ Weston 2008, p. 43
- ^ Weston 2008, p. 51
- ^ Gil 1997, p. 49
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 481
- ^ Weston 2008, p. 45
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 482
- ^ Gil 1997, p. 50
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 487
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 488
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 493
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 501
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 494
- ^ Ibn Qutaybah & 9th century, p. 267
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 499
- ^ a b c Pratt 2000, p. 82
- ^ a b Pratt 2000, p. 83
- ^ Akram 2004, p. 230
- ^ Nicolle 2009, p. 8
- ^ Walton 2003, p. 19
- ^ Harkavy 2001, p. 166
- ^ Malik 1968, p. 39
- ^ Akram, c. 30, p. 17.
- ^ Malik 1968, p. 87
- ^ Malik 1968, p. 89
- ^ Malik 1968, p. 90
- ^ Malik 1968, p. 118
- ^ Haykal 1990, p. 155
- ^ Haykal 1990, p. 156
- ^ Al-Tabari 915, p. 614
- ^ Haykal 1990, p. 319
- ^ Bukhari: Military Expeditions led by Mohammed (Al-Maghaazi), which states "Narrated Anas: The Prophet had informed the people of the martyrdom of Zaid, Ja'far and Ibn Rawaha before the news of their death reached. The Prophet said, "Zaid took the flag (as the commander of the army) and was martyred, then Ja'far took it and was martyred, and then Ibn Rawaha took it and was martyred." At that time the Prophet's eyes were shedding tears. He added, "Then the flag was taken by a Sword amongst the Swords of Allah (i.e. Khalid) and Allah made them (i.e. the Muslims) victorious."
- ^ Piercing the Fog of War: Recognizing Change on the Battlefield: Lessons from Military History, 216 BC Through Today, by Brian L. Steed, p.144
- ^ Badass, by Ben Thompson, p.87
- ^ Al-Tabari 915, pp. 186–87
- ^ a b c d Akram 2004, p. 497
- ^ Ring and Salkin, 1996, p.193.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- )
- Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (915), History of the Prophets and Kings
- Al-Waqidi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Umar (8th century), Fatuh al Sham (Conquest of Syria)
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help) - Chronicle of Pseudo-Dionysius of Tell-Mahre
- Ibn Hisham, Abd al-Malik bin Hisham (9th century), As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah (Biography of Prophet Muhammad)
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help) - Sirah Rasul Allah
- Ibn Qutaybah, Abdullaah bin Muslim (9th century), ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār (In history)
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help) - The Maronite Chronicles, 664
- "Chronicles of 637 and 819", West-Syrian Chronicles, 637 & 819
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help) - Khalid Bin Waleed, Sword of Allah
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- Akram, Agha Ibrahim (2004), The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed – His Life and Campaigns, ISBN 0-19-597714-9
- Allenby, Viscount (2003), Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries, ISBN 0-7661-3984-0
- Eggenberger, David (1985), An encyclopedia of battles: accounts of over 1,560 battles from 1479 B.C. to the present, ISBN 0-486-24913-1
- ISBN 977-02-3092-8
- ISBN 0-521-59984-9
- Harkavy, Robert E (2001), Warfare and the Third World, ISBN 0-312-24012-0
- OCLC 36884186
- Jaques, Tony (2007), Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E, ISBN 0-313-33537-0
- Jaques, Tony (2007), Dictionary of Battles and Sieges:F-O, ISBN 0-313-33538-9
- Jandora, John W. (1986), "Developments in Islamic Warfare: The Early Conquests", JSTOR 1596048
- Kaegi, Walter Emil (1995), Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests, ISBN 0-521-48455-3
- Malik, S. K. (1968), Khalid bin Walid: the general of Islam: a study in Khalid's generalship, Ferozsons publishers, Lahore
- ISBN 1-59333-315-3
- ISBN 1-85532-414-8
- Nicolle, David (2009), The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632–750, ISBN 1-84603-273-3
- Palmer, Andrew (1993), The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles, ISBN 0-85323-238-5
- Pratt, Fletcher (2000), The Battles That Changed History, ISBN 0-486-41129-X
- Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M. (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-884964-03-6.
- Walton, Mark W. (2003), Islam at war: a history, ISBN 0-275-98101-0
- Weston, Mark (2008), Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present, ISBN 0-470-18257-1