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[[File:Flag of Interlingua.svg|thumb|left|upright|Flag of Interlingua by Karel Podrazil]]
[[File:Flag of Interlingua.svg|thumb|left|upright|Flag of Interlingua by Karel Podrazil]]
[[File:Interlingua2.png|thumb|right|upright|Another flag of Interlingua]]
[[File:Interlingua2.png|thumb|right|upright|Another flag of Interlingua]]
As with Esperanto, there have been proposals for a flag of Interlingua;<ref>http://fotw.net/flags/qy-ia.html{{dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref> the proposal by Czech translator Karel Podrazil is recognized by multilingual sites.<ref>http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html</ref> It consists of a white four-pointed star extending to the edges of the flag and dividing it into an upper blue and lower red half. The star is symbolic of the four cardinal directions, and the two halves symbolize Romance and non-Romance speakers of Interlingua who understand each other.
As with Esperanto, there have been proposals for a flag of Interlingua;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192338/http://fotw.net/flags/qy-ia.html Flags of Interlingua (IALA)] from fotw.net (archived URL)</ref> the proposal by Czech translator Karel Podrazil is recognized by multilingual sites.<ref>http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html</ref> It consists of a white four-pointed star extending to the edges of the flag and dividing it into an upper blue and lower red half. The star is symbolic of the four cardinal directions, and the two halves symbolize Romance and non-Romance speakers of Interlingua who understand each other.


Another symbol of Interlingua is a globe surrounded by twelve stars on a black or blue background, echoing the twelve stars of the [[Flag of Europe]] (because the source languages of Interlingua are purely European). [[Novial]] [{{fullurl:nov:}} Wikipedia] marks Interlingua with the Flag of the Europe itself.
Another symbol of Interlingua is a globe surrounded by twelve stars on a black or blue background, echoing the twelve stars of the [[Flag of Europe]] (because the source languages of Interlingua are purely European). [[Novial]] [{{fullurl:nov:}} Wikipedia] marks Interlingua with the Flag of the Europe itself.

Revision as of 18:51, 13 April 2015

Not to be confused with Interlingue, Interlanguage, or Interlingual machine translation.
This article is about the auxiliary language created by the International Auxiliary Language Association. For other uses, see Interlingua (disambiguation).

Interlingua
Logo
Pronunciation/ɪntərˈlɪŋɡwə/; IA: [inteɾˈliŋɡwa]
Created byInternational Auxiliary Language Association
Date1951
Setting and usageScientific registration of international vocabulary; international auxiliary language
Users1500 (2000)[1]
Purpose
Latin script
SourcesSource languages: French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, German, English, Russian and Latin
Official status
Regulated byNo regulating body
Language codes
ISO 639-1ia
ISO 639-2ina
ISO 639-3ina
Glottologinte1239
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Interlingua (

Ido), and is the most widely used naturalistic IAL:[2] in other words, its vocabulary, grammar and other characteristics are derived from natural languages. Interlingua was developed to combine a simple, mostly regular grammar[3][4] with a vocabulary common to the widest possible range of languages,[5] making it unusually easy to learn, at least for those whose native languages were sources of Interlingua's vocabulary and grammar.[6] Conversely, it is used as a rapid introduction to many natural languages.[2]
Interlingua literature maintains that (written) Interlingua is comprehensible to the hundreds of millions of people who speak a Romance language,[7] though it is actively spoken by only a few hundred.[1]

The name Interlingua comes from the Latin words inter, meaning between, and lingua, meaning tongue or language. These morphemes are identical in Interlingua. Thus, Interlingua would be "between language", or intermediary language.

Rationale

The expansive movements of science, technology, trade, diplomacy, and the arts, combined with the historical dominance of the

Arabic califa, Guugu Yimithirr gangurru (Interlingua: kanguru), and Finnish sauna.[5]

Interlingua combines this pre-existing vocabulary with a minimal grammar based on the control languages. People with a good knowledge of a Romance language, or a smattering of a Romance language plus a good knowledge of the international scientific vocabulary can frequently understand it immediately on reading or hearing it. Educated speakers of English also enjoy this easy comprehension.[8] The immediate comprehension of Interlingua, in turn, makes it unusually easy to learn. Speakers of other languages can also learn to speak and write Interlingua in a short time, thanks to its simple grammar and regular word formation using a small number of roots and affixes.[9]

Once learned, Interlingua can be used to learn other related languages quickly and easily, and in some studies, even to understand them immediately. Research with Swedish students has shown that, after learning Interlingua, they can translate elementary texts from Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. In one 1974 study, an Interlingua class translated a Spanish text that students who had taken 150 hours of Spanish found too difficult to understand.[2] Gopsill has suggested that Interlingua's freedom from irregularities allowed the students to grasp the mechanisms of language quickly.[2][9]

Words in Interlingua retain their original form from the source language; they are altered as little as possible to fit Interlingua's phonotactics.[citation needed] Each word retains its original spelling, pronunciation, and meanings. For this reason, Interlingua is frequently termed a naturalistic IAL.[citation needed]

When compared to natural languages, Interlingua most resembles Spanish.

History

Main article:
History of Interlingua

The American heiress Alice Vanderbilt Morris (1874–1950) became interested in linguistics and the international auxiliary language movement in the early 1920s, and in 1924, Morris and her husband, Dave Hennen Morris, established the non-profit International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA) in New York City. Their aim was to place the study of IALs on a scientific basis. Morris developed the research program of IALA in consultation with Edward Sapir, William Edward Collinson, and Otto Jespersen.[10]

International Auxiliary Language Association

The IALA became a major supporter of mainstream American linguistics, funding, for example, numerous studies by Sapir, Collinson, and

Carnegie Corporation, the Ford Foundation, the Research Corporation, and the Rockefeller Foundation.[12]

In its early years, IALA concerned itself with three tasks: finding other organizations around the world with similar goals; building a library of books about

Interlingue (Occidental). In pursuit of the last goal, it conducted parallel studies of these languages, with comparative studies of national languages, under the direction of scholars at American and European universities.[11] It also arranged conferences with proponents of these IALs, who debated features and goals of their respective languages. With a "concession rule" that required participants to make a certain number of concessions, early debates at IALA sometimes grew from heated to explosive.[2]

At the Second International Interlanguage Congress, held in

Edward L. Thorndike became influential in IALA's work by authoring key studies in the interlinguistic field.[11]

The first steps towards the finalization of Interlingua were taken in 1937, when a committee of 24 eminent linguists from 19 universities published Some Criteria for an International Language and Commentary. However, the outbreak of World War II in 1939 cut short the intended biannual meetings of the committee.[2]

Development of a new language

Originally, the association had not set out to create its own language. Its goal was to identify which auxiliary language already available was best suited for international communication, and how to promote it most effectively. However, after ten years of research, more and more members of IALA concluded that none of the existing interlanguages were up to the task. By 1937, the members had made the decision to create a new language, to the surprise of the world's interlanguage community.[13]

To that point, much of the debate had been equivocal on the decision to use naturalistic (e.g.,

Ido) words. During the war years, proponents of a naturalistic interlanguage won out. The first support was Dr. Thorndike's paper; the second was a concession by proponents of the systematic languages that thousands of words were already present in many – or even a majority – of the European languages. Their argument was that systematic derivation of words was a Procrustian bed, forcing the learner to unlearn and re-memorize a new derivation scheme when a usable vocabulary was already available. This finally convinced supporters of the systematic languages, and IALA from that point assumed the position that a naturalistic language would be best.[2]

At the outbreak of

E. Clark Stillman established a new research staff.[11] Stillman, with the assistance of Dr. Alexander Gode, developed a prototyping technique – an objective methodology for selecting and standardizing vocabulary based on a comparison of control languages.[2]

In 1943 Stillman left for war work and Gode became Acting Director of Research.[11] IALA began to develop models of the proposed language, the first of which were presented in Morris's General Report in 1945.[13]

From 1946 to 1948, renowned French linguist André Martinet was Director of Research. During this period IALA continued to develop models and conducted polling to determine the optimal form of the final language. In 1946, IALA sent an extensive survey to more than 3,000 language teachers and related professionals on three continents.[2][14]

Four models were canvassed:[2]

  Model P   highly naturalistic, with word forms unchanged from the prototypes
  Model M   moderately naturalistic, similar to Occidental
  Model C   slightly schematic, along the lines of Novial
  Model K   moderately schematic, similar to Ido (less schematic than Esperanto)

The results of the survey were striking. The two more schematic models were rejected – K overwhelmingly. Of the two naturalistic models, M received somewhat more support than P. IALA decided on a compromise between P and M, with certain elements of C.[14]

Martinet took up a position at

Interlingua–English Dictionary (IED). In 1954, IALA published an introductory manual entitled Interlingua a Prime Vista
("Interlingua at First Sight").

Interestingly, the Interlingua presented by the IALA is very close to Peano’s Interlingua (Latino sine flexione), both in its grammar and especially in its vocabulary. Accordingly, the very name "Interlingua" was kept, yet a distinct abbreviation was adopted: IA instead of IL.

Success, decline, and resurgence

An early practical application of Interlingua was the scientific newsletter Spectroscopia Molecular, published from 1952 to 1980.

Science Service, the publisher of Science Newsletter at the time, published a monthly column in Interlingua from the early 1950s until Gode's death in 1970. In 1967, the powerful International Organization for Standardization, which normalizes terminology, voted almost unanimously to adopt Interlingua as the basis for its dictionaries.[2]

The

Hugh E. Blair, Gode's close friend and colleague, became his assistant.[18] A successor organization, the Interlingua Institute,[19] was founded in 1970 to promote Interlingua in the US and Canada. The new institute supported the work of other linguistic organizations, made considerable scholarly contributions and produced Interlingua summaries for scholarly and medical publications. One of its largest achievements was two immense volumes on phytopathology produced by the American Phytopathological Society in 1976 and 1977.[16]

Interlingua had attracted many former adherents of other international-language projects, notably

UMI) in 1955,[19]
and by the late 1950s, interest in Interlingua in Europe had already begun to overtake that in North America.

Beginning in the 1980s UMI has held international conferences every two years (typical attendance at the earlier meetings was 50 to 100) and launched a publishing programme that eventually produced over 100 volumes. Other Interlingua-language works were published by university presses in Sweden and Italy, and in the 1990s, Brazil and Switzerland.[20][21] Several Scandinavian schools undertook projects that used Interlingua as a means of teaching the international scientific and intellectual vocabulary.[22]

In 2000, the Interlingua Institute was dissolved amid funding disputes with the UMI; the American Interlingua Society, established the following year, succeeded the institute and responded to new interest emerging in Mexico.[19]

In the Soviet bloc

Interlingua was spoken and promoted in the

Soviet bloc, despite attempts to suppress the language. In East Germany, government officials confiscated the letters and magazines that the UMI sent to Walter Raédler, the Interlingua representative there.[23]

In Czechoslovakia, Július Tomin published his first article on Interlingua in the Slovak magazine Príroda a spoločnosť (Nature and Society) in 1971, after which he received several anonymous threatening letters.[24] He went on to become the Czech Interlingua representative, teach Interlingua in the school system, and publish a series of articles and books.[25]

Interlingua today

See also: Community, below

Today, interest in Interlingua has expanded from the scientific community to the general public. Individuals, governments, and private companies use Interlingua for learning and instruction, travel, online publishing, and communication across language barriers.

Union Brazilian pro Interlingua.[19]

Samples

From an essay by Alexander Gode:

Interlingua se ha distachate ab le movimento pro le disveloppamento e le introduction de un lingua universal pro tote le humanitate. Si o non on crede que un lingua pro tote le humanitate es possibile, si o non on crede que interlingua va devenir un tal lingua es totalmente indifferente ab le puncto de vista de interlingua mesme. Le sol facto que importa (ab le puncto de vista de interlingua mesme) es que interlingua, gratias a su ambition de reflecter le homogeneitate cultural e ergo linguistic del occidente, es capace de render servicios tangibile a iste precise momento del historia del mundo. Il es per su contributiones actual e non per le promissas de su adherentes que interlingua vole esser judicate.[28]
Interlingua has detached itself from the movement for the development and introduction of a universal language for all humanity. Whether or not one believes that a language for all humanity is possible, whether or not one believes that Interlingua will become such a language is totally irrelevant from the point of view of Interlingua itself. The only fact that matters (from the point of view of Interlingua itself) is that Interlingua, thanks to its ambition of reflecting the cultural and thus linguistic homogeneity of the West, is capable of rendering tangible services at this precise moment in the history of the world. It is by its present contributions and not by the promises of its adherents that Interlingua wishes to be judged.
The Lord's Prayer
Interlingua Lingua Franca Nova Latino sine flexione Esperanto
Ido
 Latin Spanish Italian English (traditional)

Patre nostre, qui es in le celos,
que tu nomine sia sanctificate;
que tu regno veni;
que tu voluntate sia facite
como in le celo, etiam super le terra.

Nos Padre, ce es en sielo,
sante es tu nome;
tu renia va veni;
tu vole va es fada
en tera como en sielo.

Patre nostro, qui es in celos,
que tuo nomine fi sanctificato;
que tuo regno adveni;
que tuo voluntate es facto
sicut in celo et in terra.

Patro nia, Kiu estas en la ĉielo,
sanktigata estu Via nomo.
Venu Via regno,
fariĝu Via volo,
kiel en la ĉielo tiel ankaŭ sur la tero.

Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo,
tua nomo santigesez;
tua regno advenez;
tua volo facesez quale en la cielo
tale anke sur la tero.

Pater noster, qui es in caelis,
sanctificetur nomen tuum.
Adveniat regnum tuum.
Fiat voluntas tua,
sicut in caelo, et in terra.

Padre nuestro, que estás en los cielos,
santificado sea tu Nombre;
venga tu Reino;
hágase tu Voluntad
así en la tierra como en el cielo.

Padre nostro che sei nei cieli,
sia santificato il tuo Nome,
venga il tuo Regno,
sia fatta la tua Volontà
come in cielo così in terra.

Our Father, who art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name;
thy kingdom come,
thy will be done.
on earth, as it is in heaven.

Da nos hodie nostre pan quotidian,
e pardona a nos nostre debitas
como etiam nos los pardona a nostre debitores.
E non induce nos in tentation,
sed libera nos del mal.
Amen.

Dona nos pan dial a nos,
pardona nos pecas,
como nos pardona los ci peca a nos.
No condui nos a tentia,
ma proteje nos de mal.
Amen.

Da hodie ad nos nostro pane quotidiano,
et remitte ad nos nostro debitos,
sicut et nos remitte ad nostro debitores.
Et non induce nos in tentatione,
sed libera nos ab malo.
Amen.

Nian panon ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ
kaj pardonu al ni niajn ŝuldojn,
kiel ankaŭ ni pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj.
Kaj ne konduku nin en tenton,
sed liberigu nin de la malbono.
Amen

Donez a ni cadie la omnadiala pano,
e pardonez a ni nia ofensi,
quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti,
e ne duktez ni aden la tento,
ma liberigez ni del malajo.
Amen

Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie,
et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.
Et ne nos inducas in tentationem,
sed libera nos a malo.
Amen.

Nuestro pan cotidiano dánosle hoy;
y perdónanos nuestras deudas,
así como nosotros hemos perdonado a nuestros deudores;
no nos dejes caer en tentación,
mas líbranos del mal.
Amen.

Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano,
e rimetti a noi i nostri debiti
come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori,
e non ci indurre in tentazione,
ma liberaci dal male.
Amen.

Give us this day our daily bread;
and forgive us our debts
as we have forgiven our debtors.
And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
Amen.

Community

It is not certain how many people have an active knowledge of Interlingua. As noted above, Interlingua is the most widely spoken naturalistic auxiliary language.[2]

Interlingua's greatest advantage is that it is the most widely understood international auxiliary language by virtue of its naturalistic (as opposed to schematic) grammar and vocabulary, allowing those familiar with a Romance language, and educated speakers of English, to read and understand it without prior study.[29]

Interlingua has active speakers on all continents, especially in

Union Mundial pro Interlingua (UMI) and magazines of the national societies allied with it. There are several active mailing lists, and Interlingua is also in use in certain Usenet newsgroups, particularly in the europa.* hierarchy. Interlingua is presented on CDs, radio, and television.[30] In recent years, samples of Interlingua have also been seen in music and anime.[citation needed
]

Interlingua is taught in many high schools and universities, sometimes as a means of teaching other languages quickly, presenting interlinguistics, or introducing the international vocabulary.[22][31][32] The University of Granada in Spain, for example, offers an Interlingua course in collaboration with the Centro de Formación Continua.[33]

Every two years, the UMI organizes an international conference in a different country. In the year between, the Scandinavian Interlingua societies co-organize a conference in Sweden. National organizations such as the Union Brazilian pro Interlingua also organize regular conferences.[22]

Phonology and orthography

Phonology

Interlingua is primarily a written language, and the pronunciation is not entirely settled. The sounds in parentheses are not used by all speakers.

Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal
Labial-
velar
 Velar Glottal
Plosive
 p b t d k ɡ
Nasal
 m n
Tap
 ɾ
Fricative
 f v s z ʃ (d)ʒ (h)
Affricates
 (ts ~ tʃ)
Approximant
 j w
Lateral approximant l
Front Back
Close i u
Close-mid e o
Open a

Interlingua alphabet

Interlingua uses the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet with no diacritics.[34] The alphabet, pronunciation in IPA & letter name in Interlingua are:

Letters (
upper case
)		 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Letters (
lower case
)		 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
IPA [a] [b] [k], [t͡s] 1 [d] [e] [f] [ɡ] [h], [∅] 2 [i] [ʒ] [k] [
l
]		 [m] [
n
]		 [o] [p] [k] 3 r [s], [z] [t], [t͡s] 4 [u] [v] [w], [v] [ks] [i] [z]
Names a be ce de e ef ge ha i jota ka el em en o pe cu er es te u ve duple ve ix ypsilon zeta
  1. c is pronounced [t͡s] (or optionally [s]) before "e, i, y"
  2. h is normally silent
  3. q only appears in the digraph qu, which is pronounced [kw] (but [k] in the conjunction and pronoun que and pronoun qui)
  4. t is generally [t], but ti followed by a vowel, unless stressed or preceded by "s", is pronounced [t͡sj] (or optionally [sj])

Orthography and pronunciation

Interlingua has a largely phonemic orthography. For the most part, consonants are pronounced as in English, while the vowels are like Spanish. Double consonants are pronounced as single. Interlingua has five falling diphthongs, /ai/, /au/, /ei/, /eu/, and /oi/,[35] although /ei/ and /oi/ are rare.

Stress

The general rule is that stress falls on the vowel before the last consonant (e.g., lingua, 'language', esser, 'to be', requirimento, 'requirement'), and where that is not possible, on the first vowel (via, 'way', io crea, 'I create'). There are a few exceptions, and the following rules account for most of them:

  • Adjectives and nouns ending in a vowel followed by -le, -ne, or -re are stressed on the third-last syllable (fragile, margine, altere 'other', but illa impone 'she imposes').
  • Words ending in -ica/-ico, -ide/-ido and -ula/-ulo, are stressed on the third-last syllable (politica, scientifico, rapide, stupido, capitula, seculo 'century').
  • Words ending in -ic are stressed on the second-last syllable (cubic).

Speakers may pronounce all words according to the general rule mentioned above. For example, kilometro is acceptable, although kilometro is more common.[36]

Loanwords

Unassimilated foreign loanwords, or borrowed words, are pronounced and spelled as in their language of origin. Their spelling may contain diacritics, or accent marks. If the diacritics do not affect pronunciation, they are removed.[5]

Phonotactics

Interlingua has no explicitly defined phonotactics. However, the prototyping procedure for determining Interlingua words, which strives for internationality, should in general lead naturally to words that are easy for most learners to pronounce. In the process of forming new words, an ending cannot always be added without a modification of some kind in between. A good example is the plural -s, which is always preceded by a vowel to prevent the occurrence of a hard-to-pronounce consonant cluster at the end. If the singular does not end in a vowel, the final -s becomes -es.[citation needed]

Vocabulary

See also:
Free word-building in Interlingua

Words in Interlingua may be taken from any language,

Indo-European languages.[5]

Eligibility

Main article:
Interlingua and eligibility of international words

A word, that is a form with meaning, is eligible for the Interlingua vocabulary if it is verified by at least three of the four primary control languages. Either secondary control language can substitute for a primary language. Any word of Indo-European origin found in a control language can contribute to the eligibility of an international word.[38] In some cases, the archaic or potential presence of a word can contribute to its eligibility.

A word can be potentially present in a language when a derivative is present, but the word itself is not. English proximity, for example, gives support to Interlingua proxime, meaning 'near, close'. This counts as long as one or more control languages actually have this basic root word, which the Romance languages all do. Potentiality also occurs when a concept is represented as a compound or derivative in a control language, the morphemes that make it up are themselves international, and the combination adequately conveys the meaning of the larger word. An example is Italian fiammifero (lit. flamebearer), meaning "match, lucifer", which leads to Interlingua flammifero, or "match". This word is thus said to be potentially present in the other languages although they may represent the meaning with a single morpheme.[5]

Words do not enter the Interlingua vocabulary solely because cognates exist in a sufficient number of languages. If their meanings have become different over time, they are considered different words for the purpose of Interlingua eligibility. If they still have one or more meanings in common, however, the word can enter Interlingua with this smaller set of meanings.[38]

If this procedure did not produce an international word, the word for a concept was originally taken from Latin (see below). This only occurred with a few grammatical particles.

Form

The form of an Interlingua word is considered an international prototype with respect to the other words. On the one hand, it should be neutral, free from characteristics peculiar to one language. On the other hand, it should maximally capture the characteristics common to all contributing languages. As a result, it can be transformed into any of the contributing variants using only these language-specific characteristics. If the word has any derivatives that occur in the source languages with appropriate parallel meanings, then their morphological connection must remain intact; for example, the Interlingua word for 'time' is spelled tempore and not *tempus or *tempo in order to match it with its derived adjectives, such as temporal.[39]

The language-specific characteristics are closely related to the

sound laws of the individual languages; the resulting words are often close or even identical to the most recent form common to the contributing words. This sometimes corresponds with that of Vulgar Latin. At other times, it is much more recent or even contemporary. It is never older than the classical period.[38]

An illustration

The French œil, Italian occhio, Spanish ojo, and Portuguese olho appear quite different, but they descend from a historical form oculus. German Auge, Dutch oog and English eye (cf. Czech and Polish oko, Ukrainian око (óko)) are related to this form in that all three descend from Proto-Indo-European

  • okʷ. In addition, international derivatives like ocular and oculista occur in all of Interlingua's control languages.[29] Each of these forms contributes to the eligibility of the Interlingua word.[38] German and English base words do not influence the form of the Interlingua word, because their Indo-European connection is considered too remote.[40] Instead, the remaining base words and especially the derivatives determine the form oculo found in Interlingua.[29]

Notes on Interlingua vocabulary

New words can be derived internally – that is, from existing Interlingua words – or extracted from the control languages in the manner of the original vocabulary. Internal word-building, though freer than in the control languages, is more limited than in schematic languages.[citation needed]

Originally, a word was taken from Latin if the usual procedure did not produce a sufficiently international word. More recently, modern alternatives have become generally accepted. For example, the southern Romance comprar, meaning 'to buy', has replaced emer, because the latter occurs only in derivatives in the control languages. Similarly, the modern form troppo, 'too' or 'too much', has replaced nimis, and ma 'but' has largely replaced sed.[citation needed]

Grammar

Main article: Interlingua grammar

Interlingua has been developed to omit any grammatical feature that is absent from even one control language. Thus, Interlingua has no noun–adjective agreement by gender, case, or number (cf. Spanish and Portuguese gatas negras or Italian gatte nere, 'black female cats'), because this is absent from English, and it has no progressive verb tenses (English I am reading), because they are absent from French. Conversely, Interlingua distinguishes singular nouns from plural nouns because all the control languages do.[36]

The definite article le is invariable, as in English. Nouns have no

Personal pronouns take one form for the subject and one for the direct object and reflexive. In the third person, the reflexive is always se.[36][41] Most adverbs are derived regularly from adjectives by adding -mente, or -amente after a -c. An adverb can be formed from any adjective in this way.[42]

Verbs take the same form for all persons (io, tu, illa vive, 'I live', 'you live', 'she lives'). The

subjunctive.[36] Three common verbs usually take short forms in the present tense: es for 'is', 'am', 'are;' ha for 'has', 'have;' and va for 'go', 'goes'.[41] A few irregular verb forms are available, but rarely used.[43]

There are four simple tenses (present, past, future, and conditional), three compound tenses (past, future, and conditional), and the passive voice. The compound structures employ an auxiliary plus the infinitive or the past participle (e.g., Ille ha arrivate, 'He has arrived').[36] Simple and compound tenses can be combined in various ways to express more complex tenses (e.g., Nos haberea morite, 'We would have died').[44]

Word order is

subject–verb–object, except that a direct object pronoun or reflexive pronoun comes before the verb (Io les vide, 'I see them').[36][41] Adjectives may precede or follow the nouns they modify, but they most often follow it.[36] The position of adverbs is flexible, though constrained by common sense.[41]

The grammar of Interlingua has been described as similar to that of the Romance languages, but greatly simplified, primarily under the influence of English.[36] More recently, Interlingua's grammar has been likened to the simple grammars of Japanese and particularly Chinese.[45]

Criticisms and controversies

Some opponents[

Celtic languages
, in particular, as having little influence.

Proponents[

loan translations are included. Tests had shown that if a larger number of source languages were used, the results would be about the same.[5]
So, IALA selected a much simpler extraction procedure for Interlingua with little adverse effect on its internationality.

Flags and symbols

Flag of Interlingua by Karel Podrazil
Another flag of Interlingua

As with Esperanto, there have been proposals for a flag of Interlingua;[46] the proposal by Czech translator Karel Podrazil is recognized by multilingual sites.[47] It consists of a white four-pointed star extending to the edges of the flag and dividing it into an upper blue and lower red half. The star is symbolic of the four cardinal directions, and the two halves symbolize Romance and non-Romance speakers of Interlingua who understand each other.

Another symbol of Interlingua is a globe surrounded by twelve stars on a black or blue background, echoing the twelve stars of the Flag of Europe (because the source languages of Interlingua are purely European). Novial Wikipedia marks Interlingua with the Flag of the Europe itself.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Sabine Fiedler, 1999, "Phraseology in planned languages", Language Problems and Language Planning, vol. 23 no. 2
  2. ^
    OCLC 27813762
    .
  3. ^ See Gopsill, F. P. Interlingua: A course for beginners. Part 1. Sheffield, England: British Interlingua Society, 1987. Gopsill, here and elsewhere, characterizes Interlingua as having a simple grammar and no irregularities.
  4. ^ The Interlingua Grammar suggests that Interlingua has a small number of irregularities. See Gode (1955).
  5. ^ a b c d e f Gode, Alexander, "Introduction", Interlingua-English: A dictionary of the international language, Revised Edition, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1971.
  6. ^ Breinstrup, Thomas, Preface, Interlingua course for beginners, Bilthoven, Netherlands: Union Mundial pro Interlingua, 2006.
  7. ^ Yeager, Leland B., "Le linguistica como reclamo pro Interlingua" (Linguistics as an advertisement for Interlingua), Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public, Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991.
  8. ^ See for example Sexton, Brian C., "Interlingua at first hearing," Lingua e Vita, 1995, Issue 83.
  9. ^ a b Morris, Alice Vanderbilt, General Report, New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1945.
  10. ^ Falk, Julia S. "Words without grammar: Linguists and the international language movement in the United States, Language and Communication, 15(3): pp. 241–259. Pergamon, 1995.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Bray, Mary Connell [1951] (1971), "Foreword", Interlingua-English: A dictionary of the international Language, Second Edition, New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8044-0188-8. OCLC 162319. Retrieved on 2010-04-18.
  12. ^ Gopsill, F. P., and Sexton, Brian, "Le historia antenatal de interlingua" , Historia de interlingua, 2001, revised 2006.
  13. ^ a b Gopsill, F. P., and Sexton, Brian, "Profunde recerca duce a un lingua", Historia de interlingua, 2001, revised 2006.
  14. ^ a b c Gopsill, F. P., and Sexton, Brian, "Le natura, si – un schema, no", Historia de interlingua, 2001, revised 2006.
  15. ^ Breinstrup, Thomas, "Un revolution in le mundo scientific" (A revolution in the scientific world). Accessed January 16, 2007.
  16. ^ a b Esterhill, Frank, Interlingua Institute: A History. New York: Interlingua Institute, 2000.
  17. ^ Biographias: Alexander Gottfried Friedrich Gode-von Aesch. Accessed January 16, 2007
  18. ^ Biographias: Hugh Edward Blair. Accessed January 16, 2007
  19. ^ a b c d Portrait del organisationes de interlingua. Access January 16, 2007.
  20. ^ Bibliographia de Interlingua. Accessed January 16, 2007.
  21. ^ Biographias: Ingvar Stenström. Accessed January 16, 2007
  22. ^ a b c d Breinstrup, Thomas, "Interlingua: Forte, Fructuose, Futur", Historia de Interlingua, 2001, Revised 2006.
  23. ^ "Interlingua usate in le posta". Historia de Interlingua, 2001, revised 2006.
  24. ^ Breinstrup, Thomas. "Persecutate pro parlar Interlingua." Panorama in Interlingua, 1995, Issue 5.
  25. ^ Biographias: Július Tomin. Historia de Interlingua, 2001. Revised 2006.
  26. ^ Breinstrup, Thomas, "Contactos directe con touristas e le gente local", Historia de Interlingua, 2001, Revised 2006.
  27. ^ Stenström, Ingvar, "Experientias del inseniamento del vocabulario international in le nove gymnasio svedese" (Experiences with the teaching of the international vocabulary in the new Swedish gymnasium), Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager, Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991. (High school in Europe is often called the gymnasium.)
  28. ^ Novas de Interlingua, May/June 1958.
  29. ^ a b c Blandino, Giovanni, "Le problema del linguas international auxiliari", Philosophia del Cognoscentia e del Scientia, Rome, Italy: Pontificia Universitas Lateranensis, Pontificia Universitas Urbaniana, 1989.
  30. ^ "Radioemissiones in e re Interlingua," Panorama in Interlingua, Issue 3, 2006.
  31. ^ Stenström, Ingvar, “The Interlingua of IALA: From ‘the linguists’ project’ of 1951 to the working ‘tool of international scientific communication’ of 1981”, Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager, Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991.
  32. ^ Stenström, Ingvar, “Utilisation de Interlingua in le inseniamento de linguas” (Utilization of Interlingua in the teaching of languages), Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenström e Leland B. Yeager, Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991.
  33. ^ "A notar," Panorama in Interlingua, Issue 4, 2006.
  34. ^ Interlingua Alphabet on Omniglot
  35. ^ Gopsill, F. P., Interlingua today: A course for beginners, Sheffield, UK: British Interlingua Society, 1994.
  36. ^
    OCLC 147452
    . Retrieved 2007-03-05..
  37. ^ Morris, Alice Vanderbilt, "IALA's system: Underlying facts and reasoning", General report, New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1945.
  38. ^ a b c d Stillman, E. Clark, and Gode, Alexander, Interlinguistic standardization, New York: International Auxiliary Language Association, 1943. Articles 82–100 translated by Stanley Mulaik. Revised 2006.
  39. ^ Gode, Alexander, "Introduction", Interlingua-English: A dictionary of the international language, Revised Edition, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1971. See "Forms of international words in derivational series".
  40. ^ Gode, Alexander, "Introduction", Interlingua-English: A dictionary of the international language, Revised Edition, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 1971. See "Methods and techniques: Non-Latin examples".
  41. ^ a b c d e Wilgenhof, Karel. Grammatica de Interlingua. Union Mundial pro Interlingua, Beekbergen, Netherlands, 1995.
  42. ^ Brauers, Karl. Grammatica synoptic de Interlingua. Morges, Switzerland: Editiones Interlingua, 1975.
  43. ^ These are optional short forms for esser, 'to be'. They are found in Wilgenhof, who stops short of calling them irregular verb forms. Two such forms appear in Gode and Blair, and one is labeled irregular; none are in Brauers.
  44. ^ See for example Gode (1955), §115, "Table of Conjugation", pp. 38–40.
  45. ^ Yeager, Leland B., "Artificialitate, ethnocentrismo, e le linguas oriental: Le caso de Interlingua", Interlinguistica e Interlingua: Discursos public per Ingvar Stenstrom e Leland B. Yeager, Beekbergen, Netherlands: Servicio de Libros UMI, 1991.
  46. ^ Flags of Interlingua (IALA) from fotw.net (archived URL)
  47. ^ http://www.airbagjacket.eu/jachetta_airbag.html

Sources

External links

Interlingua edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interlingua&oldid=656312101"